Free Radical Reduction Research Articles

Effect of epigallocatechin gallate nanoemulsion on submandibular salivary glands following application of botulinum neurotoxins in albino rats: potential therapeutic effects

Background: Injecting botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) into the salivary glands is a common treatment for certain diseases. Green tea's active compound, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), has been linked to a variety of health benefits, including the reduction of free radicals and inflammation. This study compared the effects of BoNT and BoNT/EGCG on the submandibular salivary glands (SMG) histology and ultrastructure. Methods: Both BoNT and BoNT/EGCG nanoemulsions were injected into the submandibular salivary glands (SMGs) in adult male albino rats, which were then euthanized, and the right SMGs were thoroughly dissected and prepared for histological, immunohistochemical, and transmission electron microscopic analysis. Results: When compared to the BoNT group, the BoNT/EGCG nanoemulsion group significantly improved SMG acinar and ductal cells using both H&E and immunohistochemical stainings. Ultrastructural findings of the BoNT/EGCG nanoemulsion group revealed marked improvement in the SMG structure, almost normal acini, and striated ducts. Conclusion: Salivary gland histological structures are significantly altered after BoNT administration, but the addition of EGCG causes only minor alterations and can be used to treat hyperfunction.

C-5 Epimerisation of d-Mannopyranosyl Fluorides: The Influence of Anomeric Configuration on Radical Reactivity

AbstractThe fluorine-directing effect has so far been exploited to provide short and efficient synthetic routes to rare l-ido sugars. However, the importance of anomeric configuration to its success has remained experimentally unverified. We now report on the synthesis of α- and β-configured per-O-benzoylated mannopyranosyl fluorides and initially show that their reactivity towards photo-bromination is strongly dependent on the anomeric configuration. The stereochemical basis of the fluorine-directing effect is then validated by revealing the striking difference in stereoselectivity observed for the free-radical reductions of the isolated 5-C-bromo sugars. This work importantly provides a synthetic route to a donor-functionalised derivative of l-gulose and reveals new insights into the behaviour of glycosyl radicals.

The Anti-Inflammatory Action of Pulsed Radiofrequency-A Hypothesis and Potential Applications.

In 2013, it was reported that pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) could be applied to obtain a systemic anti-inflammatory effect. Patients with chronic pain and patients with an inflammatory condition from other disciplines could potentially profit from this finding. At that time, intravenous application was used, but since then, it became clear that it could be applied transcutaneously as well. This procedure was named RedoxPRF. This can be used both for regional and for systemic application. Recently, the basic element of the mode of action has been clarified from the analysis of the effects of PRF on a standard model of muscle injury in rats. The objective of this paper is to present a hypothesis on the mode of action of RedoxPRF now that the basic mechanism has become known. Cell stress causes an increased production of free radicals, disturbing the redox equilibrium, causing oxidative stress (OS) either directly or secondarily by other types of stress. Eventually, OS causes inflammation and an increased sympathetic (nervous) system activity. In the acute form, this leads to immune paralysis; in the chronic form, to immune tolerance and chronic inflammation. It is hypothesized that RedoxPRF causes a reduction of free radicals by a recombination of radical pairs. For systemic application, the target cells are the intravascular immune cells that pass through an activated area as on an assembly line. Hypothesis conclusions: 1. RedoxPRF treatment works selectively on OS. It has the unique position of having a point of engagement at the most upstream level of the train of events. 2. RedoxPRF has the potential of being a useful tool in the treatment of inflammatory diseases and possibly of stage 4 cancer. 3. In the treatment of chronic pain, RedoxPRF is an entirely new method because it is different from ablation as well as from stimulation. We propose the term "functional restoration". 4. Controlled studies must be conducted to develop this promising new field in medicine further.

Effects of Dietary Supplementation of Prosopis Africana (African Mesquite) Essential Oil on the Growth Performance, Nutrient Retention and Oxidative Stress Indices of Broiler Chicken

This research was undertaken to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with Prosopis africana essential oil on the growth performance, nutrient retention, and oxidative stress indices of broiler chickens. Improvements in body weight gain and feed conversion ratio (P˂0.05) were observed in birds fed PAOs compared to the other treatments. The mortality rate was highest in T1 (5.33 %) followed by T2 (3.02%) and T3 (1.00%) (P˂0.05). Dressing percentage and weights of organs were significantly (P˂0.05) influenced by the treatments, except the weights of kidney, spleen, pancreas, and busra (P˃ 0.05). Dry matter and crude protein digestibility were highest in T3 through T6, intermediate in T2, and lowest in T1 (P˂0.05). Malondialdehyde, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, reduced glutathione, and superoxide dismutase were significantly (P˂0.05) different among the treatments. Conclusion: It was concluded that the dietary supplementation of PAOs up to 800 mg/kg in broiler chickens could arouse their appetite, translating to higher weight gain, increased secretion of enzymes in the gastro-intestinal tract, and a reduction of free radicals.

Pinostrobin mitigates neurodegeneration through an up-regulation of antioxidants and GDNF in a rat model of Parkinson’s disease

Background: One of the most common neurodegenerative diseases is Parkinson’s disease (PD); PD is characterized by a reduction of neurons containing dopamine in the substantia nigra (SN), which leads to a lack of dopamine (DA) in nigrostriatal pathways, resulting in motor function disorders. Oxidative stress is considered as one of the etiologies involved in dopaminergic neuronal loss. Thus, we aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of pinostrobin (PB), a bioflavonoid extracted from Boesenbergia rotunda with antioxidative activity in PD. Methods: Rats were treated with 40 mg/kg of PB for seven consecutive days before and after 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced PD. After completing the experiment, the brains including SN and striatum were used for histological studies and biochemical assays. Results: PB treatment demonstrated a reduction of free radicals in the SN as indicated by significantly decreased MDA levels, whereas the antioxidative enzymes (SOD and GSH) were significantly increased. Furthermore, PB treatment significantly increased glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) immunolabelling which has neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects on the survival of dopaminergic neurons. Furthermore, PB treatment was shown to protect CA1 and CA3 neurons in the hippocampus and dopaminergic neurons in the SN. DA levels in the SN were increased after PB treatment, leading to the improvement of motor function of PD rats. Conclusions: These results imply that PB prevents MPTP-induced neurotoxicity via its antioxidant activities and increases GDNF levels, which may contribute to the therapeutic strategy for PD.

Phytochemical prospecting and biological activities of the floral extract from [Impatiens walleriana (Hook.)] (Balsaminaceae)

Impatiens walleriana is a plant species that presents diversity and variety of colors among flowers. This plant species has wide distribution and is easily cultivable throughout the world including natural gardens, greenhouses and parks. This study aims at evaluating the floral extracts of I. walleriana in terms of their qualitative phytochemical constitution and antifungal activities on Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Colletotrichum acutatum, as well as on the reduction of DPPH free radical and on the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Flowers were collected from two cultivars Pink and White of I. walleriana and the extract produced by maceration. The phytochemical qualitative assay was carried out using different reagents for determination by precipitation or colorimetric alteration. The antifungal test was carried out in Petri dishes with different concentrations of floral extract on S. sclerotiorum, C. gloeosporioides and C. acutatum. The DPPH reduction assay was performed by percentage and as standard antioxidant ascorbic acid. The acetylcholinesterase inhibition test was performed in percentage using Electrophorus electricus. Positive results were observed for phenolics, anthocyanins, organic acids, alkaloids, catechins, tannins, carboxylic acids, hemolytic saponins and sesquiterpene lactones. Fungal inhibition effect was better observed for cv. Pink with 10-26%, 6% and between 9-11% on S. sclerotiorum, C. gloeosporioides and C. acutatum, respectively. The DPPH reduction activity showed satisfactory results for cv. Pink 49% followed by cv. White 41%. And for inhibition of AChE cv. Pink with 30% and cv. White with 27%. The floral extracts of Impatiens walleriana show good results for the biological activities tested, especially for cv. Pink.

Identification and evaluation of antioxidant activity of bioactive casein-derived peptides during in vitro digestion and transepithelial transport in Caco-2 cells

Dairy products are important sources of bioactive (antibacterial, antithrombotic, antihypertensive, immunomodulatory, and antioxidative) peptides, that need to be released from the target proteins. In the present study, bovine milk casein protein was hydrolyzed by pancreatin and trypsin (4 and 24 h) to evaluate the hydrolyses efficiency (ninhydrin reaction); to elucidate the sequence of casein-derived peptides (SDS-PAGE, LC-ESI-TOF-MS); and to assess the peptides antioxidant activity (DPPH and ORAC), bioactivity in silico, bioaccessibility after in vitro digestion, and bioavailablility by transepithelial transport in Caco-2 cells. The hydrolysis degree increased with the incubation time, with evident degradation of casein-derived proteins into low molecular weight peptides (<5 kDa) after 4 and 24 h incubation. Pancreatin showed higher hydrolysis degree (91%) than trypsin (21%). An increase in antioxidant activity was observed with increasing incubation time, with higher antioxidant effect observed for trypsin derived peptides (47% reduction of free radicals; 32112 μM Trolox equivalents) than pancreatin derived peptides (15% reduction; 2862 μM Trolox equivalents). A total of 69 caseins derived peptides were identified after trypsin (33 peptides) and pancreatin (36 peptides) hydrolysis for 24 h; with 26 peptides released from β-casein, 21 from α-s1-casein, 15 from α-s2-casein, and 7 from k-casein hydrolysis. Some of these peptides were described as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antihypertensive. After in vitro digestion 123 peptides were found in gastric (56 peptides), duodenal (43 peptides) and colonic (24 peptides) fraction; while five peptides were bioavailable by crossing the intestinal barrier, with increased peptides’ abundance after trypsin hydrolysis treatment.

Formulation and Characterization of Mucoadhesive Polymeric Films Containing Extracts of Taraxaci Folium and Matricariae Flos.

Taraxaci folium and Matricariae flos plant extracts contain a wide range of bioactive compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. The aim of the study was to evaluate the phytochemical and antioxidant profile of the two plant extracts to obtain a mucoadhesive polymeric film with beneficial properties in acute gingivitis. The chemical composition of the two plant extracts was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. To establish a favourable ratio in the combination of the two extracts, the antioxidant capacity was determined by the method of reduction of copper ions Cu2+ from neocuprein and by reduction of the compound 1.1-diphenyl-2-2picril-hydrazyl. Following preliminary analysis, we selected the plant mixture Taraxaci folium/matricariae flos in the ratio of 1:2 (m/m), having an antioxidant capacity of 83.92% ± 0.02 reduction of free nitrogen radical of 1.1-diphenyl-2-2picril-hydrazyl reagent. Subsequently, bioadhesive films of 0.2 mm thickness were obtained using various concentrations of polymer and plant extract. The mucoadhesive films obtained were homogeneous and flexible, with pH ranging from 6.634 to 7.016 and active ingredient release capacity ranging from 85.94-89.52%. Based on in vitro analysis, the film containing 5% polymer and 10% plant extract was selected for in vivo study. The study involved 50 patients undergoing professional oral hygiene followed by a 7-day treatment with the chosen mucoadhesive polymeric film. The study showed that the film used helped accelerate the healing of acute gingivitis after treatment, with anti-inflammatory and protective action.

Phytochemistry and biological activities of latex from Schubertia grandiflora Mart. (Apocynaceae)

Schubertia grandiflora is a plant species that produces latex from roots to flowers. This study aimed to evaluate the latex of S. grandiflora on qualitative phytochemical analysis and effects of quantitative biological activities. Latex was collected from logs. Phytochemical analysis of precipitation and colorimetry were carried out for several groups of phytogroups. Antifungal activity was performed on Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Colletotrichum acutatum and C. gloeosporioides, cytotoxic activity on Artemia salina, antioxidant activity on DPPH free radical and determination of inhibition on acetylcholinesterase. The latex proved to be rich in phytochemical groups, inhibition capacity of S. sclerotiorum with 64% and for C. gloeosporioides of 30%, low rate of cytotoxicity with 25% in 1000 µg mL-1, reduction of DPPH free radical of 67% and AChE inhibition of 86%. Schubertia grandiflora latex proved to be a potential natural phytochemical agent for diverse biological activities through this study.

Antioxidant Activity of Noni Juice in Vitro and in Human Volunteers

Morinda citrifolia (noni) fruit juice has been found to provide a wide range of potential health benefits. Among these are the reduction of free radicals and protection against lipid peroxide DNA damage in heavy cigarette smokers and athletes who had exercised to the point of exhaustion. These benefits have been observed after drinking a beverage containing a blend of noni juice from French Polynesia, Tahitian Noni&amp;reg; Juice (TNJ). To determine if TNJ exerts more immediate antioxidant effects, and under less extreme conditions, in vitro tests and a trial involving healthy young adult men were conducted. In the human study, volunteers drank 200 mL TNJ, orange juice or water following an overnight fast. Blood samples were collected before and 1 hour following ingestion of the beverages. Plasma and red cell lysate (erythrocyte) samples were measured for antioxidant activity potentiometrically. TNJ exhibited high in vitro antioxidant activity in the 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, reducing power and lipid hydroperoxide scavenging assays. TNJ also significantly increased mean antioxidant activity in plasma and erythrocytes of healthy volunteers. The effect of TNJ in erythrocytes was approximately 4.6 times greater than that of orange juice. There were no increases observed in the water group. The results of this study reveal that TNJ can provide antioxidant benefits shortly after ingestion and under more everyday conditions, not only in extreme circumstances or when consumed repeatedly.

Influence of Surface Corona Discharge Process on Functional and Antioxidant Properties of Bio-Active Coating Applied onto PLA Films.

PLA (polylactic acid) is one of the three major biopolymers available on the market for food packaging, which is both bio-based and biodegradable. However, its performance as a barrier to gases remains too weak to be used for most types of food, particularly oxygen-sensitive foods. A surface treatment, such as coating, is a potential route for improving the barrier properties and/or providing bioactive properties such as antioxidants. Gelatin-based coating is a biodegradable and food-contact-friendly solution for improving PLA properties. The initial adhesion of gelatin to the film is successful, both over time and during production, however, the coating often delaminates. Corona processing (cold air plasma) is a new tool that requires low energy and no solvents or chemicals. It has been recently applied to the food industry to modify surface properties and has the potential to significantly improve gelatin crosslinking. The effect of this process on the functional properties of the coating, and the integrity of the incorporated active compounds were investigated. Two coatings have been studied, a control fish gelatin-glycerol, and an active one containing gallic acid (GA) as a natural antioxidant. Three powers of the corona process were applied on wet coatings. In the test conditions, there were no improvements in the gelatin crosslinking, but the corona did not cause any structural changes. However, when the corona and gallic acid were combined, the oxygen permeability was significantly reduced, while free radical scavenging, reduction, and chelating properties remained unaffected or slightly improved.

Biosynthesis and Characterization of Calcium Oxide Nanoparticles from Citrullus colocynthis Fruit Extracts; Their Biocompatibility and Bioactivities

Modern nanotechnology encompasses every field of life. Nowadays, phytochemically fabricated nanoparticles are being widely studied for their bioactivities and biosafety. The present research studied the synthesis, characterization, stability, biocompatibility, and in vitro bioactivities of calcium oxide nanoparticles (CaONPs). The CaONPs were synthesized using Citrullus colocynthis ethanolic fruit extracts. Greenly synthesized nanoparticles had an average size of 35.93 ± 2.54 nm and showed an absorbance peak at 325 nm. An absorbance peak in this range depicts the coating of phenolic acids, flavones, flavonols, and flavonoids on the surface of CaONPs. The XRD pattern showed sharp peaks that illustrated the preferred cubic crystalline nature of triturate. A great hindrance to the use of nanoparticles in the field of medicine is their extremely reactive nature. The FTIR analysis of the CaONPs showed a coating of phytochemicals on their surface, due to which they showed great stability. The vibrations present at 3639 cm-1 for alcohols or phenols, 2860 cm-1 for alkanes, 2487 cm-1 for alkynes, 1625 cm-1 for amines, and 1434 cm-1 for carboxylic acids and aldehydes show adsorption of phytochemicals on the surface of CaONPs. The CaONPs were highly stable over time; however, their stability was slightly disturbed by varying salinity and pH. The dialysis membrane in vitro release analysis revealed consistent nanoparticle release over a 10-h period. The bioactivities of CaONPs, C. colocynthis fruit extracts, and their synergistic solution were assessed. Synergistic solutions of both CaONPs and C. colocynthis fruit extracts showed great bioactivity and biosafety. The synergistic solution reduced cell viability by only 14.68% and caused only 16% hemolysis. The synergistic solution inhibited Micrococcus luteus slightly more effectively than streptomycin, with an activity index of 1.02. It also caused an 83.87% reduction in free radicals.

Maillard reaction products between whey powder and water-soluble tempeh protein extract: membrane-based fractionation

Whey powder, an industrial by-product, has the potential to be transformed into functional ingredients using the Maillard reaction. In this study, this chemical reaction occurred between whey powder and tempeh protein extract, resulting in increased antioxidant activity. This study aimed to isolate the Maillard reaction products (MRP) with the best antioxidant capacity using an ultrafiltration (UF) membrane by considering the fouling phenomenon that occurred on the membrane surface and critical flux for the filtration. MRP exhibited an antioxidant capacity of 0.09 mg ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidant capacity/mL, and the fractionation using a 5 kDa MWCO PES membrane showed the highest antioxidant capacity in terms of free radical reduction and metal chelating mechanisms. During MRP filtration, fouling on the membrane surface was observed, which could be attributed to the cake filtration model. The critical flux value was determined to be 4.23 LMH with a corresponding pressure of 0.75 bar. A long-term filtration below the critical flux showed stable performance, but filtration above the critical flux resulted in significant fouling. The permeate antioxidant IC50 value was 4.25 mg/mL. Based on the LC-MS analysis, 1,4-dihydroxy-2-methyl-anthraquinone and ilexin II were found as the potential contributors to the antioxidant activity of MRP. In summary, our study demonstrates that fractionating MRP using UF membrane-based filtration is an effective method for isolating MRP with high antioxidant capacity. Our findings also shed light on the critical flux value and fouling phenomenon during MRP filtration, which are important considerations for scaling up the production process.

Experimental study on CO2/CF3I suppression of methane-air explosion and flame propagation

To explore the inhibitory effects of CF3I and CO2 gas on the explosion pressure and flame propagation characteristics of 9.5% methane, a spherical 20 L experimental explosion device was used to study the effect of the gas explosion suppressants on the maximum explosion pressure, maximum explosion pressure rise rate and flame propagation speed of methane. The results indicated that with a gradual increase in the volume fraction of the gas explosion suppressant, the maximum explosion pressure of methane and maximum explosion pressure rise rate gradually decreased, and the time taken to reach the maximum explosion pressure and maximum explosion pressure rise rate was gradually delayed. At the same time, the flame propagation speed gradually decreased. Additionally, the time taken for the flame to reach the edge of the window and the time taken for a crack as well as a cellular structure to appear on the flame surface was gradually delayed. The fluid dynamics uncertainty was suppressed. The explosion pressure and flame propagation processes were markedly suppressed, but the flame buoyancy instability was gradually enhanced. By comparing the effects of the two gas explosion suppressants on the pressure and flame propagation characteristics, it was found that at the same volume fraction, trifluoroiodomethane was significantly better than carbon dioxide in suppressing the explosion of methane. By comparing the reduction rates of the characteristic methane explosion parameters at a volume fraction of 9.5%, it was observed that the inhibitory effect of 4% trifluoroiodomethane on the maximum explosion pressure was approximately 4.6 times that of the same amount of carbon dioxide, and the inhibitory effect of 4% trifluoroiodomethane on the maximum explosion pressure rise rate and flame propagation speed was approximately 2.7 times that of the same amount of carbon dioxide. The addition of 0.5%–1.5% trifluoromethane to 4% and 8% carbon dioxide can improve the explosion suppression efficiency of carbon dioxide. This enhancing phenomenon is a comprehensive manifestation of the oxygen-decreasing effect of carbon dioxide and the trifluoroiodomethane-related endothermic effect and reduction in key free radicals.

Hybrid Microcapsules for Encapsulation and Controlled Release of Rosemary Essential Oil.

The foremost objective of this work is to assess the microcapsules composition (polymer-based and polymer/clay-based) effect, on the release of rosemary essential oil into w/o medium and evaluate their antioxidant activity. Calcium alginate (CA) and calcium alginate/montmorillonite hybrid (CA-MTN) microcapsules were developed following an ionotropic crosslinking gelation and were used as host materials for the encapsulation of rosemary essential oil. The unloaded/loaded CA and hybrid CA-MTN microcapsules were characterized by Fourier transform infra-red (FT-ATR) spectroscopy, thermal analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and DPPH assay. The evaluation of the microcapsule's physicochemical properties has shown that the clay filling with montmorillonite improved the microcapsule's properties. The encapsulation efficiency improved significantly in hybrid CA-MTN microcapsules and exhibited higher values ranging from 81 for CA to 83% for hybrid CA-MTN and a loading capacity of 71 for CA and 73% for hybrid CA-MTN, owing to the large adsorption capacity of the sodic clay. Moreover, the hybrid CA-MTN microcapsules showed a time-extended release of rosemary essential oil compared to CA microcapsules. Finally, the DPPH assay displayed a higher reduction of free radicals in hybrid CA-MNT-REO (12.8%) than CA-REO (10%) loaded microcapsules. These results proved that the clay-alginate combination provides microcapsules with enhanced properties compared to the polymer-based microcapsules.

Decoction of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe var Roscoe) attenuate the oxidation stress in hyperlipidemia rat (Rattus norvegicus)

Based on UNICEF data, overweight and obesity increased across all age and income groups. Overweight has a risk of developing hyperlipidemia and caused increase free radical and lead to oxidative stress. It’s result in cell damage and impacts on several diseases among others diabetes mellitus. Many Medicinal Plant have biochemical compound which is an important concern because of the potential to reduce free radicals. 0ne of them is ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe var Roscoe). Medicinal plant generally is usually used with various extraction method to obtain the required chemical content. Information of ginger for reduce free radical with maceration extraction method has been reported in previous studies but little information with decoction extraction method. This study aims to determine the reduction of free radicals with MDA (malondialdehyde) as a marker and increased antioxidant activity with SOD (superoxide dismutase) as a marker after administration of ginger. This research was used the true experimental with the randomized posttest only control group design. The groups of experimental were divided into three which G1: control normal G2: High Fat Diet (HFD), G3: HFD + Zingiber officinale Roscoe var Roscoe (ZO) 5 g/day. The period of study was 6 weeks. The level of liver MDA and SOD were investigated by spectrophotometer UV Vis. Based on ANAVA showed that HFD rat increase of body fat weight and MDA (p&lt;0,05) and reduced of total antioxidant SOD (p&lt;0.05). The conclusion of this research decoction of Zingiber officinale Roscoe var Roscoe could attenuate of lipid peroxidation induce by HFD.

Effect of crocin on experimental gastrocnemius muscle ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat.

Ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury to the lower extremities causes damage to various tissues, notably the limbs. Because research in recent years have demonstrated that saffron and its components are useful in ischemic strokes, the goal of this study was to see whether Crocin (Cr), one of the active constituents in saffron, could protect the gastrocnemius muscle from IR injury. A total number of 32 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into four groups randomly: control, Cr, IR, and IR + Cr. Xylazine and ketamine were used to anesthetize all of the rats. The left lower limbs of the other two groups were subjected to 2 hr of ischemia and 2 hr of reperfusion with tourniquet, with the exception of the control and Cr groups. Tumor necrosis factor alfa (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-1β, total antioxidant status (TAS) and total oxidant status (TOS) levels were assessed in the blood as well as muscle IL-6, IL1β, SOD1-2, catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) expression. According to the IR group, increases in TAS levels and decreases in TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β levels were substantial in the Cr therapy group. Cr significantly reduced IL-6 and IL-1β mRNA expression levels in the muscle of the IR group and increased superoxide dismutases 1 (SOD1), SOD2, catalase (CAT), and GPx. Our data showed that Cr protected the gastrocnemius muscle from IR injury in rats and reduced inflammatory markers significantly. These effects of Cr might have been mediated by improved antioxidant enzyme activity, suppression of free radical generation and reduction of oxidative stress.

Chemical composition and biological activity of leaf extracts of Adinandra bockiana E. Pritz. ex Diels

Adinandra bockiana E. Pritz. ex Diels collected in Lao Cai province,Vietnam belongs to the Adinandra genus. Some species of the genus Adinandra have been studied for their botanical characteristics and bioactive compounds, however, A. bockiana has not been studied to date. Therefore, studying the chemical composition and biological activity of A. bockianaleaf extracts is pioneering and necessary in reality. The leaf extracts of A. bockiana have been quantified and determined to contain tannins, coumarins and polyphenolic compounds. The ethanol extract, dichloromethane extract and ethyl acetate extract at the concentrations 20, 60, and 200 μg/mlcan inhibit the growth of B. subtilis, L. plantarum, and S. marcescens. The ethanol extract, dichloromethane extract and ethyl acetate extract have free radical reduction activity, which EC50 values reached 0.2, 0.47, and 5.7 μg/ml, respectively. The ethanol extract exhibited inhibitory activities on gastric, lung, and breast cancer cell lines with IC50 values of 58.62, 48.73, and 43.15 μg/ml, respectively. The results show that A. bockiana is a potential plant that contains many compounds that have antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer activities.

Production of a microemulsion of American genipa l. (rubiacea) bark extract and the antioxidant and antiparasitic activities

Genipa americana L. is a plant native to the Americas, popularly known in Brazil as Jenipapeiro, and is chemically characterized by the presence of genipin, which has pharmacological actions such as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant. The bark is used for its antiulcerogenic and antidiarrheal activities. Research developed for chemical knowledge have shown the plant is of interest for the production of efficient drugs such as antioxidants and antimicrobials. Free-living parasites, including those of the genus Acanthamoeba, have aroused interest and the study of plants used in folk medicine is a strategy for the discovery of conventional treatments to the infections caused by this parasite to be used pure or in preparations such as microemulsions (ME), which offer advantages related to the release of drugs and the absorption of the active ingredient. The aim of the study was to evaluate antiparasitic and antioxidant activities as well as to obtain a ME from the hydroethanolic extract (HEE) of G. americana. The DPPH free radical reduction method was used to evaluate the antioxidant activity of HEE, which showed an inhibition percentage (PI) of 47.82%. The antiparasitic activity of the HEE using A. castellanii trophozoites showed a PI of 80% at the highest concentration tested (9 mg mL-1). The ME containing 10% HEE was characterized for its droplet size (18.33 µm), pH (5.68) and polydispersity index (0.19). Therefore, the HEE presented antioxidant and antiparasitic effects, while its microemulsion showed potential to disperse particles.

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES USING DPPH, FIC, FRAP, AND ABTS METHODS FROM ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF LEMPUYANG GAJAH RHIZOME (Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Roscoeex Sm.)

One of the Zingiber species that has long been used as traditional medicine by local Indonesian people is lempuyang (Zingiber ssp.). In its use as traditional medicine, it is more often used than other types of lempuyang, namely the lempuyang gajah (Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Roscoeex Sm.). Therefore, this study focused on the Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Roscoeex Sm. Most of the biological activities reported for this plant are attributed to phenolic contents and volatile principles. Hence, a detailed investigation of antioxidant activity, flavonoid, and phenolic content of Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Roscoeex Sm. rhizome was carried out. The purpose of this study was to determine the total flavonoid, phenolic, and antioxidant activity of Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Roscoeex Sm. extract in several methods of reducing free radicals DPPH, FIC, FRAP, and ABTS. The extraction method used is maceration extraction with 70% ethanol solvent and concentrated. The total phenolic content was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method with gallic acid as the standard, while the total flavonoid content was determined by the quercetin method. Ascorbic acid was used as a positive control of antioxidant activity. The Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Roscoeex Sm. plant used was obtained from the village of Tegal Bulu Banyuwangi. This type of research is an experimental study with the concentration of the extract used, namely 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 mg/L. The results showed that the ethanol extract of Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Roscoeex Sm. rhizome contained total phenolic and flavonoid content of 23.58±0.25 mgGAE/g and 12.21±0.03 QUE/g extract, respectively. Antioxidant activity with IC50 value in the DPPH free radical reduction method of 11.40 ± 0.23 which is included in the very strong category, FIC of 121.46±2.93 which is included in the medium category, FRAP of 19.38±0.14 which is included in the very strong category, and ABTS of 89.32±0.15 which is included in the strong category. Phenolics and flavonoids are thought to have an important role in the antioxidant activity of Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Roscoeex Sm. rhizome.