Dye Reduction Research Articles

Nb2CTx@MoS2 composite as a highly efficient catalyst for the degradation of organic dyes

Here, Nb2CTx@MoS2 composites have been synthesized and their catalytic activity towards the reduction of organic dyes was evaluated. The Nb2CTx@MoS2 composite has been synthesized in different ratios (25, 50, and 75%) and it was found that Nb2CTx@50MoS2 (50% MoS2) was the best composite, as it was able to achieve complete reduction of methylene blue and methyl orange within 3 and 4 min, with rate constant of 0.55305 min−1, and 0.371 min−1, respectively. In addition, the catalyst was able to retain 86% of activity even after the 5 consecutive cycles.

Biosynthesis and photocatalytic evaluation of ZnO nanoparticles using banana flower perianth

Owing to the recalcitrant and toxic nature of textile effluents, the development of environmentally sustainable technology for dye degradation is in high demand. Another area that requires attention is the treatment and reuse of alternate waters wherein a high load of microbial pollution is an impeding factor. In this regard, the present study reports the one-pot green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles (ZnONPs) using non-edible banana flower perianth as the template with water, ethanol, and methanol as green solvents. The study involves using ZnONPs for the photocatalytic degradation of industrial model dye, methylene blue, and microbial load reduction (MLR) in Air conditioner Condensate water (ACW), an example of potential alternate water that is garnering more attention among the scientific community. Systematic characterization of ZnONPs with Electron Microscopy and Spectroscopic techniques substantiated the material properties. The synthesized ZnONPs were spherical with a crystallite size of 14 nm possessing wurtzite crystal structure and a band gap of 3.52 eV. Optimization experiments validated that the maximum photocatalytic efficiency of 97% does not decrease even for 100 ppm dye concentration and 800 ppm catalyst at pH-7 under sunlight and visible light irradiation. Enhanced photocatalytic efficiency is due to the defect bands of K. The highest MLR efficacy in ACW within 30 min was 82% for Aquincola tertiaricarbonis (Gram-negative) and 50% for Bacillus sp. (Gram-positive), the predominant species in ACW. No colonies grew after 60 min of light irradiation in the plating assay. Thus, the template-synthesized ZnONPs could be employed for textile wastewater treatment and water purification applications, owing to their superior photocatalytic proficiency.

Catalytic Reduction of Dyes and Antibacterial Activity of AgNPs@Zn@Alginate Composite Aerogel Beads.

This work focuses on the preparation of aerogel composite beads based on Zn(II)-crosslinked alginate and loaded with different percentages of AgNPs using a simple approach. The obtained samples were evaluated in two different applications: the first application consists in their use as catalysts for the reduction of MB, MO, OG and CR dyes in a simple and binary system under the presence of NaBH4. For this, several parameters affecting the catalytic behavior of these catalysts have been investigated and discussed such as the catalyst mass, AgNPs content, dye nature, and the selectivity of the catalyst in a binary system. The second application concerns their antibacterial activities towards two Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), and a Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923). The physico-chemical properties of different samples were characterized by XRD, FTIR, SEM/EDS, and TGA analysis. The obtained results confirmed the presence of AgNPs on a highly porous alginate structure. The dispersion of a high percentage of AgNPs leads to the formation of nanoparticles on the outer surface of the alginate which led to their leaching after the catalytic test, while the composite having a low percentage of AgNPs showed good results through all dyes without leaching of AgNPs. For the antibacterial application of the different samples, it was shown that a composite with a higher percentage of AgNPs was the most effective against all bacteria.

Layer-by-Layer Extracellular Biological Synthesis of Sustainable Ag-Based Nanoparticles for Catalytic Reduction of Methylene Blue Dye

Novel cubic microstructures for the purposes of plasmonic Ag-based NPs were made using biological wastes produced from a microbial culture of Bacillus cereus (B. cereus) employing a bottom-up approach for the biosynthesis of metal-based nanomaterials. The unique surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of the as-prepared Ag-based NPs was detected at 405 nm. The infra-red spectrum revealed that the used biological waste effectively stabilized our Ag-based NPs. Scanning and transmission electron microscopes were used in order to evaluate the sizes and shapes of the distinctive structures present in our samples. The Ag NPs had a face-centered cubic structure, with a size of 64.4 nm for the (200) nano-crystallites, according to the X-ray diffraction that was conducted. The zeta potential was found to be −19.5 mV and the dynamic light scattering (DLS) size was 238.8 nm. Methylene blue’s (MB) reaction with NaBH4 was used in order to measure the catalytic activity of the generated Ag-based NPs over a period of 1 to 5 min. With an astonishing reaction rate of 0.2861 min−1, the MB elimination percentage reached 67% in just 5 min, displaying outstanding catalytic activity. This work can therefore encourage the use of this biowaste for the ecologically benign, cost-effective, and long-term synthesis of innovative Ag-based nanoparticles and nanostructures, as well as in their use as catalysts in the catalytic reduction in MB.

Metallic Nanoparticles Adsorbed at the Pore Surface of Polymers with Various Porous Morphologies: Toward Hybrid Materials Meant for Heterogeneous Supported Catalysis.

Hybrid materials consisting of metallic nanoparticles (NPs) adsorbed on porous polymeric supports have been the subject of intense research for many years. Such materials indeed gain from intrinsic properties, e.g., high specific surface area, catalytic properties, porous features, etc., of both components. Rational design of such materials is fundamental regarding the functionalization of the support surface and thus the interactions required for the metallic NPs to be strongly immobilized at the pore surface. Herein are presented some significant scientific contributions to this rapidly expanding research field. This contribution will notably focus on various examples of such hybrid systems prepared from porous polymers, whatever the morphology and size of the pores. Such porous polymeric supports can display pores with sizes ranging from a few nanometers to hundreds of microns while pore morphologies, such as spherical, tubular, etc., and/or open or closed, can be obtained. These systems have allowed some catalytic molecular reactions to be successfully undertaken, such as the reduction of nitroaromatic compounds or dyes, e.g., methylene blue and Eosin Y, boronic acid-based C-C homocoupling reactions, but also cascade reactions consisting of two catalytic reactions achieved in a row.

Efficient Catalytic Degradation of Selected Toxic Dyes by Green Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles Using Aqueous Leaf Extract of Cestrum nocturnum L.

In the present study, the catalytic degradation of selected toxic dyes (methylene blue, 4-nitrophenol, 4-nitroaniline, and congo red) using biosynthesized green silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) of Cestrum nocturnum L. was successfully performed. These AgNPs are efficiently synthesized when a reaction mixture containing 5 mL of aqueous extract (3%) and 100 mL of silver nitrate (1 mM) is exposed under sunlight for 5 min. The synthesis of AgNPs was confirmed based on the change in the color of the reaction mixture from pale yellow to dark brown, with maximum absorbance at 455 nm. Obtained NPs were characterized by different techniques, i.e., FTIR, XRD, HR-TEM, HR-SEM, SAED, XRD, EDX, AFM, and DLS. Green synthesized AgNPs were nearly mono-dispersed, smooth, spherical, and crystalline in nature. The average size of the maximum number of AgNPs was 77.28 ± 2.801 nm. The reduction of dyes using a good reducing agent (NaBH4) was tested. A fast catalytic degradation of dyes took place within a short period of time when AgNPs were added in the reaction mixture in the presence of NaBH4. As a final recommendation, Cestrum nocturnum aqueous leaf extract-mediated AgNPs could be effectively implemented for environmental rehabilitation because of their exceptional performance. This can be utilized in the treatment of industrial wastewater through the breakdown of hazardous dyes.

Comparative investigation of the catalytic application of α/β/γ-MnO2 nanoparticles synthesized by green and chemical approaches

ABSTRACT Three phases (α, β, and γ) of manganese dioxide (MnO2) are successfully stabilized in a single entity for the first time. For this purpose, Citrullus colocynthis (bitter apple) extract is used as a natural surfactant in green synthesis. MnO2 nanoparticles were synthesized in the presence and absence of plant extracts under the same conditions. The morphology of both products is analysed by SEM and STEM to understand the role of plant extract in controlling the morphology of particles. The crystallinity and composition are analysed by XRD and confirmed that the product is composed of multiple phases α, β, and γ. The reduction of dyes and nitroarenes is studied using MnO2 nanoparticles (green and chemical products) as catalysts. The apparent rate constant, a percentage reduction, time reduction and reduced concentration compare the activities of both catalysts. After comparative data analysis, the catalytic reduction of picric acid is found fastest among all the substrates. All the results are analysed based on structure, functional group and affinity towards catalysts.

Facile synthesis of CuO/Co3O4 nanoribbons with excellent catalytic performance for reduction of organic dyes

In this paper, a facile strategy for the synthesis of composited CuO/Co3O4 nanoribbons is presented based on the supramolecular co-assembly. Large-scale nanosized coordination polymers were obtained under the role of desolvation of the metal ions and ligands, which was used as precursors to construct CuO/Co3O4 nanoribbons. According to the x-ray diffraction (XRD) and inductive coupled plasma emission (ICP) measurements, CuO can be regarded as dispersion phase while Co3O4 can be identified as matrix. What's more, CuO species are homogeneously dispersed in Co3O4 matrix. The catalytic performance of this obtained composited material was measured based on the reduction of organic dye in the presence of NaBH4 as reduction agent, demonstrating that CuO species play the major role in catalytic reaction and the catalytic activity constant was concluded to be 549.02 s−1 g−1. As for Co3O4 species, excellent magnetic property makes it possible for magnetic separation from reaction system. This mass productivity of the CuO/Co3O4 materials with low cost and outstanding catalytic ability have great potential application prospect in water treatment.

Ultra speed synthesis of carbon quantum dots (GCQDs) and Gold (GCQDs-Au) Nano composites, for the Catalytic reduction of MG Dye, Microbial activity and stability studies

Ultra speed synthesis of carbon quantum dots (GCQDs) and Gold (GCQDs-Au) Nano composites, for the Catalytic reduction of MG Dye, Microbial activity and stability studies

PbS/ZIF-67 nanocomposite: novel material for photocatalytic degradation of basic yellow 28 and direct blue 199 dyes

BackgroundIn recently years, the significant focus of research was on the photocatalytic elimination of organic dye pollutants using semiconductor photocatalysis. In this study, the novel PbS/ZIF-67 nanocomposite was synthesized as a semiconductor photocatalyst for photodegradation of Basic Yellow 28 (BY28) and Direct Blue 199 (DB199) from wastewater. MethodThe prepared samples were characterized by FT-IR, XRD, SEM, TEM, and photoluminescence (PL) analysis. The influence of photocatalyst type, photocatalyst dosage (5–25 mg), solution pH (2–11), and dye's initial concentration (10-50 ppm) on the photocatalytic reduction of dyes in the visible light range were examined. Significant findingsThe performance of solar photocatalytic reduction of the PbS/ZIF-67 nanocomposite generally grew with the presence of visible light, and increment of photocatalyst loading, while decreased by higher amounts of dyes initial solution concentration. Kinetic results demonstrated that the pseudo 1st order model (simplified Langmuir-Hinshelwood equation) was the desirable method for describing the experimental data. Photocatalytic regeneration also indicated that the photo reduction efficiency stood at the higher amounts over 4 cycles, demonstrating the important regeneration ability of nanocomposite.

Spiroheterocyclic Photocatalyst for Reducing QHIn-Persistent Pollutants, Dyes, and Transition-Metal Ions Cocatalyzed with Electrolytes.

The 7-nitro-2'-phenyl-5',6',7',7a'-tetrahydrospiro[indeno[1,2-b]quinoxaline-11,3'-pyrrolizine]-1',1'(2'H)-dicarbonitrile (SIQPI), 2'-(4-cyanophenyl)-7-nitro-5',6',7',7a'-tetrahydrospiro[indeno[1,2-b]quinoxaline-11,3'-pyrrolizine]-1',1'(2'H) dicarbonitrile (SIQPII), and 2'-(4-methoxyphenyl)-7-nitro-5',6',7',7a'-tetrahydrospiro[indeno[1,2-b]quinoxaline-11,3'-pyrrolizine]-1',1'(2'H)-dicarbonitrile (SIQPIII) were used to photocatalyze quinonoid phenolphthalein (QHIn) in aq-ACN-EtOH (mixed solvent) with NaCl and KCl electrolytes. SIQPI, II, and III spiroindenoquinoxaline pyrrolidines (SIQPs) as spiroheterocyclic photocatalysts alone could not reduce QHIn, but with the addition of electrolytes they are reduced via π cationic interactions (PCI). SIQPI, II, and III with NaCl reduced QHIn in 120, 28, and 50 min, unlike in 138, 58, and 63 min with KCl in mixed solvent. SIQPI, II, and III alone have reduced methylene blue (MB) in 120, 45, and 70 min, unlike in 110, 27, and 55 min with graphene oxide (GO), whereas with NaCl and KCl hey are reduced in 82, 36, and 44 min and 89, 43, and 50 min, respectively. SIQPs with GO had reduced MB in less time than the SIQPs alone, and SIQPs with NaCl had reduced QHIn in a shorter time than KCl. The electrolytes have cocatalyzed a reduction of dyes under sunlight (SL). The electrolytes have reduced a quinonoid structure (QS) and dyes by generating negative and positive (e - and h +) holes in a shorter time. SIQPII and magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) of 58 nm with NaCl photocatalyzed the QHIn in 2880 min. The SIQPs also reduced methyl orange (MO) and brilliant blue R (BBR) at variable temperature (T) and pH range, whereas SIQPs have developed a molecular organic framework (MOF) with transition-metal salts (NiCl2, CrO3, KMnO4, CuSO4, and MnCl2) on photocatalysis.

Phytosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Mangifera indica leaves extract at room temperature: Formation mechanism, catalytic reduction, colorimetric sensing, and antimicrobial activity

In this study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized using the leaves extract of mango (Mangifera indica) as a green reducing agent and stabilizer. The effects of time, the AgNO3 solution volume, and pH on the formation of AgNPs were investigated via UV–vis spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering. The results revealed that the greatest AgNPs stability was obtained with the AgNO3 volume of 300 µL, the reaction time of 30 min, and pH 10. The catalysis of organic dye reduction, colorimetric sensing, and antimicrobial activities of the fabricated AgNPs were also evaluated. Particularly, the catalysis reduction experiments confirmed a good catalysis performance of the AgNPs for decolorization of the crystal violet (CV) with a removal efficiency of 98.83 % under ultrasonic-assisted conditions, which was higher than that obtained under stirring conditions. Additionally, the fabricated AgNPs possessed good sensing performance of H2O2 and Hg(II) with a detection limit of 20.21 and 25.87 μg/L, respectively. The material also showed good antimicrobial activity, which efficaciously inhibited the growth of Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria, and fungus with inhibition of over 85 %. According to the aforementioned results, the AgNPs synthesized from the Mangifera indica leaves extract can be promisingly utilized in medical and environmental treatment.

Copper Nanoparticles Decorated Alginate/Cobalt-Doped Cerium Oxide Composite Beads for Catalytic Reduction and Photodegradation of Organic Dyes.

Cobalt-doped cerium oxide (Co–CeO2) was synthesized and wrapped inside alginate (Alg) hydrogel beads (Alg/Co–CeO2). Further, copper nanoparticles (Cu) were grown on Alg/Co–CeO2 beads. Cu decorated Alg/Co–CeO2 composite beads (Cu@Alg/Co–CeO2) were tested as a catalyst for the solar-assisted photodegradation and NaBH4-assisted reduction of organic pollutants. Among different dyes, Cu@Alg/Co–CeO2 was found to be the best catalyst for the photodegradation of acridine orange (ArO) under solar light and efficient in reducing methyl orange (MO) with the aid of NaBH4. Cu@Alg/Co–CeO2 decolorized ArO up to 75% in 5 h under solar light, while 97% of MO was reduced in 11 min. The decolorization efficiency of Cu@Alg/Co–CeO2 was further optimized by varying different parameters. Thus, the designed catalyst provides a promising way for efficient oxidation and reduction of pollutants from industrial effluents.

Pharmacological drug screening to inhibit uveal melanoma metastatic cells either via EGF-R, MAPK, mTOR or PI3K

To screen five potential pharmacological substances specifically targeting EGF-R, MAPK, mTOR, or PI3K for their antiproliferative effects, possible impact on cell viability, as well as cell death rates on three different uveal melanoma metastasis cell lines in vitro. Three different uveal melanoma metastasis cell lines (OMM2.5, OMM2.3, and OMM1), that originated from human hepatic and subcutaneous metastasis, were exposed to inhibitors of different targets: erlotinib (EGF-R), everolimus (mTOR), selumetinib (MAPK), trametinib (MAPK) or the alkylphosphocholine erufosine (PI3K). Cell viability was assessed with a 2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide (XTT) dye reduction assay after 24h of treatment. Antiproliferative effects were evaluated separately after a 72-hour incubation of the cells with the pharmacological substance. Subsequently, the IC50 was calculated. Tumor cell death was investigated using a double stain apoptosis detection assay. Selumetinib, trametinib, and erufosine significantly decreased cell viability of all OMM cell lines (P<0.04). In addition, selumetinib and trametinib showed a significant inhibition of cell proliferation (P<0.05). Everolimus and erlotinib solely inhibited cell proliferation at the used concentrations (P<0.05). Besides an increase of necrotic cells after erufosine treatment (P<0.001), no changes in the number of dead cells for the other substances were observed. The preliminary drug screening demonstrates five new candidates, successfully targeting the canonical MAPK/ERK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways in uveal melanoma metastasis cells in vitro. Hence, these findings provide an experimental basis to explore future single or combined therapy strategies for metastatic uveal melanoma.

Efficient reduction of organic pollutants by novel magnetic Bi2S3/NiCo2O4 MOF- derived composite: Exprimental and DFT investigation

Novel Bi2S3/NiCo2O4 nanocomposites (BS/NCO) with various mass ratios were prepared using NiCo-MOF as precursor. The morphology, composition and structure of the as-prepared catalysts were studied by different techniques such as FE-SEM, EDX, XRD, FT-IR, VSM and BET. The as-synthesized composite with 20 % Bi2S3 (%20 BS/NCO) demonstrated the best performance in reduction reaction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP). The enhanced catalytic activity of %20 BS/NCO composite compared to the Bi2S3 and NiCo2O4 can be assigned to the optimized synergistic effects between the two pristine materials. Thermodynamic parameters and the activation energy of the reaction in the presence of %20 BS/NCO composite were calculated by conducting the reaction in various temperatures. Moreover, DFT calculations was used to explore the mechanism of 4-NP reduction in the presence of BS/NCO composite. BS/NCO composite was also used in catalytic reduction of organic dyes.

Microbial communities and metabolic pathways involved in reductive decolorization of an azo dye in a two-stage AD system

Multiple stage anaerobic system was found to be an effective strategy for reductive decolorization of azo dyes in the presence of sulfate. Bulk color removal (56–90%) was achieved concomitant with acidogenic activity in the 1st-stage reactor (R1), while organic matter removal (≤100%) and sulfate reduction (≤100%) occurred predominantly in the 2nd-stage reactor (R2). However, azo dye reduction mechanism and metabolic routes involved remain unclear. The involved microbial communities and conditions affecting the azo dye removal in a two-stage anaerobic digestion (AD) system were elucidated using amplicon sequencing (16S rRNA, fhs, dsrB and mcrA) and correlation analysis. Reductive decolorization was found to be co-metabolic and mainly associated with hydrogen-producing pathways. We also found evidence of the involvement of an azoreductase from Lactococcus lactis. Bacterial community in R1 was sensitive and shifted in the presence of the azo dye, while microorganisms in R2 were more protected. Higher diversity of syntrophic-acetate oxidizers, sulfate reducers and methanogens in R2 highlights the role of the 2nd-stage in organic matter and sulfate removals, and these communities might be involved in further transformations of the azo dye reduction products. The results improve our understanding on the role of different microbial communities in anaerobic treatment of azo dyes and can help in the design of better solutions for the treatment of textile effluents.

Assembly of Smart Microgels and Hybrid Microgels on Graphene Sheets for Catalytic Reduction of Nitroarenes

Poly (N-isopropylacrylamide-acrylic acid) [p(NIPAM-AAc)] microgel was successfully fabricated using the precipitation polymerization method. Silver (Ag) nanoparticles and graphene oxide (G) were used to fabricate the following hybrid microgels: Ag-p(NIPAM-AAc) (Ag-HMG), Ag-G-p(NIPAM-AAc) (Ag-G-HMG), and G-p(NIPAM-AAc) (G-HMG). Ag-HMG, Ag-G-HMG, and G-HMG were characterized using a Zetasizer and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The reduction of a series of different compounds with comparable and distinct chemical structures was catalyzed by synthesized Ag-HMG, Ag-G-HMG, and G-HMG hybrid microgels. The average size of Ag nanoparticles was found to be ~50 nm. Ag nanoparticles were synthesized within microgels attached to G sheets. Ag-p(NIPAM-AAc), Ag-G-p(NIPAM-AAc), and G-p(NIPAM-AAc) hybrid microgels were used for the catalytic reduction of nitroarenes and dyes. By comparing their apparent rate constant (kapp), reduction duration, and percentage reduction, the activity of HMG (hybrid microgel) as a catalyst towards different substrates was investigated. Graphene sheets play role in electron relay among Ag nanoparticles and microgels.

Enhanced catalytic activity of platinum decorated silica nanocrystals in rapid reduction of organic dyes

Pt decorated silica (Pt/SiO2) nanocrystals (NCs) were synthesized using a chemical route, and their activities were evaluated towards the reduction of Methylene Blue (MB), Rhodamine B (RhB) and p-Nitrophenol (PNP). X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed cubic crystal structure of Pt NCs. The formation of monodispersed spherical SiO2 nanoparticles with an average particle size of ∼150 nm was confirmed by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy. The High Resolution TEM confirmed cubic crystal structure of Pt NCs having lattice fringes with interplaner spacing of ∼0.29 nm, corresponding to (111) plane. The catalytic activities of the Pt/SiO2 NCs towards MB, RhB and PNP were studied using UV-visible spectrophotometer. The Pt/SiO2 NCs showed excellent catalytic activity with pseudo first order rate constant values 0.016 s−1, 0.011 s−1, 0.006 s−1 for MB, RhB and PNP, respectively. The synthetic method used in the present work offers valuable insights for facile preparation of Pt/SiO2 NCs as an efficient and valuable catalyst for environmental remediation.

Photocatalytic activity of biogenic silver nanoparticles synthesized using Coleus Vettiveroids

• Simple, safe and eco-friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using the leaf extract of Coleus Vettiveroids. • Study the influence of silver ion concentration on the size and properties of AgNPs. • AgNPs exhibited remarkable photocatalytic degradation properties in the reduction of organic dyes, methylene blue, malachite green, and crystal violet. In this work, simple, safe and eco-friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using the leaf extract of Coleus Vettiveroids was carried out and it showed that the chemical species variations in this common family of plant extracts can have a different reducing ability of silver ions. The nanoparticles of silver were formed by the reduction, during UV exposure, of aqueous silver nitrate solution containing leaf extract of Coleus Vettiveroids . The AgNP formation was confirmed by the appearance of Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) band at ∼420 nm, which is characteristic for nano silver. The size of the prepared nanoparticles was characterised using Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), average particle size was around 41.4 nm and for Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) the size was found to be ∼30 nm. The biogenic AgNPs found to have photocatalytic ability to degrade textile dyes such as crystal violet, methylene blue and malachite green. They exhibited excellent catalytic activity in the degradation of organic dyes within 3 hours of exposure time in presence of sunlight.

Functionalized silica nanoporous Pd complex for reduction of nitroarenes and dyes

Pd adorned on SBA-Pr-3AP ([email protected]) was investigated as a catalyst for the degradation of natural, synthetic organic dyes, and the reduction of nitroarenes by NaBH4 as a reducing agent with recyclability and regeneration procedure was discerned which may open up new avenues for remediation of aqueous pollutants. The degradation of dangerous dyes such as methylene blue, methyl orange, and natural colors from pomegranate (PM) and opuntia (OP), and the reduction of nitroaromatics at ambient temperature, were studied. The primary materials of numerous medications, agrochemicals, pigments, and colors are anilines, one of the crucial chemical feedstocks. In this perspective, the method for providing aniline derivatives is the catalytic reduction of nitro. An effective catalyst demonstrated to be extremely effective for the reduction of nitroarenes into various amines.