Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanosheets Research Articles

Robust visible-light photocatalytic H2 evolution on 2D RGO/Cd0.15Zn0.85In2S4–Ni2P hierarchitectures

Unique 2D ternary hierarchitectures constructed from reduced graphene oxide nanosheets grown with ultrathin Cd0.15Zn0.85In2S4 nanosheets and Ni2P nanoparticles exhibited an outstanding capability for visible-light photocatalytic H2 production.

Structural, electronic, and electrocatalytic evaluation of spinel transition metal sulfide supported reduced graphene oxide

Highly active and durable hierarchical structure of ZnCo2S4 grown on reduced graphene oxide nanosheet electrocatalysts for the green production of hydrogen gas via water electrolysis.

Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Enriched Β-Cd Polymer Functionalized Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanosheet for Electrochemical Sensing

Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Enriched Β-Cd Polymer Functionalized Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanosheet for Electrochemical Sensing

Effects of Ni-Decorated Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanosheets on the Microstructural Evolution and Mechanical Properties of Sn-3.0ag-0.5cu Composite Solders

Effects of Ni-Decorated Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanosheets on the Microstructural Evolution and Mechanical Properties of Sn-3.0ag-0.5cu Composite Solders

Hydrothermal synthesis of graphene modified SnO nanocomposite for oxygen reduction reaction

The synthesis of tin (II) oxide (stannous oxide) and its composite with reduced graphene oxide also with nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide nanosheet (N-rGO) were synthesized by a single step of the hydrothermal method. The physical properties of the catalysts were characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive x-ray analysis (EDX). Among all the materials, SnO/rGO nanocomposite shows good oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) for direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC’s) with 4e- process still needs to be improved in its onset potential for competing for the commercial Pt/C electrocatalysts. However, SnO/rGO nanocomposite has better methanol tolerance and Chronoamperometric response than Pt/C electrocatalysts.

Performance of octadecylamine-functionalized graphene oxide nanosheets in polydimethylsiloxane mixed matrix membranes for removal of toluene from water by pervaporation

Functionalized and reduced graphene oxide nanosheets with octadecylamine (rGOODA) were incorporated in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membranes to be used in pervaporation for removal of toluene from water. The properties of the functionalized nanosheets were characterized by FTIR, XRD, Raman, SEM, and TGA analyses. The prepared mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) were characterized using contact angle, AFM, SEM-EDX, TGA, solvent uptake tests. The membranes contained reduced graphene oxide (rGO) represented 111% increment in the enrichment factor compared to that of the bare-PDMS owing to Π-Π interaction of graphene nanosheets and the toluene's aromatic ring as well as high aspect ratio of rGO that causes more tortuous pathways for water permeation. By incorporating rGOODA in the MMMs, the separation factor was increased about 164% rather than that of rGO-contained membrane, which could be mainly attributed to closer Hansen solubility parameter of the functionalized nanosheets to that of toluene, water repelling of the membrane due to more hydrophobicity and steric hindrance of the functionalized nanosheets, their well dispersion which causes more compatibility with the polymeric matrix. The pervaporative performance of membranes with different filler contents were investigated as a function of operational temperatures and feed concentrations. The prepared MMM with 0.4 wt% rGOODA presented the best performance at 30 °C and 150 ppm toluene concentration.

Reduced graphene oxide nanosheets decorated carbon-coated NH4V3O8 as cathode materials with superior cycle stabilities for lithium-ion batteries

Reduced graphene oxide nanosheets decorated carbon-coated NH4V3O8 as cathode materials with superior cycle stabilities for lithium-ion batteries

Photo-assisted self-assembly synthesis of all 2D-layered heterojunction photocatalysts with long-range spatial separation of charge-carriers toward photocatalytic redox reactions

Constructing heterojunction photocatalysts has been proven as an ingenious tactic to adjust the lifetimes of the higher redox-active charge-carriers toward highly-efficient photocatalytic applications. Numerous recent efforts focused on the short-range spatial separation of charge-carriers in the heterojunction photocatalysts. However, engineering a long-range transfer channel in the well-designed heterojunction photocatalyst to further spatially separate the charge-carriers is still a huge challenge. In this contribution, we developed a facile photo-assisted self-assembly strategy to synthesize the all 2D-layered heterojunction photocatalysts of SnS2/RGO/g-C3N4 nanosheets (NSs). During the synthesis process, the precursor of 2D graphene-oxide (GO) NSs was converted into the reduced GO (RGO) NSs by the photoactive semiconductors of 2D SnS2 and g-C3N4 NSs. Meanwhile, the above two 2D semiconductors were simultaneously anchored onto the surface of the RGO NSs. Upon visible-light irradiation of the synthesized SnS2/RGO/g-C3N4 NSs, the 2D RGO component could provide a broad electron-transfer surface for the long-range spatial-separation of charge-carriers in the semiconductor components of the NSs. Thus, this all 2D-layered heterojunction photocatalyst exhibited ∼ 9.2 and ∼ 4.6-fold enhancement on the photocatalytic oxidation degradation of the organic dye, and ∼ 68 and ∼ 3.4-fold enhancement on photocatalytic protons reduction as compared to the pure SnS2 and g-C3N4 NSs, respectively.

Facile Construction of Hierarchical TiNb2O7/rGO Nanoflower With Robust Charge Storage Properties for Li Ion Batteries via an Esterification Reaction

TiNb2O7 (TNO) compound has been pursued tremendously due to its high theoretical capacity, high potential, and excellent cycle stability. Unfortunately, an intrinsic low electronic and ionic conductivity feature has restricted its broad applications in electrochemical energy storage fields. Two-dimensional (2D) nanostructures can effectively shorten Li-ion transport path and enhance charge transfer. Here, hierarchical structure TNO was constructed by using ethanol and acetic acid as particularly important organic chemicals of basic raw materials via a simple solvothermal reaction. Ethanol was found to play a critical role in the formation of 2D sheet structure. Meantime, reduced graphene oxide nanosheets can effectively improve electronic conductivity. As-obtained TiNb2O7 were wrapped further by graphene oxide nanosheets through a flocculation process. Their unique structure is beneficial to the final electrochemical performance. This study not only provides a general approach for the design of novel 2D nanomaterials wrapped by graphene because of the advantage of esterification reaction and flocculation reaction, but also improves the electronic and ionic conductivity simultaneously.

Nitrogen/oxygen co-doped graphene bonded nickel particles composite for dehydrogenation of formic acid at near room temperature

Low-cost non-noble metal catalyst for dehydrogenation of formic acid to hydrogen at near room temperature is considered as a key to promoting commercial technology for clean energy. We have constructed reduced graphene oxide (RGO) self-assembly bonded nickel particles for synthesis of graphene nanosheets embedded with nickel nanoparticles architecture Ni@xRGO. Nitrogen and oxygen co-doped graphene facilitates the adsorption of hydrogen protons from formic acid. Electron transfer ability of Ni@xRGO with active sites is enhanced via Ni–C bond in the interface between the RGO nanosheets and nickel particles, which promoted the C–H bond breaking for dehydrogenation of formic acid. The Ni@0.20RGO has excellent catalytic performance for hydrogen production from formic acid at near room temperature (the yield of hydrogen, 240.0 mL g−1 h−1 at 50 °C), comparable to the most active non-noble metal catalysts.

Point of need simultaneous biosensing of pharmaceutical micropollutants with binder free conjugation of manganese stannate micro-rods on reduced graphene oxide in real-time analysis

BackgroundThe usage and intake of various pain killers and antibiotics are widespread in this modern world with the increased population. These uptakes of medications could not be stopped, while developing modern techniques to ensure their presence can be done to be aware of the drugs engaged. A simultaneous electrochemical sensing of acetaminophen (ACAP) and ciprofloxacin (CIP) was done using manganese stannate anchored over reduced graphene oxide nanosheets (Mn2 SnO4 /rGO) on glassy carbon electrode (GCE). MethodsMn2 SnO4 was prepared via hydrothermal method and then reduced graphene oxide was integrated with Mn2 SnO4 with a simple ultrasonication method. Mn2 SnO4 /rGO was characterized to analyze the structural and chemical properties with XRD, and Raman. FT-IR was done to investigate the functional group presence in Mn2 SnO4 /rGO. XPS and EDAX analysis initiated for the investigation of elemental presence. Moreover, the morphological representation of Mn2 SnO4 /rGO was confirmed by FE-SEM and TEM images. The resistance of Mn2 SnO4 /rGO/GCE was studied with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The simultaneous electrochemical sensing of ACAP and CIP with Mn2 SnO4 /rGO/GCE as the working electrode was done utilizing cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry technique to know the electrochemical properties. Significant findingsThe Mn2 SnO4 /rGO has achieved a rod like morphology which was anchored and tangled over sheet like rGO. XRD results exhibit a cubic structure of Mn2 SnO4 /rGO which is compared with the crystal structure as a polyhedral structure. All the recognized elements present in Mn2 SnO4 /rGO was confirmed with XPS and EDAX analysis. Mn2 SnO4 /rGO/GCE experienced excellent electron mediating behavior with higher potent for the simultaneous oxidation of ACAP and CIP. The oxidation peak current had linear dependency over the concentrations of ACAP and CIP, ranging from 0.049 to 890 μM for simultaneous addition. While, the linear range was from 0.049 to 880 μM for ACAP continuous addition (CIP-constant) and 0.049 to 850 μM when CIP added (ACAP-constant) linearly. The novelty of the present work is the limit of detection for individual detection was 0.013 μM (ACAP) and 0.022 μM (CIP) while for simultaneous detection attained about 0.0139 μM ACAP and CIP 0.023 μM which is lesser when compared with the other reports. Moreover, the real-time analysis was carried in several real samples as biological fluids, pharmaceutical and environmental samples using DPV. Designing a novel material with low cost effectiveness enriched with excellent characters is more influential in electrochemical studies.

Effect of Titanium/Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite as a New Filler on the Properties of Gas Tungsten Arc Welding of Titanium

Here, the effect of reduced graphene oxide (RGO) nanosheets on the microstructure and mechanical properties of titanium‐welded joints is investigated through gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW). The obtained results indicate that by increasing the RGO volume fraction up to 1.9%, due to the decreasing of the grain size and probably reinforcing the grains, the tensile strength and hardness of welding are improved up to 30% and 78%, respectively. The contribution of increasing in mechanical strength due to the addition of RGO nanosheets (in 1.9 vol%) is measured up to 76.03 ± 1.5 MPa in this study. It is found that these RGO nanosheets could pin the dislocations and improved the mechanical properties of the joints. Therefore, it can be concluded that the Ti/RGO composite filler can be act as an efficient filler for GTA welding of the titanium.

Palladium-Nickel Electrocatalysts on Nitrogen-Doped Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanosheets for Direct Hydrazine/Hydrogen Peroxide Fuel Cells

In the present work, nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide-supported (NrGO) bimetallic Pd–Ni nanoparticles (NPs), fabricated by means of the electrochemical reduction method, are investigated as an anode electrocatalyst in direct hydrazine–hydrogen peroxide fuel cells (DHzHPFCs). The surface and structural characterization of the synthesized catalyst affirm the uniform deposition of NPs on the distorted NrGO. The electrochemical studies indicate that the hydrazine oxidation current density on Pd–Ni/NrGO is 1.81 times higher than that of Pd/NrGO. The onset potential of hydrazine oxidation on the bimetallic catalyst is also slightly more negative, i.e., the catalyst activity and stability are improved by Ni incorporation into the Pd network. Moreover, the Pd–Ni/NrGO catalyst has a large electrochemical surface area, a low activation energy value and a low resistance of charge transfer. Finally, a systematic investigation of DHzHPFC with Pd–Ni/NrGO as an anode and Pt/C as a cathode is performed; the open circuit voltage of 1.80 V and a supreme power density of 216.71 mW cm−2 is obtained for the synthesized catalyst at 60 °C. These results show that the Pd–Ni/NrGO nanocatalyst has great potential to serve as an effective and stable catalyst with low Pd content for application in DHzHPFCs.

Selective Conversion of Syngas to Olefins via Novel Cu-Promoted Fe/RGO and Fe-Mn/RGO Fischer-Tropsch Catalysts: Fixed-Bed Reactor vs Slurry-Bed Reactor.

Fischer–Tropsch has become an indispensable choice in the gas-to-liquid conversion reactions to produce a wide range of petrochemicals using recently emerging biomass or other types of feedstock such as coal or natural gas. Herein we report the incorporation of novel Cu nanoparticles with two Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) catalytic systems, Fe/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and Fe–Mn/rGO, to evaluate their FTS performance and olefin productivity in two types of reactors: slurry-bed reactor (SBR) and fixed-bed reactor (FBR). Four catalysts were compared and investigated, namely Fe, FeCu7, FeMn10Cu7, and FeMn16, which were highly dispersed over reduced graphene oxide nanosheets. The catalysts were first characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nitrogen physisorption, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and H-TPR techniques. In the SBR, Cu enhanced olefinity only when used alone in FeCu7 without Mn promotion. When used with Mn, the olefin yield was not changed, but light olefins decreased slightly at the expense of heavier olefins. In the FBR system, Cu as a reduction promoter improved the catalyst activity. It increased the olefin yield mainly due to increased activity, even if the CO2 decreased by the action of Cu promoters. The olefinity of the product was improved by Cu promotion but it did not exceed the landmark made by FeMn16 at 320 °C. The paraffinity was also enhanced by Cu promotion especially in the presence of Mn, indicating a strong synergistic effect. Cu was found to be better than Mn in enhancing the paraffin yield, while Mn is a better olefin yield enhancer. Finally, Cu promotion was found to enhance the selectivity towards light olefins C2–4. This study gives a deep insight into the effect of different highly dispersed FTS catalyst systems on the olefin hydrocarbon productivity and selectivity in two major types of FTS reactors.

Experimental Advances in Nanoparticle-Driven Stabilization of Liquid-Crystalline Blue Phases and Twist-Grain Boundary Phases.

Recent advances in experimental studies of nanoparticle-driven stabilization of chiral liquid-crystalline phases are highlighted. The stabilization is achieved via the nanoparticles’ assembly in the defect lattices of the soft liquid-crystalline hosts. This is of significant importance for understanding the interactions of nanoparticles with topological defects and for envisioned technological applications. We demonstrate that blue phases are stabilized and twist-grain boundary phases are induced by dispersing surface-functionalized CdSSe quantum dots, spherical Au nanoparticles, as well as MoS2 nanoplatelets and reduced-graphene oxide nanosheets in chiral liquid crystals. Phase diagrams are shown based on calorimetric and optical measurements. Our findings related to the role of the nanoparticle core composition, size, shape, and surface coating on the stabilization effect are presented, followed by an overview of and comparison with other related studies in the literature. Moreover, the key points of the underlying mechanisms are summarized and prospects in the field are briefly discussed.

RGO nanosheets coupled NaNbO3 nanorods based nanocomposite for enhanced photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical water splitting activity

In this present work, reduced graphene oxide (RGO) coupled with hydrothermally grown sodium niobate nanorods (NaNbO3-NRs) have been successfully synthesized. The photocatalytic performance of RGO/NaNbO3-NRs photocatalyst demonstrated faster photodegradation of organic methylene blue (MB) dye than bare NaNbO3-NRs. A ∼6 fold enhancement in the photocatalytic activity of RGO/NaNbO3-NRs nanocomposite than that of NaNbO3-NRs has been demonstrated towards the degradation of MB dye under similar light illumination. Furthermore, the potentiality of the fabricated NaNbO3-NRs and RGO/NaNbO3-NRs nanocomposite photoanodes have been investigated for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. The fabricated RGO/NaNbO3-NRs nanocomposite photoanode showed ∼4 times higher photocurrent density than the NaNbO3-NRs photoanode. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and Mott-Schottky (MS) measurements demonstrated that coupling of RGO nanosheets in the RGO/NaNbO3-NRs nanocomposite reduced the charge transfer resistance (Rct) at the photoanode/electrolyte interface, increased the donor density (Nd), and reduced flat band potential (Vfb) of the RGO/NaNbO3-NRs, thus significantly improving the PEC performance of the RGO/NaNbO3-NRs nanocomposite. The enhancement in the PEC measurements of RGO/NaNbO3-NRs nanocomposite is attributed to the extended absorption of the visible portion of the solar spectra and increased mobility of the photogenerated charge transport in the RGO nanosheets, which improve the separation efficiency and reduce the recombination process. The possible charge transfer mechanism has been proposed responsible for the enhanced photocatalytic and PEC water splitting performance.

Fe-doped CoS2 nanospheres decorated by reduced graphene oxide nanosheets as ultrahigh-rate anodes for advanced sodium-ion capacitors

• Fe-CoS 2 /rGO composite exhibits an outstanding reversible specific capacity of 590.7 mA h g −1 at specific current of 100 mA g −1 over 100 cycles. • Fe doping can enhance the pseudocapacitive effect and sodium ion diffusion coefficient of cobalt CoS 2 /rGO. • For the first time, we used biomass porous carbon derived from pistachio shell as the cathode material for sodium ion capacitors. • The sodium-ion capacitors composed of the optimized Fe-CoS 2 /rGO anodes and the pistachio shell-derived porous carbon cathodes display a high specific energy and power. Sodium-ion capacitors (SICs) have gained greatly attention due to their high specific energy and power. Nevertheless, the anodes often suffer from low specific capacity, inferior rate capability, and poor cycling stability because of Na + large ion radius and sluggish reaction kinetics. To improve the electrochemical performance of anodes, we design Fe-doped CoS 2 nanospheres grown in situ on reduced graphene oxide nanosheets (Fe-CoS 2 /rGO) composite by a facile hydrothermal approach, which exhibits an outstanding reversible specific capacity of 590.7 mA h g −1 at specific current of 100 mA g −1 over 100 cycles. Galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) demonstrates that Fe-CoS 2 /rGO delivers high Na + diffusion coefficient ranging from 1.137 × 10 −7 to 3.64 × 10 −7 cm 2 s −1 . Furthermore, the SICs composed of the optimized Fe-CoS 2 /rGO anodes and the pistachio shell-derived porous carbon cathodes display an admirable specific energy of 137.57 W h kg −1 (based on the total mass of anode and cathode) at the specific power of 937.5 W kg −1 , with a voltage window of 2.5 V, which is benefit for the development of sodium-ion capacitors.

Engineering the architecture and oxygen deficiency of T-Nb2O5-carbon-graphene composite for high-rate lithium-ion batteries

Developing advanced architectures using a cost-effective synthesis strategy is still a challenge for wide-spread commercial application of Nb 2 O 5 in high-power rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Here we report a new two-dimensional (2D) architecture composed of oxygen-vacancy-rich T -Nb 2 O 5 on reduced graphene oxide nanosheet and carbon (2D Nb 2 O 5 -C-rGO), which is synthesized via a one-pot hydrolysis route followed by a heat-treatment. As an anode for LIBs, the 2D Nb 2 O 5 -C-rGO architecture shows excellent rate capability (achieving a capacity of 114 mAh g −1 at 100 C or 20 A g −1 ) and cycling stability (maintaining a capacity of 147 mAh g −1 at 5 C for 1,500 cycles and 107 mAh g −1 at 50 C for 5,000 cycles). Experimental investigations and density functional theory (DFT)-based calculations reveal that the outstanding Li + storage performance of the 2D Nb 2 O 5 -C-rGO electrode is attributed to the enhanced electronic conductivity facilitated by the C-rGO electronic network and fast Li + migration within small Nb 2 O 5 grains enhanced by in-situ formed lattice oxygen vacancies, which alter the Nb d band structure and Li + interaction. This work results in an anode with advanced architecture for fast Li + storage and provides more insight into the energy storage mechanism in the Nb 2 O 5 -based carbonaceous composite electrodes. • A 2D T -Nb 2 O 5 -C-rGO composite anode was synthesized via a cost-effective route. • The architecture and oxygen deficiency were co-engineered by the synthesis route. • High electronic and ionic conductivities were achieved. • The anode delivered a superior rate-capability and stability for Li + storage.

Electrochemical kinetic investigation of NADH oxidation on Prussian blue-mediated chemically reduced graphene oxide nanosheets

The oxidation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) has been investigated on a Prussian blue (PB)-mediated reduced graphene oxide (rGO)-modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) through various electrochemical techniques. Graphene oxide (GO), initially prepared by a modified Hummer's method, was subsequently reduced to rGO, and the materials were characterized by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Preliminary electrochemical studies were performed by cyclic voltammetry (CV), which showed that PB-rGO/GCE exhibited the highest electrocatalytic activity. Electrokinetic parameters, such as number of electrons and rate constant, have been evaluated by hydrodynamic voltammetry. Furthermore, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) has been carried out at various oxidation potentials in the frequency region between 0.1 Hz and 106 Hz. A decrease in double-layer capacitance was observed, which validated the adsorption characteristics of the electrode. Finally, the detection of NADH on PB-rGO/GCE was performed by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), which gave two linear ranges: 100 μm–1200 μm and 1400 μm–2800 μm, with a detection limit of 68.35 μm.

Binary V, Mn Oxide/Hydroxides rGO As High Sulfur Content Hostmaterials for Lithium-Sulfur Battery

Lithium-sulfur battery (Li-S) owing to the high theoretical energy density (2600 Wh kg-1) and high theoretical capacity (1675 mA h g-1) is one of the most promising candidates to replace Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, contrary to conventional Li-ion batteries, Li/S cells transport charge via a series of complex chemical reactions involving solid and soluble sulfur species, which can cause severe morphological changes of the positive electrode and induce the shuttle mechanism. In order to enables the reversible electrochemical reaction of Li-S battery especially at high current rates, not only confined sulfur in highly conductive host materials is a key factor, but also the cathode materials have to provide enough polarity in order physically bonded LiPSs and mitigate shuttle mechanism. Among different metal oxides, Vanadium and Manganese oxides due to special metal-insulator transition, high adsorption ability toward LiPSs in addition to electrocatalytic effect of Mn oxide in the reduction of soluble LiPSs to Li2S2 and Li2S, exhibit part of the requirements of sulfur cathode material1,2.Here in, we report synthesis of bimetallic nanorod V/Mn hydroxides/oxides on the surface of reduced graphene oxide nanosheets (rGO) by a simple one step hydrothermal method and followed by thermal calcination in the N2 atmosphere. Indeed, rGO which benefits from high electrical conductivity and also high surface area, provide a well-distributed pattern of transition metal-based structures. The above-mentioned composite is able not only to alleviate the LiPSs shuttle by anchoring the LiPSs species but also electrocatalytically improve the LiPSs conversion process in the discharge state of the Li-S battery. The synergetic effect of V and Mn in different oxidation state was evaluated using several ratios V/Mn. The behaviors of the electrode, composed by the V/Mn-rGO/S composite with 80% of S, in term of capacity, cyclability and also electrocatalytic effect in Li-S battery were investigated.Figure 1. shows the well-dispersed VxMnyNrGO( x,y represent the molar raio and N represent N-doped rGO after calcination) on the rGO nanosheets and the performances and cyclability of the different cells at 0.2C. The sulfur loading of all the cathodes are 1.9 mg/cm2 and the E/S ratio is about 12µL per mg of Sulfur.Figure 1 a) SEM image of V,Mn oxide on the surface of rGO, b) Decharge capacity vs cycle number (1.9mgS/cm2) of different materials.The best result with a stable capacity of 700 mAh/g up to 45 cycles was obtained for the V1Mn1rGO cathode (1:1 molar ratio V and Mn without calcination). This very promising results have to be optimized in order to improve the performances at high C-rate, indeed because of high percentage of Sulfur in the V/Mn-rGO based composite, cycling batteries in higher C rates facing obstacles.(1) Song, Y.; Zhao, W.; Zhu, X.; Zhang, L.; Li, Q.; Ding, F.; Liu, Z.; Sun, J. Vanadium Dioxide-Graphene Composite with Ultrafast Anchoring Behavior of Polysulfides for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2018, 10 (18), 15733–15741. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b02920.(2) He, J.; Hartmann, G.; Lee, M.; Hwang, G. S.; Chen, Y.; Manthiram, A. Freestanding 1T MoS 2 /Graphene Heterostructures as a Highly Efficient Electrocatalyst for Lithium Polysulfides in Li–S Batteries. Energy Environ. Sci. 2019, 12 (1), 344–350. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8EE03252A. Figure 1