Reduced Blood Glucose Levels Research Articles

Curcumin extract improves beta cell functions in obese patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial

BackgroundType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic condition characterized by insulin resistance and impaired insulin production, leading to elevated blood glucose levels. Curcumin, a polyphenolic compound from Curcuma longa, has shown potential in improving insulin sensitivity and reducing blood glucose levels, which may help mitigate type 2 diabetes progression.ObjectiveTo assess the efficacy of improving type 2 diabetes (T2DM).Study designThis randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial included subjects (n = 272) with criteria for type 2 diabetes.MethodsAll subjects were randomly assigned to receive curcumin (1500 mg/day) or placebo with blind labels for 12 months. To assess the improvement of T2DM after curcumin treatments body weight and body mass index, fasting plasma glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin A1c, β-cell function (homeostasis model assessment [HOMA-β]), insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), insulin, adiponectin, and leptin were monitored at the baseline and at 3-, 6-, 9-, and 12-month visits during the course of intervention.ResultsAfter 12 months of treatment, the curcumin-treated group showed a significant decrease in fasting blood glucose (115.49 vs.130.71; P < 0.05), HbA1c (6.12 vs. 6.47; P < 0.05). In addition, the curcumin-treated group showed a better overall function of β-cells, with higher HOMA-β (136.20 vs. 105.19; P < 0.01) The curcumin-treated group showed a lower level of HOMA-IR (4.86 vs. 6.04; P < 0.001) and higher adiponectin (14.51 vs. 10.36; P < 0.001) when compared to the placebo group. The curcumin-treated group also showed a lower level of leptin (9.42 vs. 20.66; P < 0.001). Additionally, body mass index was lowered (25.9 4 vs.29.34), with a P value of 0.001.ConclusionsA 12-month curcumin intervention in type 2 diabetes patients shows a significant glucose-lowering effect. Curcumin treatment appeared to improve the overall function of β-cells and reduce both insulin resistance and body weight, with very minor adverse effects. Curcumin intervention in obese patients with type 2 diabetes may be beneficial.Trial registrationThai clinical trials regentrify no.20140303003.

Akkermansia muciniphila administration ameliorates streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemia and muscle atrophy by promoting IGF2 secretion from mouse intestine.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disease that can lead to severe diabetic complications. While the changes and correlations between gut microbiota and the pathogenesis of T1DM have been extensively studied, little is known about the benefits of interventions on gut bacterial communities, particularly using probiotics, for this disease. In the present study, we reported that the mice surviving after 5 months of streptozotocin (STZ) injection had reduced blood glucose level and recovered gut microbiota with increased Akkermansia muciniphila proportion. Gavage of heat-killed A. muciniphila increases the diversity of gut microbiota and elevated immune and metabolic signaling pathways in the intestine. Mechanistically, A. muciniphila treatment promoted the secretion of insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) which subsequently activated IGF2 signaling in skeletal muscles and enhanced muscle and global metabolism. Our results suggest that the administration of heat-killed A. muciniphila could be a potential therapeutic strategy for T1DM and its associated hyperglycemia.

Unraveling the Antidiabetic Effect of Alternantera brasiliana (L.) Kuntze: A Combined in Vitro and in Vivo Approach

Background of the study This study established the antidiabetic efficacy of Alternantera brasiliana in vitro and in vivo, identified the most active fraction and profiled the chemical constituents of the most active fraction. Methodology The leaf of A. brasiliana was air-dried, pulverized and extracted with methanol and evaluated for its α-amylase activity at different concentrations using in vitro method. The in vivo antidiabetic activity of the extract and glibenclamide was evaluated in glucose loaded and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats using various doses, while the most active partitioned fraction was identified using glucose loaded method followed by identification of its chemical constituents through GC-MS analysis. Results The extract elicited good α-amylase inhibitory potential with IC50 = 0.45 mg/mL. Also, the 50 mg/kg dose demonstrated the highest percentage blood glucose level reduction and significantly ( P &gt; 0.05) comparable to glibenclamide (5 mg/kg) from 0.5 to 4 h. The streptozotocin-induced antidiabetic assay showed that the 50 mg/kg demonstrated better activity than glibenclamide (5 mg/kg) and was significantly comparable on days 10 and 14. The aqueous methanol fraction was the most active fraction with 53% blood glucose level reduction at 4 h. The secondary metabolite profiling identified 30 chemical compounds whereby 1H-Indole-2-carboxylic acid, 6-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-3-methyl-4-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-, isopropyl ester, Benzo[h]quinoline, 2,4-dimethyl-, thymol and 13,5-trioxane as the major constituents. Conclusion The antidiabetic activity demonstrated by the A. brasiliana extract established its antidiabetic efficacy

Biochemical characterization of green zinc nanoparticles fabricated by Stevia rebaudiana aqueous extract and its nephroprotective effects against streptozotocin-induced nephropathy in mice: A histopathological study

The development and creation of novel therapeutic supplements and medications with exceptional efficacy in treating nephropathy is a top priority for both developed and developing nations. The antioxidant, nephroprotective, and cytotoxicity effects of green synthesized zinc nanoparticles (ZnNPs) containing Stevia rebaudiana aqueous extract were assessed in this study. The combination of Stevia rebaudiana aqueous extract with Zn nitrate solution resulted in the Zn nanoparticles production. The characteristics of Zn nanoparticles were determined using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray crystallography (XRD), ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The synthesized nanoparticles typically ranged in size from 20 to 30 nm. These nanoparticles displayed a crystalline structure and maintained a uniform shape. To induce diabetes, 60 mg/kg of streptozotocin was administered intraperitoneally in 50 mice (n = 10). The treatment groups received glibenclamide (0.5 mg/kg) and 100 and 200 μg/kg of Zn nanoparticles through gavage for 25 days. Additionally, there was a positive control group for comparison (treated-diabetic). On the final day, serum levels of creatinine, urea, and blood glucose were determined in the samples. Following tissue processing, 5 μm sections of kidneys were stained with periodic acid Schiff (PAS) for subsequent stereological and histopathological analysis. The groups treated with ZnNPs exhibited a notable reduction (p < 0.05) in urea and blood glucose levels (about 190 mg/dL) when compared to the diabetic group (about 500 mg/dL) that did not receive treatment. Furthermore, the treatment with a high dose of ZnNPs resulted in a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in kidney weight and volume (including vessels, interstitial tissues, collecting ducts, loop of Henle, and distal and proximal tubules), and kidney structures length (including vessels, collecting ducts, loop of Henle, and distal and proximal tubules) (p > 0.05). Based on the findings, ZnNPs can control urea and blood glucose levels while preventing kidney damage in streptozotocin-induced diabetic animals. This research proposes utilizing zinc nanoparticles synthesized from Stevia rebaudiana as a supplementary treatment for diabetes and kidney protection in developing nations.

Cold Exposure Alleviates T2DM Through Plasma-Derived Extracellular Vesicles.

Anecdotal reports have praised the benefits of cold exposure, exemplified by activities like winter swimming and cold water immersion. Cold exposure has garnered acclaim for its potential to confer benefits and potentially alleviate diabetes. We posited that systemic cold temperature (CT, 4-8°C) likely influences the organism's blood components through ambient temperature, prompting our investigation into the effects of chronic cold exposure on type 2 diabetic (T2DM) mice and our initial exploration of how cold exposure mitigates the incidence of T2DM. The effects of CT (4-8°C) or room temperature (RT, 22-25°C) on T2DM mice were investigated. Mice blood and organ specimens were collected for fully automated biochemical testing, ELISA, HE staining, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence. Glucose uptake was assessed using flow cytometry with 2-NBDG. Changes in potential signaling pathways such as protein kinase B (AKT), phosphorylated AKT (p-AKT), insulin receptor substrates 1 (IRS1), and phosphorylated IRS1 (p-IRS1) were evaluated by Western blot. CT or CT mice plasma-derived extracellular vesicles (CT-EVs) remarkably reduced blood glucose levels and improved insulin sensitivity in T2DM mice. This treatment enhanced glucose metabolism, systemic insulin sensitivity, and insulin secretion function while promoting glycogen accumulation in the liver and muscle. Additionally, CT-EVs treatment protected against the streptozocin (STZ)-induced destruction of islets in T2DM mice by inhibiting β-cell apoptosis. CT-EVs also shielded islets from destruction and increased the expression of p-IRS1 and p-AKT in adipocytes and hepatocytes. In vitro experiments further confirmed its pro-insulin sensitivity effect. Our data indicate that cold exposure may have a potentially beneficial effect on the development of T2DM, mainly through the anti-diabetic effect of plasma-derived EVs released during cold stimulation. This phenomenon could significantly contribute to understanding the lower prevalence of diabetes in colder regions.

Utilization of Smart Healthcare for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Management

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) poses significant health risks to both mothers and newborns, requiring rigorous self-management and frequent medical consultations. Advances in information and communications technology (ICT) have shown promising results in reducing the number of in-person visits for GDM management. ICT enhances patient self-care engagement, with some studies reporting reductions in average blood glucose and HbA1c levels. ICT for GDM management has demonstrated benefits such as fewer in-person visits, improved adherence to self-monitoring of blood glucose, increased global user satisfaction, and maintenance of blood glucose control and perinatal outcomes. Common barriers to ICT for GDM include technological literacy, inadequate education, limited technical support, the additional burden of non-customized applications, and restricted interoperability. Further research is needed on the impact of technology on GDM management to optimize digital health solutions.

Combined Anti-Diabetic and Wound Healing Effects of Binahung Leaf (Basella rubra L.) and Snakehead Fish (Channa striata) Extracts in Alloxan-Induced High-Fat Diet Rats

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease that continues to increase in the world. Lifestyle factors cause diabetes cases to increase uncontrollably. The development of medicines based on natural ingredients has become a subject of study for researchers throughout the world. Meanwhile, binahong leaf extract contains flavonoids and saponins, which can reduce the absorption of glucose. Snakehead fish extract containing albumin also influences the reduction of diabetic wounds. The combination of binahong and snakehead fish extract is expected to synergistically lower blood glucose levels and cure diabetic wounds. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the anti-diabetic and wound healing activity resulting from the combination of binahong leaf and snakehead fish extract in rat models of diabetes induced with alloxan and fat diet. The test animals were divided into six groups with five per group, namely normal, positive, and negative control, as well as dose 1 (snakehead fish 250 mg/kg and binahong extract 100 mg/kg), dose 2 (snakehead fish 250 mg/kg and binahong extract 300 mg/kg), and a single dose of snakehead fish extract 500 mg/kg. The experiment was conducted for 21 days by administering the test solution once a day. The results showed that administering a combination of binahong extract at a dose of 100 mg/kg and snakehead fish at a dose of 500 mg/kg significantly reduced blood glucose levels in diabetic rats (p≤0.05). Treatment using a combination of the two extracts was more effective in lowering blood sugar levels compared to a single dose of snakehead fish extract.

Body weight training versus series 7 diabetes dance: their influence on glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Managing blood glucose levels is critical for preventing complications associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Physical activity has been shown to be an effective strategy for glucose control, with various forms of exercise yielding different results. This research aims to explore the effects of body weight training and series 7 diabetes dance on reducing blood glucose levels in patients with T2DM, and to compare the efficacy of these two interventions in achieving glucose control. The type of research was a quasi-experiment with a two groups pre-test post-test design. The series 7 diabetes dance group performed the exercise 4 times a week (duration: 170 minutes 8 seconds/week), while the body weight training group performed exercise 3 times a week (8 movements, number of repetitions close to failure, circuit system, 3 sets per training session). Both groups were doing an exercise program for three months. The research sample was for about 16 patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus (8 people per group, devided randomly), taken by using non probability sampling technique, purposive sampling type (effect size 1.6, significant level (α) 0.05 and Power 0.8). The data analysis used the paired sample t test and the independent t test with a significance level of α = 0.05.The results showed that 1) there is no significant effect of series 7 diabetes dance towards the decreasing the level of blood sugar of the patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus), 2) there is a significant effect of body weight training towards the decreasing level of blood glucose of the patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, 3) dody weight training is more effective in decreasing the level of blood glucose of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus compared to series 7 diabetes dance. Future research must be carried out as a true experiment with a larger number of samples and with the HbA1c research instrument.

Ameliorated lipid distribution in prediabetes - Effects of 12 weeks traditional Chinese YiJinJing exercise plus TheraBand: A randomized controlled trial

ObjectiveLipid distribution plays a crucial role in glucose metabolism, and this study aimed to investigate the effects of 12 weeks traditional Chinese YiJinJing exercise on specific lipid distributions in patients with prediabetes. MethodsSixty participants with prediabetes were randomly allocated to either a control group (Con, n = 30) or an exercise group (Ex, n = 30). The Ex group underwent YiJinJing exercise plus Theraband, engaging in 1-h sessions, 3 times per week, over a total period of 12 weeks. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were used to measure lipid distribution in different body segments and organs. Additionally, a body composition analyser was employed to measure visceral fat, and laboratory tests were conducted to measure indicators related to glycolipid metabolism. ResultsFollowing a 12-week intervention with Exercise, 37 % of prediabetic patients in the Ex group achieved normal blood glucose levels. Significant reductions were observed in upper limb fat (ULF), trunk fat (TrF) and liver fat (LF) values in the Ex group compared to the Con group. Additionally, within the Ex group, there were notable decreases in triglyceride (TG) levels, body mass index (BMI), waist-hip ratio (WHR), android fat (AF), ULF, thigh fat (ThF), renal sinus fat (RSF), and LF compared to baseline. ConclusionsTraditional Chinese YiJinJing plus TheraBand exercise can significantly reduce blood glucose levels through improved lipid distribution and metabolism in prediabetic patients. Hence, YiJinJing can serve as a crucial intervention for individuals with prediabetes.

Inhibition mechanism of buckwheat hulls polyphenols on α-amylase and α-glucosidase using kinetics, spectroscopics and molecular docking approaches

The work investigated the activity inhibition of phenolic compounds in buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) hulls (BH) on α-amylase and α-glucosidase, and clarified their possible mechanisms based on kinetics, spectroscopics and molecular docking analysis. The total polyphenols (BHP) from BH using an ultrasound-assisted alcohol extraction method was 210.50 mg GAE/g DW. The study identified a total of 33 polyphenolic compounds in the extracts of BH using UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap/MS, revealing that sixteen of these were novel polyphenolic substances not previously documented in this plant. BHP demonstrated significant inhibitory effects on both α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes, with IC50 values recorded at 27.16 μg/mL and 7.00 μg/mL, respectively, suggesting noncompetitive and mixed-type inhibition mechanisms. The fluorescence intensity of the enzymes was effectively quenched by BHP through a combination of dynamic and static quenching mechanisms, driven predominantly by hydrophobic interactions. BHP's interaction with the enzymes resulted in conformational changes that reduced their enzymatic activities. Molecular docking further revealed that six polyphenolic components of BHP had a strong affinity for binding with the active sites nestled in the enzymes' hydrophobic cavities, inhibiting their activity and potentially contributing to a reduction in blood glucose levels. The results could provide perspective for using BHP in the functional components of sugar-controlling foods.

Before or Concomitant Drinking Greenleaf Juice with Rice Reduces Postprandial Blood Glucose Levels in Healthy Young Women.

The purpose of this study was to examine how green leaf juice drinking affect the postprandial blood glucose. Postprandial hyperglycemia causes vascular endothelial damage and chronic inflammation, promoting atherosclerosis, regardless of the presence of diabetes. Some ingredients in greenleaf juice have been reported to suppress blood glucose levels; however, the effect of greenleaf juice on reducing blood glucose levels in healthy individuals is unclear. We observed changes in postprandial blood glucose levels in 13 healthy young women who drank greenleaf juice before or concomitantly with rice. Compared to water, greenleaf juice consumption reduced blood glucose levels at 90 and 120 min after rice consumption, with no difference regardless of the time of greenleaf juice consumption. Greenleaf juice may be one of the most convenient and cost-effective methods for reducing postprandial blood glucose in healthy people.

Antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum extracted with natural deep eutectic solvents

Polyphenols and flavonoid compounds are known to have antioxidant activity and can reduce blood glucose levels. Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum is one of the plants with high polyphenol content. This study aimed to extract phenolic and flavonoid compounds from this plant with various solvents primarily natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES), namely 70% ethanol, NADES1 [citric acid: sucrose (1:1)], NADES2 [sucrose: glucose: fructose (1:1:1)], NADES3 [choline chloride: glycerol (1:2)], and NADES4 [glycerol: urea (1:1)]. The phenolic and flavonoid levels were determined using spectrophotometer, the antioxidant activity was measured using DPPH and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) methods, while the antidiabetic activity was evaluated using enzymatic assay of α -amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes. The findings indicated that all NADES outperformed 70% ethanol in extracting phenols, with NADES1 showing the highest phenolic content. Meanwhile, the highest flavonoid content was observed in extracts with 70% ethanol and NADES1. The results of antioxidant activity analysis using DPPH revealed that extracts with 70% ethanol, NADES1, and NADES4 exhibited considerable strength (IC50: 45-49 µg/mL), with the average values of the three solvents being not significantly different. From the results of the FRAP assay, NADES3 demonstrated the highest strength Antioxidants Activity Index (AAI: 29.24±3.08 mmol/g), whereas 70% ethanol showed the lowest strength (AAI: 22.76±5.23 mmol/g). The average AAI values for all solvents indicated no significant differences. Among the solvents, NADES1 exhibited very strong inhibitory activity against α-amylase (19.62±0.20 µg/mL), while for α-glucosidase, NADES1 was stronger (IC50: 57.36±6.08 µg/mL) than other solvents. In conclusion, NADES can be a promising tool for extracting secondary metabolites from Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum as it shows both antioxidant and antidiabetic activities.

Enhanced antidiabetic performance through optimized charantin-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers: Formulation and In vivo studies in diabetic mice

The hypoglycemic potential of charantin, a compound from Momordica charantia L., has been well-documented, but its pharmaceutical application faces challenges like poor solubility, low permeability, and suboptimal bioavailability. This study aimed to develop and optimize charantin-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (Ch-NLCs) to enhance their antidiabetic efficacy. Using a 32 factorial design and high-pressure homogenization, Ch-NLCs were formulated with Precirol and Labrasol as solid and liquid lipids, respectively, combined with surfactants Tween 80 and Poloxamer 188. The optimization focused on key parameters such as particle size, entrapment efficiency (%EE), and zeta potential. FTIR confirmed the interaction between charantin and lipids, while DSC and XRD analyses showed the amorphous nature of Ch-NLCs. The optimized Ch-NLCs exhibited a particle size of 221.0 nm, an %EE of 81.89 %, and a zeta potential of −24.42 mV. In vitro release studies demonstrated a sustained release profile of charantin from the NLCs. In vivo studies on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice revealed significantly enhanced antidiabetic effects of Ch-NLCs compared to pure charantin. Specifically, Ch-NLCs led to substantial reductions in blood glucose levels, total cholesterol (T-Cho), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels, while improving high-density lipoprotein (HDL). These findings highlight the potential of Ch-NLCs as an effective delivery system for charantin in diabetes management. In conclusion, the study successfully engineered and optimized Ch-NLCs, demonstrating their superior pharmacokinetic profiles over pure charantin. These results suggest that Ch-NLCs could be a promising candidate for effective diabetes management, warranting further clinical investigation to confirm their therapeutic potential in human subjects.

Will melatonin supplementation become a new form of obesity treatment? A review of recent literature.

Background: In 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that 650 million adults worldwide are obese, and 2.8 billion individuals struggle with overweight. Obesity is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, heart disease, adverse effects on mental health, the development of certain cancers, and other conditions. In recent years, there has been growing interest in the role of melatonin, which has therapeutic potential in the treatment of obesity. Studies suggest that melatonin supplementation may lead to weight reduction and improvement in metabolic parameters, significantly reduce cardiovascular disease risk factors, and enhance insulin sensitivity in obese individuals. Aim of study: This review aims to present the latest scientific findings on the impact of melatonin supplementation on the development of obesity and its complications. We focus primarily on the mechanisms of melatonin's action in the context of obesity, particularly on potential pathways that have not yet been thoroughly explored. Our aim is to provide deeper insights into research on obesity and its prevention. Materials and Methods: Search was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar databases, utilizing the keywords "obesity," "melatonin," and "weight loss" in various configurations. The review primarily considers studies published after 2016 that are available online. Summary Melatonin supplementation leads to a statistically significant reduction in blood glucose levels and an increase in cellular insulin sensitivity. Its promising properties in the treatment of obesity have been demonstrated through the reduction of oxidative stress, indicating a potential adjunct for weight loss. Based on the cited studies, the beneficial effects of melatonin supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors have been confirmed. Melatonin could be considered as an adjunctive therapy for obese individuals who do not respond to other treatment modalities.

Combination of Qi benefiting and blood circulation promoting herbs with Dapagliflozin in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus combined with heart failure: a systematic evaluation and meta-analysis based on a randomized controlled trial.

This systematic review examines the efficacy of a combination of Qi benefiting and blood circulation promoting herbs with Dapagliflozin in treating type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) combined with heart failure (HF). Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the combination of Qi benefiting and blood circulation promoting herbs with Dapagliflozin for T2DM and CHF was conducted. The search, spanning from the database's establishment to June 2023, included seven databases: China Knowledge Network (CNKI), Wanfang Database, VIP Database, PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and the Chinese Biomedical Literature Database. Two researchers screened and extracted data based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The Cochrane Handbook version 5.1 guided the quality assessment of studies, and the meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.4 software. Eleven articles, encompassing a sample size of 1192 cases, were included. Meta-analysis results indicated that combining Qi benefiting and blood circulation promoting herbs with Dapagliflozin improved the clinical efficacy rate [OR=4.35, 95% CI (2.98, 6.35), P&lt;0.00001]. It reduced blood glucose levels, evidenced by decreased fasting blood glucose (FBG) [MD=-1.19, 95% CI (-1.30, -1.09), P&lt;0.00001], 2-hour postprandial blood glucose (2hPG) [MD=-1.95, 95% CI (-2.09, -1.80), P&lt;0.00001], and glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) [MD=-1.40, 95% CI (-1.49, -1.31), P&lt;0.00001]. Inflammatory factors also reduced, including C-reactive protein (CRP) [MD=-4.93, 95% CI (-5.38, -4.48), P&lt;0.00001], tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) [MD=-2.91, 95% CI (-3.32, -2.49), P&lt;0.00001], and interleukin-6 (IL-6) [MD=-11.10, 95% CI (-12.43, -9.43), P&lt;0.00001]. Additionally, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD) [SMD=-1.25, 95% CI (-1.45, -1.05), P&lt;0.00001], left ventricular end-systolic diameter (LVESD) [SMD=-1.34, 95% CI (-1.51, -1.13), P&lt;0.00001], and improved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF)[SMD=2.92, 95% CI (2.65, 3.19), P&lt;0.00001], 6-minute walk test (6MWT) [MD=35.59, 95% CI (29.72, 41.47), P&lt;0.00001], and Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLHFQ) scores [MD=35.59, 95% CI (29.72, 41.47), P&lt;0.00001] were observed. The incidence of adverse events also decreased [RR=0.25, 95% CI (0.11, 0.56), P=0.0007]. The combination of Qi benefiting and blood circulation promoting herbs with Dapagliflozin shows potential in treating patients with T2DM and HF, suggesting its use as adjunctive therapy in clinical practice. However, the limited number and quality of the included studies necessitate further high-quality research to confirm these findings.

Metformin and Caffeine’s Influence on Lipid Profile Indices of Streptozotocin-Induced Dyslipidemia in an Animal Model

Dyslipidemia has been linked to insulin resistance and hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia, which is the outcome of either insufficient insulin production or insensitivity to insulin, is the hallmark of diabetes mellitus (DM). In this study, thirty-six (36) male Wistar rats with diabetes induced by streptozotocin were used to determine the effect of metformin and caffeine on blood glucose levels and lipid profile indices. The rats weighed between 150 and 200 grams and were split into six groups of six animals each at random. Group A was given unlimited access to chow (Grower feed) and water adlibitum. Group B was administered 60 mg/kg of streptozocin (STZ) without any medication, while Group C was given 60 mg/kg of STZ together with 50 mg/kg of metformin. Groups D and E were administered 60 mg/kg of streptozocin and 25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg of caffeine, for a duration of 21 days respectively. Group F was given 50 mg/kg of caffeine together with 50 mg/kg of metformin for a duration of 21 days. After performing a post-hoc LSD comparison and using ANOVA to analyze the results, the lipid profile and blood glucose level were deemed significant at p&lt;0.05. A paired t-test was used to analyze body weight. Rats with diabetes had reduced body weight, whereas those receiving metformin and caffeine treatments had noticeably increased body weight. The findings demonstrated that whereas metformin and caffeine therapy greatly reduced blood glucose levels, STZ caused hyperglycemia in group B. However, diabetic rats had considerably higher levels of triglycerides (TG) and total cholesterol (TC), which were reduced by metformin and caffeine administration. HDL activity was considerably increased after treatment with metformin and caffeine, despite the rats' reduced HDL levels in group B. Rats with diabetes had considerably elevated levels of LDL and VLDL, and therapy with metformin and caffeine markedly restored their activity. The study shows that caffeine plus metformin may be utilized to control the lipid profile and blood glucose levels in diabetic rats.

Long-term high-intensity interval training reduces blood glucose in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients

This study aimed to demonstrate the long-term effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on reducing blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The research employs a preexperimental design with a one-group pretest‒posttest design. A total of 20 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, aged 40–60 years, participated in the study and received the HIIT intervention three times per week for eight weeks. Data collection involved measuring fasting blood glucose levels before and after the HIIT intervention via the ONE TOUCH™ BASIC™ Plus Meter. Data analysis was conducted via paired sample t tests with a significance level of 5%, and the effect size was evaluated via Cohen's d. Paired sample t test analysis between pre-HIIT and post-HIIT blood glucose levels (181.50±17.85 mg/dL to 99.50±8.26 mg/dL, p ≤ 0.001) revealed a significant reduction, with a large effect size (Cohen's d = 5.896). This study confirms that long-term high-intensity interval training is effective in lowering fasting blood glucose levels to normal ranges in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Keywords: Blood glucose, HIIT, insulin sensitivity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes patients

Beyond weight loss: the potential of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists for treating heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a heterogeneous syndrome with various phenotypes, and obesity is one of the most common and clinically relevant phenotypes of HFpEF. Obesity contributes to HFpEF through multiple mechanisms, including sodium retention, neurohormonal dysregulation, altered energy substrate metabolism, expansion of visceral adipose tissue, and low-grade systemic inflammation. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a hormone in the incretin family. It is produced by specialized cells called neuroendocrine L cells located in the distal ileum and colon. GLP-1 reduces blood glucose levels by promoting glucose-dependent insulin secretion from pancreatic β cells, suppressing glucagon release from pancreatic α cells, and blocking hepatic gluconeogenesis. Recent evidence suggests that GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) can significantly improve physical activity limitations and exercise capacity in obese patients with HFpEF. The possible cardioprotective mechanisms of GLP-1 RAs include reducing epicardial fat tissue thickness, preventing activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, improving myocardial energy metabolism, reducing systemic inflammation and cardiac oxidative stress, and delaying the progression of atherosclerosis. This review examines the impact of obesity on the underlying mechanisms of HFpEF, summarizes the trial data on cardiovascular outcomes of GLP-1 RAs in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, and highlights the potential cardioprotective mechanisms of GLP-1 RAs to give a pathophysiological and clinical rationale for using GLP-1 RAs in obese HFpEF patients.

Causality analysis of myopathy secondary to dapagliflozin therapy in type II Diabetes – A case study

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic condition that is becoming more prevalent globally. Diabetic patients must maintain adequate glycemic control in order to avoid or postpone diabetic complications. Diabetes care has evolved since the introduction of sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i). Postmarketing surveillance has shown cases of diabetic ketoacidosis and increased bone fracture risk associated with the use of SGLT2 inhibitors. We present a case of a 55-year-old female with a 6-year history of diabetes who exhibited weakness, muscular pains, and a burning feeling in her left thigh as a result of Dapagliflozin. Before initiating dapagliflozin treatment, the patient's fasting blood sugar (FBS) was 314 mg/dl and postprandial blood sugar (PPBS) was 343 mg/dl. After adding dapagliflozin as part of the therapy, the FBS improved to 179.24 mg/dl, and the PPBS decreased to 214.39 mg/dl, indicating a significant reduction in blood glucose levels. The introduction of Dapagliflozin in the treatment reduces the therapeutic gap compared to earlier treatment schedule, but retain the same side effect and became rechallenge. The instance of myopathy linked to dapagliflozin was confirmed following the causality evaluation by WHO Schales. It exemplifies the need for detecting drug-induced myopathy. Recently, minimal evidence has emerged showing a link between prolonged SGLT2 inhibitor use and accelerated myopathy. Myopathy is the generalised loss of skeletal muscle mass and function that occurs with ageing. Its existence is linked to negative health outcomes such as physical impairment, low quality of life, and death. Clinically, no other cause of myopathy was detected, and biochemical analysis indicated that dapagliflozin was the cause of her myopathy.

Formulation of Natural Food Coloring Granules from Dragon Fruit Peel Extract (Hylocereus polyrhizus) and Effectiveness Test in Reducing Blood Glucose Levels

Anthocyanin is one of the many compounds in dragon fruit skin that can be used as an antioxidant. Dragon fruit skin can also lower blood glucose levels. The fact that cases of diabetes mellitus are increasing every year shows that this disease needs serious treatment. This study aims to make dragon fruit skin extract formulated in the form of granules and make dragon fruit skin extract granules that meet the requirements as natural food coloring and to determine the content and effectiveness of dragon fruit skin extract (Hylocereus polyrhizus) which can lower blood glucose levels. This research method is experimental. The One Way Anova test and the Tukey HSD post-hoc test were used to analyze the data. The outcomes showed that there were 9 granule recipes that met the assessment test necessities. After being induced by 20% fructose solution, the glucose level study revealed that the treatment of dragon fruit skin extract at 100, 200, and 400 mg / kgBW was able to lower blood glucose levels in test animals. Winged serpent natural product skin concentrate can be formed as granules. Equations 2 and 3 produce the best tone. The consequences of the review reasoned that winged serpent natural product skin remove (Hylocereus polyrhizus) at dosages of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kgBW was viable in decreasing blood glucose levels in guinea pigs prompted by 20% fructose arrangement and a portion of 200 mg/kgBW gave an impact of lessening blood glucose levels that was practically equivalent to the positive control.