Reduced Blood Glucose Levels Research Articles

INTERVENTION MANAGEMENT OF 5 PILLARS OF DIABETES MELLITUS CONTROL IN DIABETES MELLITUS DISEASE

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a non-communicable disease that causes many deaths throughout the world. Diabetes Mellitus is a disease characterized by an increase in blood glucose levels above the normal range, namely 90-140 mg/dl. Management of Diabetes Mellitus with 5 pillars includes education, physical exercise, dietary intervention, medication, and blood sugar checks. Implementation of the 5 pillars in treating Diabetes Mellitus is necessary to improve quality of life. Objective: To provide family nursing care to Mr. R with a Focus on Interventions for Managing the 5 Pillars of Diabetes Mellitus Control in Diabetes Mellitus in Menduran Village, Brati District, Grobogan Regency.Methodology: The type of research used by researchers in this paper is qualitative with a descriptive approach. The design used in the research is a case study. The research subjects are especially Mr. R who suffers from Diabetes Mellitus.Results: Researchers identified that after managing the 5 pillars of Diabetes Mellitus control during 3 visits, Mr. R especially Mr. R experienced a decrease in blood glucose levels from 210 mg/dl to 162 mg/dl at the final examination.Conclusion: There is an influence on the effectiveness of managing the 5 pillars of Diabetes Mellitus control to help reduce blood glucose levels, Mr. R with Hyperglycemia problems.

The Molecular Mechanism Underlying the Therapeutic Effect of Dihydromyricetin on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Based on Network Pharmacology, Molecular Docking, and Transcriptomics.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic and complex disease, and traditional drugs have many side effects. The active compound dihydromyricetin (DHM), derived from natural plants, has been shown in our previous study to possess the potential for reducing blood glucose levels; however, its precise molecular mechanism remains unclear. In the present study, network pharmacology and transcriptomics were performed to screen the molecular targets and signaling pathways of DHM disturbed associated with T2DM, and the results were partially verified by molecular docking, RT-PCR, and Western blotting at in vivo levels. Firstly, the effect of DHM on blood glucose, lipid profile, and liver oxidative stress in db/db mice was explored and the results showed that DHM could reduce blood glucose and improve oxidative stress in the liver. Secondly, GO analysis based on network pharmacology and transcriptomics results showed that DHM mainly played a significant role in anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and fatty acid metabolism in biological processes, on lipoprotein and respiratory chain on cell components, and on redox-related enzyme activity, iron ion binding, and glutathione transferase on molecular functional processes. KEGG system analysis results showed that the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, IL17 signaling pathway, HIF signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications, and TNF signaling pathway were typical signaling pathways disturbed by DHM in T2DM. Thirdly, molecular docking results showed that VEGFA, SRC, HIF1A, ESR1, KDR, MMP9, PPARG, and MAPK14 are key target genes, five genes of which were verified by RT-PCR in a dose-dependent manner. Finally, Western blotting results revealed that DHM effectively upregulated the expression of AKT protein and downregulated the expression of MEK protein in the liver of db/db mice. Therefore, our study found that DHM played a therapeutic effect partially by activation of the PI3K/AKT/MAPK signaling pathway. This study establishes the foundation for DHM as a novel therapeutic agent for T2DM. Additionally, it presents a fresh approach to utilizing natural plant extracts for chemoprevention and treatment of T2DM.

Brisk Walking Untuk Menurunkan Kadar Glukosa Darah Pada Pasien Diabetes Mellitus Tipe 2: A Literature Review

Background: One of the non-communicable diseases (NCDs) that has received a lot of attention is Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes management is divided into two ways. The first way is with non-drug therapy (non-pharmacological) and second with drug therapy. Drug therapy in the form of oral hypoglycemic drugs or insulin. Non-pharmacological methods with food planning and physical exercise. The type of light physical exercise recommended for patients with type II diabetes mellitus is walking and brisk walking. Objective: To determine the effect of brisk walking to reduce blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: This review uses the literature review method. Searches were conducted in PubMed, Garuda, and Google Scholar. The search strategy used keywords with "brisk walking", "physical exercise", "glycemic control", "diabetes mellitus, type II",. Results: Seven articles were reviewed in this literature review. Six articles discussed brisk walking, one article discussed the difference in glycemic control in low - high intensity interval training with endurance training. The overall results of this review show that doing physical activity brisk walking has an effect in reducing blood glucose levels, reducing blood glucose levels by 49.75 mg/dL. Physical activity sessions can be done for 3 - 7 sessions per week with a duration of 15 - 60 minutes. Conclusion: The effect of brisk walking is proven to reduce blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Canagliflozin regulates metabolic reprogramming in diabetic kidney disease by inducing fasting-like and aestivation-like metabolic patterns.

Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors (SGLT2i) are antihyperglycaemic drugs that protect the kidneys of individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, the underlying mechanisms mediating the renal benefits of SGLT2i are not fully understood. Considering the fuel switches that occur during therapeutic SGLT2 inhibition, we hypothesised that SGLT2i induce fasting-like and aestivation-like metabolic patterns, both of which contribute to the regulation of metabolic reprogramming in diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Untargeted and targeted metabolomics assays were performed on plasma samples from participants with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease (n=35, 11 women) receiving canagliflozin (CANA) 100 mg/day at baseline and 12 week follow-up. Next, a systematic snapshot of the effect of CANA on key metabolites and pathways in the kidney was obtained using db/db mice. Moreover, the effects of glycine supplementation in db/db mice and human proximal tubular epithelial cells (human kidney-2 [HK-2]) cells were studied. Treatment of DKD patients with CANA for 12 weeks significantly reduced HbA1c from a median (interquartile range 25-75%) of 49.0 (44.0-57.0) mmol/mol (7.9%, [7.10-9.20%]) to 42.2 (39.7-47.7) mmol/mol (6.8%, [6.40-7.70%]), and reduced urinary albumin/creatinine ratio from 67.8 (45.9-159.0) mg/mmol to 47.0 (26.0-93.6) mg/mmol. The untargeted metabolomics assay showed downregulated glycolysis and upregulated fatty acid oxidation. The targeted metabolomics assay revealed significant upregulation of glycine. The kidneys of db/db mice undergo significant metabolic reprogramming, with changes in sugar, lipid and amino acid metabolism; CANA regulated the metabolic reprogramming in the kidneys of db/db mice. In particular, the pathways for glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, as well as the metabolite of glycine, were significantly upregulated in CANA-treated kidneys. Glycine supplementation ameliorated renal lesions in db/db mice by inhibiting food intake, improving insulin sensitivity and reducing blood glucose levels. Glycine supplementation improved apoptosis of human proximal tubule cells via the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. In conclusion, our study shows that CANA ameliorates DKD by inducing fasting-like and aestivation-like metabolic patterns. Furthermore, DKD was ameliorated by glycine supplementation, and the beneficial effects of glycine were probably due to the activation of the AMPK/mTOR pathway.

Sympathetic nerve-enteroendocrine L cell communication modulates GLP-1 release, brain glucose utilization, and cognitive function

Glucose homeostasis is controlled by brain-gut communications. Yet our understanding of the neuron-gut interface in the glucoregulatory system remains incomplete. Here, we find that sympathetic nerves elevate postprandial blood glucose but restrict brain glucose utilization by repressing the release of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) from enteroendocrine L cells. Sympathetic nerves are in close apposition with the L cells. Importantly, sympathetic denervation or intestinal deletion of the adrenergic receptor α2 (Adra2a) augments postprandial GLP-1 secretion, leading to reduced blood glucose levels and increased brain glucose uptake. Conversely, sympathetic activation shows the opposite effects. At the cellular level, adrenergic signaling suppresses calcium flux to limit GLP-1 secretion upon sugar ingestion. Consequently, abrogation of adrenergic signal results in a significant improvement in learning and memory ability. Together, our results reveal a sympathetic nerve-enteroendocrine unit in constraining GLP-1 secretion, thus providing a therapeutic nexus of mobilizing endogenous GLP-1 for glucose management and cognitive improvement.

Bioactivity of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc), Citronella (Cymbopogonnardus (L.) and Cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmannii B) Against Decreased Blood Sugar Levels of Alloxan-induced (Rattus Novergicus)

Purpose: To see the potency of mixed extracts of Ginger (Zingiber officinal Rosc.), Citronella (Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Randle, Cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmanii B.) Against blood sugar levels in alloxan-induced Novergicus Rattus male rats. Theoretical reference: Insulin resistance is necessary to maintain dysglycemia, where insulin levels are higher than usual. Insulin resistance often occurs in people who are overweight, commonly known as obesity. 2. Pancreatic B Cell Dysfunction, decreased pancreatic beta cell function, and continued increase in insulin resistance, causing chronic hyperglycemia and stage liver disease. 3. Environmental factors are individuals who consume excessive carbohydrates and sugars. Method: Using Complete Randomized Design (RAL) consisting of 7 groups with 4 repetitions, namely K0 (Normal group), K- (Negative group), K+ (Positive group given meformin), K1, K2, K3 and K4 (mixed extracts of ginger, lemongrass, cinnamon 100, 200, 300 and 400mg/kg bw), The data obtained were analyzed using ANOVA with a sig < 0.05. Results and conclusion: It showed that the administration of mixed extracts of Ginger (Zingiber officinal Rosc.), Citronella (Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Randle, Cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmanii B.) affected reducing blood glucose levels and improving pancreatic histology. A mixed extract dose of Ginger (Zingiber officinal Rosc.), Citronella (Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Randle, Cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmanii B.) 400 mg/kg bw was most effective in lowering blood glucose levels and improving alloxan-induced pancreatic histology. Implications of the research: When you want to control blood sugar, you can use a mixture of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc), Citronella (Cymbopogonnardus (L.), and Cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmannii B) extracts in balanced portions). Originality/Value: Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc), Citronella (Cymbopogon Nardus (L.), and Cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmannii B) have potential as herbal medicine ingredients.

Development of polysaccharide-coated layered double hydroxide nanocomposites for enhanced oral insulin delivery

Oral insulin (INS) is predicted to have the most therapeutic advantages in treating diabetes to repress hepatic glucose production through its potential to mimic the endogenous insulin pathway. Many oral insulin delivery systems have been investigated. Layered double hydroxide (LDH) as an inorganic material has been widely used in drug delivery thanks to its appealing features such as good biocompatibility, low toxicity, and excellent loading capability. However, when used in oral drug delivery, the effectiveness of LDH is limited due to the acidic degradation in the stomach. In this study, to overcome these challenges, chitosan (Chi) and alginate (Alg) dual-coated LDH nanocomposites with the loading of insulin (Alg-Chi-LDH@INS) were developed by the layered-by-layered method for oral insulin delivery with dynamic size of ~ 350.8 nm, negative charge of ~ − 13.0 mV, and dispersity index 0.228. The insulin release profile was evaluated by ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy. The drug release profiles evidenced that alginate and chitosan coating partially protect insulin release from a burst release in acidic conditions. The analysis using flow cytometry showed that chitosan coating significantly enhanced the uptake of LDH@INS by Caco-2 cells compared to unmodified LDH and free insulin. Further in the in vivo study in streptozocin-induced diabetic mice, a significant hypoglycemic effect was maintained following oral administration with great biocompatibility (~ 50% blood glucose level reduction at 4 h). This research has thus provided a potential nanocomposite system for oral delivery of insulin.Graphical

Hypoglycemic, antidiabetic and toxicological evaluation of leaf extract of Xylopia parviflora (A. rich.) Benth

BackgroundAlmost all Xylopia species have a long history of being used therapeutically in China due to their potent antioxidant properties. Xylopia parviflora (X. parviflora) is a relatively novel plant comprised mainly of beta-pinene, which has a rich history in Chinese medicine and is a principal active constituent in numerous Chinese herbs such as Rakkyo, the Chinese onions, Huasi Baidu Fang and Ru Xiang which are all native to China. ObjectiveThe study evaluated the antidiabetic potentials of the methanol leaf extract of X. parviflora and its toxicity profile. MethodsA modified version of the OECD guidelines was used to conduct acute and sub-chronic toxicity tests on the plant extract. The extract's effects on glucose, haematological, and biochemical components were evaluated using standard procedures. Using glibenclamide (10 mg/kg) and distilled water as positive and negative controls, the extract was tested for its antidiabetic activity in diabetic rats with streptozotocin induction at 50, 150, and 300 mg/kg for 28 days. Furthermore, vital organs underwent histopathological examination. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and the Dunnett multiple comparison tests were used for the statistical analysis, with a significance level of p < 0.05 ResultsPreliminary phytochemical analysis of the leaf extract revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, terpenoids, deoxy-sugars, and anthraquinones. The extract's median lethal dose (LD50) was greater than 2000 mg/kg in mice. Although it significantly reduced blood glucose levels in normal rats at 150 and 300 mg/kg doses, it had no toxic effects on the haematological and biochemical components of the collected blood samples. The extract produced an antidiabetic, non-dose-dependent impact on day seven at all the tested doses in streptozotocin-induced rats. On days 14, 21, and 28, however, glibenclamide and extract activity at all tested doses were comparable. At 200 mg/kg, the extract did not affect the histology of the liver, brain, kidney, or pancreas, but at 400 and 800 mg/kg, it had a slight and severe impact on these organs, respectively. ConclusionAccording to the study's findings, X. parviflora has antihyperglycemic activity and is non-toxic at low doses but may be harmful at high doses.

Penerapan Senam Prolanis Pada Pasien Diabetes Melitus Tipe II Di Puskesmas Lempuing Kota Bengkulu

Physical activity such as Prolanis exercise in type II diabetes mellitus patients can increase insulin resistance sensitivity to optimize insulin function. Research Objective To determine Prolanis Exercise on Blood Glucose Levels and Peripheral Circulation in Clients with Type II Diabetes Mellitus. Method: The research design is true experimental with pre-test and post-test control group design. The total sample was 36 people consisting of 12 people in intervention group 1, 12 people in intervention group 2 and 12 people in the control group. The sampling technique is simple random sampling. Analysis using Wilxocon and Kruskal Wallish at α &lt; 5%.Research Results shows that the average blood sugar level value after being given the Prolanis Exercise intervention decreased by 57 mg/dl with a p value = 0.004. The average peripheral circulation ABI value after being given the Prolanis exercise intervention increased by 0.09 mmHg with a p value = 0.005. Prolanis exercise has an effect on reducing blood glucose levels and improving peripheral circulation

Propolis effectiveness on the reduction of blood glucose level and improvement of body weight in diabetic model's rat

Propolis is an herbal medicinal plant that contains caffeic acid phenethyl ester. This natural polyphenol compound acts as an antioxidant and can reduce blood glucose levels and increase body weight. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of Gunung Lawu propolis in lowering blood glucose levels and increasing body weight in diabetic rats. The Wistar rats were induced with STZ 45 mg/kg BW and nicotinamide 110 mg/kg BW as diabetic model rats. Research subjects were taken randomly and divided into five groups: (1) Normal, (2) DM with no propolis, (3) DM 14 days + propolis 100 mg/kg BW/day (P1), (4) DM 14 days + Propolis 200 mg/kg BW/day (P2), and (5) DM 0 day + Propolis 200 mg/kg BW/day (P3). Propolis extract was given orally once a day for 14 consecutive days (in groups 3 and 4) and 28 consecutive days (in group 5). Blood glucose levels in the treatment group (P1, P2, and P3) decreased significantly (P1: 115.28 ± 4.7 mg/dL; P2: 98.36 ± 4.8 mg/dL; and P3: 87.36 ± 4, 2 mg/dL) compared with that in the DM group (272.07 ± 3.9 mg/dL). The body weight of the treatment group (P1, P2, and P3) increased significantly (P1: 180.60 ± 5.7 g; P2: 180.60 ± 4.2 g; and P3: 208.00 ± 5.1 gr) compared with that in the DM group (160.00 ± 3.2 gr). In conclusion, Propolis is effective in reducing blood glucose levels and improving (increasing) body weight in diabetic model rats.

Anti-PD-L1 therapy altered inflammation but not survival in a lethal murine hepatitis virus-1 pneumonia model.

Because prior immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy in cancer patients presenting with COVID-19 may affect outcomes, we investigated the beta-coronavirus, murine hepatitis virus (MHV)-1, in a lethal pneumonia model in the absence (Study 1) or presence of prior programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) antibody (PD-L1mAb) treatment (Study 2). In Study 1, animals were inoculated intratracheally with MHV-1 or vehicle and evaluated at day 2, 5, and 10 after infection. In Study 2, uninfected or MHV-1-infected animals were pretreated intraperitoneally with control or PD-L1-blocking antibodies (PD-L1mAb) and evaluated at day 2 and 5 after infection. Each study examined survival, physiologic and histologic parameters, viral titers, lung immunophenotypes, and mediator production. Study 1 results recapitulated the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and revealed increased cell surface expression of checkpoint molecules (PD-L1, PD-1), higher expression of the immune activation marker angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), but reduced detection of the MHV-1 receptor CD66a on immune cells in the lung, liver, and spleen. In addition to reduced detection of PD-L1 on all immune cells assayed, PD-L1 blockade was associated with increased cell surface expression of PD-1 and ACE, decreased cell surface detection of CD66a, and improved oxygen saturation despite reduced blood glucose levels and increased signs of tissue hypoxia. In the lung, PD-L1mAb promoted S100A9 but inhibited ACE2 production concomitantly with pAKT activation and reduced FOXO1 levels. PD-L1mAb promoted interferon-γ but inhibited IL-5 and granulocyte-macrophagecolony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) production, contributing to reduced bronchoalveolar lavage levels of eosinophils and neutrophils. In the liver, PD-L1mAb increased viral clearance in association with increased macrophage and lymphocyte recruitment and liver injury. PD-L1mAb increased the production of virally induced mediators of injury, angiogenesis, and neuronal activity that may play role in COVID-19 and ICI-related neurotoxicity. PD-L1mAb did not affect survival in this murine model. In Study 1 and Study 2, ACE was upregulated and CD66a and ACE2 were downregulated by either MHV-1 or PD-L1mAb. CD66a is not only the MHV-1 receptor but also an identified immune checkpoint and a negative regulator of ACE. Crosstalk between CD66a and PD-L1 or ACE/ACE2 may provide insight into ICI therapies. These networks may also play role in the increased production of S100A9 and neurological mediators in response to MHV-1 and/or PD-L1mAb, which warrant further study. Overall, these findings support observational data suggesting that prior ICI treatment does not alter survival in patients presenting with COVID-19.

Effect of Justicia schimperiana (Acanthaceae) roots extract on blood glucose level and lipid profiles in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice

BackgroundJusticia schimperiana has been used traditionally for the treatment of different diseases, including, diabetes. Yet, no in vivo study was conducted to substantiate these claims. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Justicia schimperiana roots extract on blood glucose levels and lipid profiles in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. MethodsMale Swiss albino mice weighing 25–35 g were induced diabetes with 150 mg/kg of STZ. Animals were randomly grouped into six groups of five each. Group I was a normal control, Group II was a Diabetic control, Group III–V were Diabetic Mice treated with the extract (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) respectively, and Group VI was standard control. The treatments were followed for 14 days. The FBG measurements were done on 0, 7th, and 14th days of treatment. On the 15th day, the mice were anesthetized with diethyl ether; blood samples were collected for the assessment of serum lipid profiles. The antioxidant and α-amylase inhibitory activities of the extract were also investigated in vitro using the DPPH and DNSA assay methods, respectively. The data were entered into EPI DATA version 4.6, exported to IBM, SPSS version 26.0, and analyzed using a one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. ResultsThe hydromethanolic extract of J. schimperiana roots exhibited no toxicity up to a dose of 2000 mg/kg body weight. In the STZ-induced diabetic mice, the extract reduced blood glucose levels at all tested doses: 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg on the 14th day as compared to diabetic control. The higher dose showed maximum reduction (29.73 %, p < 0.001) on the 14th day of treatment compared to the baseline. There were significant reductions in serum TG, TC, LDL, and a significant increase in body weight and HDL compared to the diabetic control. Besides, good antioxidant and α-amylase inhibitory activity were obtained from the in vitro laboratory tests. ConclusionsEvidence from our study revealed that the root extract of J. schimperiana has antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic effects in STZ-induced diabetic mice.

Effect of Brassica rapa L. Extract on Glucose Levels

Global diabetes cases continue to increase, in Indonesia, there were 19.5 million people with diabetes in 2019. Patients with diabetes typically use anti-diabetic medications. However, there are still adverse effects from anti-diabetic medications that lead to different issues. As a result, new treatments using natural plant compounds—among which is the Brassica rapa L. plant—are required. This research aims to determine the effect of Brassica rapa L. extract on blood glucose levels in mice induced by alloxan. The method used was Pretest-Posttest with Control Group. This research used 25 mice which were divided into 5 groups, namely negative control, positive control, treatment doses of 50%, 70% and 100%. Blood sugar levels were checked using a glucometer on days 3, 6 and 9. The data obtained was processed using SPSS with non-parametric tests, namely Kruskal Wallis and Mann-Whitney. The results of the study showed that there was an effect in reducing blood sugar levels, but no significant dose was found to reduce blood sugar levels. Based on this study it was concluded that Brassica rapa L. extract can be used to reduce blood glucose levels.

Preparation of bio-synthesized Ag nanoparticles and assessment of their antidiabetic and antioxidant potential against STZ-induced diabetic albino rats

Bio-synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were successfully obtained using the leaf extract from Ventilago maderaspatana. Extensive analysis was conducted to evaluate the physical and chemical characteristics of the bioderived AgNPs. XRD analysis confirmed their cubic structure, and revealed a well-defined size distribution with average crystallite size of 11.7 nm. FE-SEM and TEM images visually supported the observed size range. The presence of plant-mediated phytochemicals on the surface of AgNPs was confirmed through DLS, FTIR, and TGA/DTA studies. To assess their antidiabetic potential, rats were induced with streptozotocin, resulting in elevated levels of biochemical parameters associated with diabetes. Conversely, serum insulin levels (2.50 ± 0.55) and glucokinase activity (64.50 ± 8.66) decreased. However, treatment with AgNPs demonstrated a dose-dependent reduction in blood glucose, total protein, albumin, and HbA1c levels, effectively restoring them to normal ranges. Moreover, the treatment significantly increased insulin levels (7.55 ± 0.63) and glucokinase activity (121.50 ± 4.60), indicating the antidiabetic potential of V. maderaspatana-mediated AgNPs. Notably, the exitance of phytochemicals, like flavonoids and phenols, on the surface of AgNPs facilitated their ability to neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS) through electron donation. This property enhanced their overall antidiabetic efficiency.

Diet Supplementation with Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) Leaf Powder Exhibits an Antidiabetic Property in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Male Wistar Rats

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder that has a high global health burden and causes high mortality and morbidity in humans. Medicinal herbs and plants offer a promising alternative to conventional therapies for the management of diabetes. Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) is a traditional medicinal herb that has been used for the management of several diseases. Therefore, the present study investigates the antidiabetic properties of diets supplemented with R. officinalis leaf powder on streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats. First, the phytochemicals and 2,2-dephenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free-radical scavenging activity of aqueous R. officinalis leaf extract were determined. Streptozotocin-induced diabetic male Wistar rats were fed a diet supplemented with R. officinalis leaf powder (ROP) at 3%, 6%, and 12%, respectively, for 6 weeks. Investigations of food intake, body weight, rat relative organ weights, blood glucose, lipid profiles, creatinine, bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were estimated according to standard procedures. The results show that ROP aqueous extract contains significant amounts of phenolics, flavonoids, and tannins, which exhibit in vitro DPPH free-radical scavenging activity. Based on an in vivo study, ROP reduced blood glucose levels in streptozotocin-induced diabetic animals (p &lt; 0.05). Dietary supplementation with ROP in diabetic rats significantly (p &lt; 0.05) lowered ALT, AST, bilirubin, creatinine, total triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels while increasing high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) when compared with the diabetic control group. Our findings demonstrate that a diet supplemented with R. officinalis leaf powder exhibits an antidiabetic potential with improved health outcomes, as demonstrated by the improved lipid and liver profile enzymes in our animal model.

Tangshen formula improves diabetic nephropathy in STZ-induced diabetes rats fed with hyper-methionine by regulating the methylation status of kidney

BackgroundThe objective of this study was to examine and analyze differential methylation profiles in order to investigate the influence of hyper-methioninemia (HM) on the development of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Male Wistar rats, aged eight weeks and weighing 250–300 g, were randomly assigned into four groups: a control group (Healthy, n = 8), streptozocin-induced rats (STZ group, n = 8), HM + STZ group (n = 8), and the Tangshen Formula (TSF) treatment group (TSF group, n = 8). Blood glucose levels and other metabolic indicators were monitored before treatment and at four-week intervals until 12 weeks. Total DNA was extracted from the aforementioned groups, and DNA methylation landscapes were analyzed via reduced representative bisulfite sequencing.ResultsBoth the STZ group and HM + STZ group exhibited increased blood glucose levels and urinary albumin/creatinine ratios in comparison with the control group. Notably, the HM + STZ group exhibited a markedly elevated urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (411.90 ± 88.86 mg/g) compared to the STZ group (238.41 ± 62.52 mg/g). TSF-treated rats demonstrated substantial reductions in both blood glucose levels and urinary albumin/creatinine ratios in comparison with the HM + STZ group. In-depth analysis of DNA methylation profiles revealed 797 genes with potential therapeutic effects related to TSF, among which approximately 2.3% had been previously reported as homologous genes.ConclusionWhile HM exacerbates DN through altered methylation patterns at specific CpG sites, TSF holds promise as a viable treatment for DN by restoring abnormal methylation levels. The identification of specific genes provides valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of DN pathogenesis and offers potential therapeutic targets for further investigation.

Co-treatment of Astragaloside IV with Vitamin D in Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathic Rats: Protective Effects and Potential Mechanisms.

The potential mechanism underlying the protective effect of Astragaloside IV (AS-IV) co-treatment with 1, 25-dihydroxy-vitamin D (Vit-D) on neuropathy in diabetic high-fat rats was investigated. The rat diabetic hyperlipidemia (DH) model was established via streptozotocin and a high-fat diet (HFD). After co-treatment (of AS-IV and Vit-D at respective doses of 50 mg/kg via oral gavage and 30000 IU/kg via intramuscular injection), blood glucose levels, markers of inflammation and oxidative stress, as well as apoptosis and histopathology were evaluated with appropriate techniques. Co-treatment could effectively reduce blood glucose levels substantially (p< 0.01), improve weight loss, and decrease oral glucose tolerance. Reduced respective sensory and motor nerve conduction velocities in rats were substantially improved (p<0.01) after co-treatment. Also, we observed obvious improvement in DH-induced injured nerve fiber myelin structure and other organ pathologies in co-treated rats. Besides, we observed up-regulated expressions of peroxisomal-proliferator activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-α) and Vit-D receptors (VDR) (p< 0.01) through the western blotting technique. Using the same technique, we also discovered reduced levels of interleukin (IL)1 beta, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, coupled with increased IL-10 and superoxide dismutase levels (p< 0.01). Importantly, co-treatment could effectively exert antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. Also, co-treatment resulted in the up-regulation of PPAR-α and VDR expressions, inhibition of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and promotion of β-cell sensitivity to insulin. The combined application of AS-IV and Vit-D exhibited health effects such as anti-oxidation, regulation of inflammatory factors, and promotion of cell repair, which may be considered as the mechanisms underlying treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy and improvement in biochemical indicators.

One Anastomosis Gastric Bypass Surgery: Consequences Over Diabetic Parameters

Introduction: Excessive weight gain in individuals leads to various metabolic disorders, such as diabetes mellitus, contributing to a further increase in body mass index (BMI). Thus, the patient enters a vicious cycle that leads to irreversible health damage. Bariatric surgery has displayed positive outcomes of weight loss with the return of BMI towards normal, which may reduce blood glucose levels to near normal. The remission of diabetes mellitus may be attributed to the reduction in inflammation, improvement of insulin resistance, lowering of peptide YY, and overall improved metabolic state of the body.&#x0D; Methods: One fifty patients, both female and male, in the age group of 20-60 years with grade II and grade III obesity having mean BMI of 45.63±6.54 (male) and 41.81± 5.93kg/m2 (female) were randomly selected for this study. Hemoglobin, Fasting Blood sugar (FBS), 2 hours postprandial blood sugar (PP2BS). Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) serum insulin was assessed at the visit, marked as a baseline, then again at the visit 3 months, and finally at the visit by the patient 6 months after bariatric surgery.&#x0D; Results: Hemoglobin level increased significantly from baseline at the 3rd-month post-surgery visit. FBS increased substantially from baseline at the 3rd-month postsurgery visit, which decreased considerably at the 6th-month visit following surgery. HbA1c showed a significant decrease in level from baseline following surgery.&#x0D; Conclusion: Improvement in BMI following bariatric surgery may have a positive impact on blood glucose levels in diabetic patients who may hope to see better management of their condition and may enjoy a better quality of life.&#x0D; Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 23 No. 01 January’24 Page : 29-38

Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) formulation and molecular docking of mahogany seed extract (Swietenia mahagoni) as anti-hyperglycemic

Hyperglycemia is one of the causes of diabetes mellitus. One example of a plant used as an anti-hyperglycemic and anti-diabetic herbal medicine is the mahogany plant (Swietenia mahagoni). Drugs in nanoemulsion dosages must be developed to increase oral bioavailability and drug solubility from herbal plant extracts. So, research was carried out to determine the formulation and optimization of nanoemulsion from mahogany seed extract (Swietenia mahagoni) and its effect on reducing blood glucose levels in mice (Mus musculus L.). Based on research that has been carried out, the nanoemulsion formula for mahogany seed extract is characterized by a transmittance percentage of 84.7 % and a particle size of 12.21 nm. Administration of mahogany seed extract and nanoemulsion formulation of mahogany seed extract (Swietenia mahagoni) can reduce blood glucose levels in hyperglycemic mice (Mus musculus L.). Further, a computational analysis using the molecular docking approach was carried out to analyze the molecular interaction between the main components of mahogany seed (glycidyl oleate and glycidyl palmitoleate) and alpha-glucosidase. The outcome suggested that these substances are bonded to the alpha-glucosidase catalytic sites by hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions and are stable during MD simulation, suggesting that the primary components of mahogany seed may become potential alpha-glucosidase inhibitors to treat diabetes.

Antidiabetic and hepato-renal protective effects of medicinal plants in STZ induced diabetic rats.

The antidiabetic and hepato-renal protective effects of Citrullus colocynthis and Momordica charantia ethanol extracts were investigated in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic male albino rats. Diabetic rats were treated with C. colocynthis, M. charantia or C. colocynthis + M. charantia mixed extract at a dose of 250 mg /kg body weight per oral per day for 21 days. The mean body weight of all the diabetic rat groups on day 1 of treatment (day 10 of diabetes) was significantly lower than the normal control rat group (P<0.05). The blood glucose level of all the diabetic rat groups on day 1 of treatment (day 10 of diabetes) was significantly (P<0.05) higher (> 200 mg/dl) than the normal control rat group (95.5 ± 2.7). At the end of treatment (day 21), the diabetic rats treated with plant extracts showed significant increase (P<0.05) in body weight and significant (P<0.05) reduction in blood glucose level when compared to diabetic control animals. Significant increase (< 0.05) was observed in the serum bilirubin, alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), urea and creatinine levels of diabetic control rat group. The serum levels of these liver and kidney-related parameters of diabetic rats treated with plant extract were significantly lower when compared to diabetic control rat group (p < 0.05). Photomicrographs of liver and kidney microsections from diabetic rats treated with these plant extracts showed amelioration in the hepato-renal histoarchitectures. It was concluded that the C. colocynthis and M. charantia methanol extracts are antidiabetic and hepato-renal protective in STZ induced diabetic male rats. Treatment of the diabetic rats with C. colocynthis + M. charantia mixed extract is more effective in the amelioration of diabetes and hepato-renal injuries in STZ induced diabetic male rats.