Reduction In Average Size Research Articles

VAC (Vacuum assisted closure) in the management of chronic non-healing wounds: Institutional study

Background: The management of chronic non- healing wounds has always been a cause of concern for the patients and treating team as well. There had been a marked increase in patients presenting with chronic non -healing wounds of varied etiology. The conventional methods of treatment have been in use traditionally include different medicated dressing application since the long-time yet desired results are not achievable always and some other applications like collagen are mostly not affordable to the poor local population. Vacuum-assisted closure using negative pressure being considered as a suitable alternative management for treating chronic non-healing wounds and the results are comparatively better in relatively lesser time than the conventional techniques. Objective: To assess the impact of (VAC) in the management of non-healing Ulcers To compare the advantage of VAC over conventional dressings in ulcer management Methods: Prospective controlled study of 60 patients aged between 40 and 60 were randomly divided into two groups (Wagner grade 2-5) VAC dressing was kept for over 2-5 weeks. Ulcers were treated until the wound closed spontaneously, surgically or until completion of the 50 days, whichever was earlier. Results: By the seventh week, discharge disappeared in 94 % in VAC and only 56 % in conventional dressing group. Granulation tissue appeared in 100 % of patients in the VAC group and only 63 % in the conventional dressing group. The patients treated with VAC dressing in our study showed comparable wound reduction capabilities with an average wound size reduction of 58 % in comparison to conventional dressing group which had an average wound size reduction of 26 %. Majority of wounds in the VAC group got closed in 7 weeks. Patient satisfaction was very good in the VAC group compared to those patients managed with conventional dressing group. Conclusion: The application of VAC is feasible, reliable and affordable with a better outcome in the management of chronic non-healing ulcers.

Evaluating the effect of microstructural refinement on the ignition of Al-Mg-Zr ball-milled powders

Next-generation composite Al-Mg-Zr fuels for bio/chem-agent defeat applications rely on intermetallic formation reactions to reduce ignition temperatures below melting point of Al. Scaling-up the ball-milling synthesis of these powders will require a detailed understanding of how milling parameters and powder composition impact the evolution of powder microstructure. In the present work, we explore the effect of milling duration on the size, microstructure, and properties of (Al-8Mg):3Zr, (Al-8Mg):Zr, 3(Al-8Mg):Zr and 4(Al-8Mg):Zr composite powders. We report compositionally dependent refinement of Zr inclusions in the Al-8Mg matrix that impacts ignition temperatures (Tig). For (Al-8Mg):3Zr and (Al-8Mg):Zr composite powders, Tig initially drops as milling time increases to 60 min and then either plateaus or rises at longer milling times. In contrast, Tig generally decreases over the full 90 min milling duration for the two Al-8Mg-rich compositions. Reductions in heterogeneity and average Zr inclusion size dominate the ignition behavior and lead to steady decreases in Tig.

Permeability Spectral Analysis and Determination of Microstructural Parameters for Mn0.7+xZn0.3SixFe2-2xO4 Series

In this communication, the compositional dependence of the real part (μ′) and an imaginary part (μ″) of complex permeability for polycrystalline compositions of ferrite series, Mn0.7+xZn0.3SixFe2-2xO4 (x = 0.1–0.3), over the wide frequency and temperature ranges has been discussed. The μ′ decrease with Mn-Si concentration (x) is mainly due to the reduction in saturation magnetization (Ms) and average grain size (D). The D decreases due to smaller solid solubility in the spinel structure and segregation of SiO2 at grain boundaries. The μ′(f) plots at 300 K show a relaxed type of spectra. The observed maximum in the vicinity of Neel temperature in μ′(T) curves is due to the relative rate of change of anisotropy constant and Ms values, whereas in μ″(T) plots it is because of the domain wall damping. The derived microstructural parameters related to grain structure have been discussed in a systematic manner.

Biosynthesis of Copper Nanoparticle using Nerium oleander

Nerium oleander leaves were collected from Sipcot IT Park. Nerium oleander leaf extract was prepared in deionized water and used for the synthesis of copper nanoparticles. The change in the colour of the solution from yellowish green to dark brown, confirmed the formation of copper nanoparticles. CuNPs were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy from which absorbance peak was found at 320 nm-620 nm. CuNPs confirmed natural bio compounds found in the leaf extract by FTIR peaks that are responsible for reducing and stabilizing agent. SEM micrographs of the synthesized by the reduction of copper sulphate revealed spherical and crystalline NPs average size of 20 nm. The biological method found to be eco-friendly, cost-effective method, which provided natural capping agents.

Effects of hydrogen enrichment and water vapour dilution on soot formation in laminar ethylene counterflow flames

Effects of simultaneous, together with separate addition of hydrogen to the fuel and water vapour to the oxidizer on soot formation in laminar, counterflow ethylene diffusion flames at atmospheric pressure were studied numerically. A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-based sectional soot model coupled with detailed gas-phase chemistry, was used to investigate the underlying chemical pathways of soot formation. In agreement to available studies, the results showed that, in addition to the dilution effects, the fuel-side enrichment of hydrogen and/or oxidizer side dilution of water vapour suppress the soot formation through chemical effects. The reduction in soot formation through chemical effects of H2 and H2O addition is mainly attributed to the reduced rates of soot surface growth due to suppression of the H-abstraction reaction in the hydrogen-abstraction-C2H2-addition (HACA) sequence as a result of an increased molecular hydrogen concentration. The simulations indicate that the chemical effects tend to increase PAH concentration within the soot formation region, which results in increased soot nucleation rates and number density. However, the contribution of soot nucleation in the overall soot formation process becomes secondary, while the soot surface growth predominantly governs the chemically inhibiting effects of H2 and H2O addition. Compared to separate addition, simultaneous addition of hydrogen to the fuel and water vapour to the oxidizer proves to be more effective in soot suppression for the same dilution level, since there exist weak synergistic effects between H2 and H2O. The numerical analysis further demonstrates that the separate, as well as simultaneous addition of H2 and H2O, tend to decrease the number density of larger-sized particles, causing the reduction in average soot particle size.

Preparation of carbon molecular sieve membranes with remarkable CO2/CH4 selectivity for high-pressure natural gas sweetening

Carbon hollow fiber membranes (CHFMs) were fabricated based on cellulose hollow fiber precursors spun from a cellulose/ionic liquid system. By a thermal treatment on the precursors using a preheating process before carbonization, the micropores of the prepared CHFMs were tightened and thus resulting in highly selective carbon molecular sieve (CMS) membranes. By increasing the drying temperature from RT to 140 °C, the cellulose hollow fiber precursors show a substantial shrinkage, which results in a reduction of average pore size of the derived CHFMs from 6 to 4.9 Å. Although the narrowed micropore size causes the decrease of gas diffusion coefficient, stronger resistance to the larger gas molecules, such as CH4, eventually results in an ultra-high CO2/CH4 ideal selectivity of 917 tested at 2 bar for CHFM-140C due to the simultaneously enhanced diffusion and sorption selectivity. The CHFM-140C was further tested with a 10 mol%CO2/90 mol%CH4 mixed gas at 60 °C and feed pressure ranging from 10 to 50 bar. The obtained remarkable CO2/CH4 separation factor of 131 at 50 bar and good stability make these carbon membranes great potential candidates for CO2 removal from high-pressure natural gas.

DNA degradation in fish: Practical solutions and guidelines to improve DNA preservation for genomic research.

The more demanding requirements of DNA preservation for genomic research can be difficult to meet when field conditions limit the methodological approaches that can be used or cause samples to be stored in suboptimal conditions. Such limitations may increase rates of DNA degradation, potentially rendering samples unusable for applications such as genome‐wide sequencing. Nonetheless, little is known about the impact of suboptimal sampling conditions. We evaluated the performance of two widely used preservation solutions (1. DESS: 20% DMSO, 0.25 M EDTA, NaCl saturated solution, and 2. Ethanol >99.5%) under a range of storage conditions over a three‐month period (sampling at 1 day, 1 week, 2 weeks, 1 month, and 3 months) to provide practical guidelines for DNA preservation. DNA degradation was quantified as the reduction in average DNA fragment size over time (DNA fragmentation) because the size distribution of DNA segments plays a key role in generating genomic datasets. Tissues were collected from a marine teleost species, the Australasian snapper, Chrysophrys auratus. We found that the storage solution has a strong effect on DNA preservation. In DESS, DNA was only moderately degraded after three months of storage while DNA stored in ethanol showed high levels of DNA degradation already within 24 hr, making samples unsuitable for next‐generation sequencing. Here, we conclude that DESS was the most promising solution when storing samples for genomic applications. We recognize that the best preservation protocol is highly dependent on the organism, tissue type, and study design. We highly recommend performing similar experiments before beginning a study. This study highlights the importance of testing sample preservation protocols and provides both practical and economical advice to improve DNA preservation when sampling for genome‐wide applications.

Vacuum-assisted extraction of ilio-caval and right heart masses: A 5-year single center experience.

Despite paucity of data, there exists growing popularity of catheter-based extraction methods for intravascular thrombi and vegetations. We describe a large single center experience with vacuum-assisted extraction techniques (VAET) for right-sided intravascular and cardiac masses. We retrospectively reviewed the perioperative course of patients undergoing VAET between 2014 and 2019. Primary outcomes were survival and freedom from recurrent bacteremia. Procedural success was a composite definition of survival, majority of mass extraction, absence of recurrent bacteremia, and valve function not requiring further intervention during index hospitalization. Of the entire cohort (n = 58), 48% and 52% underwent VAET for vegetations and sterile thrombi, respectively. Of those with positive cultures, the most common organism isolated was Staphylococcus aureus (48%). Preoperative active bacteremia was present in 36% (21/58) and of these patients, 76% (16/21) had neither recurrent nor persistent bacteremia post-op. The majority of masses (67%, 38/58) were debulked with an average reduction in size of 42%. Conversion to open surgery occurred in 3.5% (2/58). Intraoperative and 30-day survival were 98% (57/58) and 90% (28/31), respectively. Overall success was 86% (50/58). The prevalence of moderate/severe tricuspid regurgitation was 37% pre-op and 61% post-op. Average length of intensive care unit and overall hospital stay was 5.6 and 16 days, respectively. In this single center experience, VAET was conducted safely with a high degree of success and freedom from short-term recurrent bacteremia. This minimally invasive procedure is an attractive alternative to traditional open techniques for removal of right-sided intravascular and cardiac masses.

Effect of ultrasonic vibration on dynamic recrystallization in friction stir welding

Understanding of the ultrasonic effects on the dynamic recrystallization in ultrasonic vibration enhanced friction stir welding is critical to the improvement of microstructure and mechanical properties of welds. Through considering preheating, softening as well as residual hardening effects of ultrasound, the multi-phase field model is developed to analyze the dynamic recrystallization at the weld nugget center in ultrasonic vibration enhanced friction stir welding. It is found that with application of ultrasound, the average grain size decreases, the reduction of average grain size and the additional grain number caused by ultrasonic vibration increase with welding speed. Ultrasound makes nucleation start earlier under low welding speed, and reduce the proportion of incubation period and increase the proportion of nucleation to the deformation in high welding speed.

Synergistic role of carbon nanotube and SiCn reinforcements on mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of Cu-based nanocomposite developed by flake powder metallurgy and spark plasma sintering process

Hybrid-reinforced metals are novel composite materials in which nano-phases including nanoparticles and nanotubes/nanosheets are used simultaneously to reinforce metals or alloys to enhance physical, mechanical, wear and other properties. In this research, Cu/(CNT-SiC) hybrid nanocomposite was synthesized using flake powder metallurgy and spark plasma sintering method and the effects of hybrid reinforcements on microstructural, wear and corrosion properties of the developed material were investigated and compared with those of copper. Microstructural characterization showed reduction of average grain size from 419 to 307 nm and increase of low angle grain boundaries with the introduction and homogeneous dispersion of hybrid reinforcements. Mechanical tests indicated that the addition of hybrid SiC and CNT reinforcements substantially increased microhardness and reduced wear rate and friction coefficient of the Cu. Also, polarization and EIS tests revealed the suppressing of the anodic dissolution of the matrix, hindering the oxygen reduction reaction and 62.5% improvement of corrosion rate for the composite material. The effects of hybrid nano-reinforcements are presented and discussed.

Ferrimagnetic to antiferromagnetic transition and complex impedance analysis of Cr-doped magnesium ferrite nanoparticles

The chromium-doped magnesium ferrite (MgCrxFe2−xO4, x = 0.0, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6, and 2.0) were prepared using sol–gel technique. X-ray diffraction scans confirmed the cubic spinel structure for all the nanoparticles samples. Reduction in lattice parameter and average crystallite size with increasing Cr3+ concentration was observed due to smaller ionic radii of Cr3+ (0.67 A) ions as compared to Fe3+ (0.63 A) ions. In FTIR vibrational studies, the addition of Cr3+ shows the splitting of ν1 band into two sub-bands due to variation of bond strength between same cations present at tetrahedral and octahedral lattice sites. With increasing Cr3+ concentration, the ZFC–FC magnetic curves revealed a ferrimagnetic (FiM) to antiferromagnetic (AFM) transition as compound transformed from MgFe2O4 to MgCr2O4. The M–H loops revealed decrease in saturation magnetization with increase in Cr3+ concentration which is attributed to FiM to AFM transition. The coercivity showed a non-monotonic behavior and has maximum value of 750 Oe for x = 1.2 due to overlapping of blocking and Neel transition temperatures. The dielectric properties showed a decreasing trend with increasing Cr3+ concentration. The room temperature impedance spectroscopy (Nyquist plots) was simulated using equivalent RC circuit model and an appearance of second semi-circle in the Nyquist plot with increasing Cr3+ concentration is observed which can be attributed to the contribution of grains in the hooping mechanism.

The critical role of the dispersant agents in the preparation and ecotoxicity of nanomaterial suspensions.

This work reports the role of different dispersants, namely, polyethylene glycol (PEG 200 2%), ethylene glycol 5%, ethanol 2%, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO 5%), and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA 5%) in the toxicity profile of several commercial nanomaterials (NM), such as hydrophilic and hydrophobic TiO2, hydrophilic SiO2, SiO2 in aqueous suspension (aq), and ZnO towards the bioluminescent bacterium Aliivibrio fischeri. The majority of NM showed tendency to form agglomerates in the different dispersants. Although some particle agglomeration could be detected, DMSO at 5% was the best dispersant for hydrophobic TiO2 NM while PVA at 5% was the most effective dispersant for the other types of NM. Average size was not the most relevant aspect accounting for their toxicity. A remarkable reduction in average size was followed by a decrease in NM toxicity, as demonstrated for SiO2 aq. in PVA 5%. Contrarily, despite of high particle agglomeration, ZnO NM showed a higher toxicity to bacteria when compared with other tested NM. Independently of the average particle size or surface charge, the dispersant either enhanced the toxicity to bacteria or acted as physical barrier decreasing the NM harmful effect to A. fischeri.

Size-dependent policies, talent misallocation, and the return to skill

We study the allocation of talent in knowledge-based hierarchies subject to a payroll tax that increases with establishment size. The tax distorts the allocation of talent across occupations, as well as the sorting of all infra-marginal agents, thus attenuating the strength of the positive sorting throughout the entire economy. This talent misallocation results in lower output, smaller plants, higher self-employment, less wage employment, and lower returns to skill. To quantify these effects, we first estimate a tax policy to match the establishment-level evidence on the size-dependent compliance of social security contributions in Mexico, and conduct two sets of numerical exercises. Introducing this size-dependent policy into an undistorted economy calibrated to the U.S. generates a reduction in average plant size and output losses of 10 percent. The returns to skill for wage workers decrease by 75 percent. When we isolate the margins of misallocation in our model, we find that slightly over half of the output losses are due to talent mismatch, whereas the rest is accounted for by the best wage workers turning into self-employment. Similarly, eliminating the labor distortion in Mexico increases average plant size by 12 percent, and output by 9 percent, while the average return to skill for workers increases by 14 percent. Perfect enforcement of the average effective tax accounts for one fifth of the output gains from removing the tax. Size-dependent policies in our model generate a reduction in average plant size that is only a fifth of that obtained using a standard span-of-control model, yet output losses are three times as large. The main losers from this type of policies are high-skill wage workers.

Intermixed Dimethyl-Sulfoxide–Based Nonadhesive Liquid Embolic Agents Delivered Serially via the Same Microcatheter for Cerebral AVM Treatment

Conventional nonadhesive liquid embolic agents currently are the criterion standard for endovascular embolization of cerebral AVMs. However, inadequate distal penetration into the nidus and unstable proximal plug formation are the major limitations of this approach and of the currently available embolic materials. The aim of this study was to evaluate the hypothetic efficacy of combining liquid embolic agents with different properties and viscosities for use in endovascular embolization of cerebral AVMs. From March 2018 to March 2019, sixteen patients with cerebral AVMs (12 women, 4 men; age range, 33-61 years) underwent endovascular embolization with combined liquid embolic agents delivered serially via a single microcatheter. The procedure consists of initial embolization with PHIL 30%, followed by Menox 18 through the same microcatheter. According to the Spetzler-Martin scale, 11 (68.75%) AVMs were grades I-II, 4 (25%) were grade III, and 1 (6.25%) was grade IV. Angiographic, technical, and clinical outcomes were analyzed independently. Combined PHIL and Menox embolization through the same microcatheter via 21 pedicles was performed in these 16 patients. Once the length of the reflux reached approximately 2 cm, PHIL 30% was switched to Menox 18. Antegrade flow and distal penetration of the serially applied liquid embolic agents were observed in all 16 cases. The ability to completely control the flow of the materials and avoid any dangerous proximal reflux was noted in all performed embolizations. The estimated average size reduction of the treated AVMs was 85%, ranging from 50% to 100%. Complete embolization was achieved in 10/16 or 62.5% of the cases. There was no procedure-related complication during or after the embolization. No mortality or postprocedural clinical worsening was seen. Clinical success and complete obliteration were confirmed with at least 1 follow-up angiography in 10/16 patients. Serial delivery of nonadhesive liquid embolic agents via the same microcatheter was safe and effective in our study and may be a potential technique for routine AVM treatment. However, further investigations are required to validate the safety and the efficacy of the method.

Application of a collagen matrix dressing on a neuropathic diabetic foot ulcer: a randomised control trial.

Diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) are often hard-to-heal, despite standard care. With such a complicated healing process, any advanced wound care to aid healing is recommended. Chitosan/collagen composite hydrogel materials have the potential to promote the regenerative process. In this study, the efficacy of a new collagen matrix dressing including chitosan/collagen hydrogel was compared with a standard dressing of saline-moistened gauze for wound healing in patients with a hard-to-heal neuropathic DFU. This is an open labelled, randomised clinical trial. After conventional therapy consisting of debridement, infection control and offloading, patients were randomly allocated to receive either a collagen matrix dressing (the study group, receiving Tebaderm manufacturer) or a saline-moistened gauze dressing (control group) for wound care. The reduction in DFU size and the number of patients with complete healing were measured throughout the treatment and in follow-up. A total of 61 patients with a neuropathic DFU were recruited. Average percentage reduction in DFU size at four weeks was greater in the study group compared with the control group (54.5% versus 38.8%, respectively). Rate of complete healing rate at 20-weeks' follow-up was significantly better in the study group than the control group (60% versus 35.5%, respectively). The collagen matrix dressing used in this study accelerated the healing process of patients with a hard-to-heal DFU. Further research may suggest the used of this dressing to shorten the length of time to achieve complete healing.

Methods for the Evaluation of Industrial Mechanical Pretreatments before Anaerobic Digesters.

Different methods were tested to evaluate the performance of a pretreatment before anaerobic digestion. Besides conventional biochemical parameters, such as the biochemical methane potential (BMP), the methane production rate, or the extent of solubilization of organic compounds, methods for physical characterization were also developed in the present work. Criteria, such as the particle size distribution, the water retention capacity, and the rheological properties, were thus measured. These methods were tested on samples taken in two full-scale digesters operating with cattle manure as a substrate and using hammer mills. The comparison of samples taken before and after the pretreatment unit showed no significant improvement in the methane potential. However, the methane production rate increased by 15% and 26% for the two hammer mills, respectively. A relevant improvement of the rheological properties was also observed. This feature is likely correlated with the average reduction in particle size during the pretreatment operation, but these results needs confirmation in a wider range of systems.

On the development of a continuous methodology to fractionate microfibriallated cellulose

Abstract The focus of this study is the development of a methodology to mechanically separate or fractionate micro-fibrillated fibre suspensions (MFC) into different size classes. We extend the principle outlined by Madani et al. (2010) and create a continuous separation in an annular gap undergoing spiral Poiseuille flow (solid body rotation superimposed on pressure driven flow). Achieving hydrodynamic stability of this flow was the main scientific challenge for scale-up. This work is presented in two different studies. In the first study, we perform a series of batch-wise centrifugation tests to develop the criteria for motion of the individual classes of particles which compose a Eucalyptus MFC suspension. Here, we suspend the MFC in a weak gel and demonstrate a linear reduction in average particle size with increasing centrifugal force; motion is initiated in heavier particles before the lighter ones. In the second study, we use this batch-wise data to design a continuous prototype and we successfully demonstrate a continuous separation with performance similar to that achieved in the batch-wise tests.

Grain Refinement Mechanism of the δ-Ferrite in Steels Through Cerium Addition

To investigate and clarify the roles and mechanism of Ce addition in grain refinement of primary δ-ferrite during solidification of steels, a Fe-4wt pct Si alloy, which can retain the primary δ-ferrite to room temperature after solidification, was used to evaluate the roles of Ce in refining the δ-ferrite. Experimental results showed that addition of small amount of Ce led to significant reduction in average grain size of the as-cast Fe-4wt pct Si alloy from 1906 ± 160 µm without Ce addition down to 998 ± 70 µm at 0.0260 wt pct Ce addition. For the purpose of investigating the grain refinement mechanism of Ce, the Equilib and Phase Diagram modules in the FactSage Software System were used to simulate the formation sequence and calculate fractions of the Ce-containing inclusions above the liquidus in various Fe-4wt pct Si alloys with different Ce, S and O contents. The predicted formation sequence was Ce2O3 > Ce2O2S > Ce2S3/Ce3S4. However, due to the low fraction of the oxide and sulfides formed, only the oxysulfide, Ce2O2S, was observed and verified in the experimental alloys at room temperature in a transmission electron microscopy and a scanning electron microscope that was equipped with the electron backscatter diffraction and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Based on the crystallographic calculations using the edge-to-edge matching model together with previously determined orientation relationships between the δ-ferrite and Ce2O2S, it is considered that the heterogeneous nucleation of δ-ferrite on the in situ-formed Ce2O2S particles in the Fe-4wt pct Si alloy melt played a key role in grain refinement of the δ-ferrite. An inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was used to measure the amount of Ce solute in the ferrite after conducting low-temperature electrolysis to separate and filter out the Ce compounds. The calculation of the growth restriction parameter (β) using the Phase Diagram module in FactSage Software System indicated an almost negligible role of the Ce solute in the grain refinement of δ-ferrite. The present work clarifies previous uncleanness in understanding the grain refinement mechanism of δ-ferrite through Ce addition.

Processing and mechanical properties of Mg-2.8Al-0.8Zn alloy containing bimodal size distribution

The effect of bimodal size(nano + micron) distribution on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg-2.8Al-0.8Zn(AZ31B) fabricated by ultrasonic dispersion method was discussed. The grain refinement-degrees of composites not only connect with double size distribution, but also with the proportion of double size distribution. Compared to other samples, microstructural characterizations of AZ31B alloy containing (4.0%micron+1.0%nano)SiC revealed presence of uniformly distributed micro-SiC(SiCMP) hybridized with nano-SiC(SiCNP) and reduction in average matrix grain size. At room temperature, tensile tests results showed a superior combination of strength and ductility for Mg-(4.0SiCMP+1.0%SiCNP) composite compared with other composites. The reasons are mainly attributed to the presence of double size distribution, the lowest level of agglomeration of SiCMP hybridized with SiCNP and the better interface wettability between the matrix and the hybridized particles.

Comparison of Effect of pH Modulation on Wound Healing with Topical Application of Citric Acid Versus Superoxide Ions.

Background:Wound healing is a dynamic process involving tissue repair and regeneration. Nonhealing and chronic wounds are a significant health problem that many patients all over the world are suffering from. Proper wound care is hence very important. Wound dressings have undergone continuous and significant changes over the time period. Optimal dressing should ensure a moist wound bed, help drainage, remove debris, and be anti-allergic and without immunogenicity.Objectives:The objective of the study is compare the effect of pH modulation on wound healing with topical application of citric acid versus superoxide ions. The aim is to study the efficacy and safety of citric acid versus superoxide ions in the prevention and control of infection and their effect on wound healing in similar wound types.Materials and Methods:We conducted randomized, prospective comparative study in a total of 100 patients admitted at Guru Nanak Dev Hospital, attached to Government Medical College, Amritsar. The patients were divided into two groups: Group A where wound management was done using superoxide ions and Group B where citric acid was used. A standard grading was done in terms of a decrease in wound size, an increase in granulation tissue, and a reduction in wound discharge.Results:The wounds treated with citric acid showed an average reduction in wound size of 73.43% by the 14th day as compared to 66.52% in the control group. The difference seen in the average reduction of wound size was statistically significant (P = 0.032). The wounds treated by citric acid application showed an average increase in granulation tissue of 56.66% as compared to 50.87% in the wounds treated by superoxide ions. The average hospital stay in patients of Group B was comparatively less than that of patients in Group A.Conclusion:Citric acid is safe and effective in all types of wound management and gives better efficacy and faster response as compared to superoxide ions. Citric acid promotes wound healing by the formation of granulation tissue and fibroblast proliferation.