Point of need simultaneous biosensing of pharmaceutical micropollutants with binder free conjugation of manganese stannate micro-rods on reduced graphene oxide in real-time analysis

Abstract

BackgroundThe usage and intake of various pain killers and antibiotics are widespread in this modern world with the increased population. These uptakes of medications could not be stopped, while developing modern techniques to ensure their presence can be done to be aware of the drugs engaged. A simultaneous electrochemical sensing of acetaminophen (ACAP) and ciprofloxacin (CIP) was done using manganese stannate anchored over reduced graphene oxide nanosheets (Mn2 SnO4 /rGO) on glassy carbon electrode (GCE). MethodsMn2 SnO4 was prepared via hydrothermal method and then reduced graphene oxide was integrated with Mn2 SnO4 with a simple ultrasonication method. Mn2 SnO4 /rGO was characterized to analyze the structural and chemical properties with XRD, and Raman. FT-IR was done to investigate the functional group presence in Mn2 SnO4 /rGO. XPS and EDAX analysis initiated for the investigation of elemental presence. Moreover, the morphological representation of Mn2 SnO4 /rGO was confirmed by FE-SEM and TEM images. The resistance of Mn2 SnO4 /rGO/GCE was studied with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The simultaneous electrochemical sensing of ACAP and CIP with Mn2 SnO4 /rGO/GCE as the working electrode was done utilizing cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry technique to know the electrochemical properties. Significant findingsThe Mn2 SnO4 /rGO has achieved a rod like morphology which was anchored and tangled over sheet like rGO. XRD results exhibit a cubic structure of Mn2 SnO4 /rGO which is compared with the crystal structure as a polyhedral structure. All the recognized elements present in Mn2 SnO4 /rGO was confirmed with XPS and EDAX analysis. Mn2 SnO4 /rGO/GCE experienced excellent electron mediating behavior with higher potent for the simultaneous oxidation of ACAP and CIP. The oxidation peak current had linear dependency over the concentrations of ACAP and CIP, ranging from 0.049 to 890 μM for simultaneous addition. While, the linear range was from 0.049 to 880 μM for ACAP continuous addition (CIP-constant) and 0.049 to 850 μM when CIP added (ACAP-constant) linearly. The novelty of the present work is the limit of detection for individual detection was 0.013 μM (ACAP) and 0.022 μM (CIP) while for simultaneous detection attained about 0.0139 μM ACAP and CIP 0.023 μM which is lesser when compared with the other reports. Moreover, the real-time analysis was carried in several real samples as biological fluids, pharmaceutical and environmental samples using DPV. Designing a novel material with low cost effectiveness enriched with excellent characters is more influential in electrochemical studies.