Wastewater Reduction Research Articles

Model of COD and PO4 Reduction in Bima Bay Wastewater Using Innovations of Ipomoea aquatica, Pistia stratiotes, Eichhornia crassipes with EM4 as a Bioremediator

Water pollution remains a critical environmental issue in Indonesia, particularly exemplified by the algae bloom phenomenon in Bima Bay. As a potential solution, it is necessary to treat the water with phytoremediation, which involves the use of a combination of various aquatic plants. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of Ipomoea aquatica, Pistia stratiotes, and Eichhornia crassipes, along with Effective Microorganism 4 (EM4) as a bioremediator, in reducing pollutants in Bima Bay. This study adopts a quasi-experimental pre-test-post-test control group design. Results show that the initial Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) in the river water was 539.7 milligrams per liter (mg/L), while the phosphate (PO4) concentration was 0.16 mg/L. Phytoremediation using the Ipomoea aquatica (water spinach), Pistia stratiotes (water lettuce), and Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth) plants has demonstrated the effective reduction of river water COD level by 5.3 mg/L to 95.5 mg/L. However, the method proved ineffective in reducing river water PO4 level, with an increase of 0.03 mg/L to 0.32 mg/L. The Kruskal-Wallis test yielded statistically significant results, indicating notable differences in COD and PO4 levels in river water across various measurement periods within each treatment group. The findings indicate that phytoremediation using Ipomoea aquatica, Pistia stratiotes, and Eichhornia crassipes with EM4 as a bioremediator is an effective approach for reducing COD levels in river water. However, this method proved less effective in reducing PO4 levels, which may continue to pose challenges in addressing water pollution in Bima Bay.

A Study on Mechanism of Evaporation Reduction of Desulfurization Wastewater in Air Cooling Tower

It’s a new technology for the concentration and reduction of desulfurization wastewater by the indirect air cooling tower. In this paper, indoor experiments are conducted to explore the evaporation characteristics of the evaporation tower and the evaporation law of desulfurization wastewater in the filler and analyze the factors affecting the evaporation characteristics, and a power plant adopting this technology is tested to verify the conclusion of the indoor experiments. The results show that the evaporation rate of the evaporation tower is positively correlated with the cross-sectional wind speed, water spray density, packing height and other parameters, and the influence of the interrupted wind speed on the evaporation rate is the most significant. The difference of vapor pressure has a positive linear relationship with that of mass fraction of the air in inlet and outlet, and the results of model test conform to those of actual one basically. On the condition of ventilation rate of 817.56m3/s, the evaporation efficiency of a mechanical ventilation cooling tower with a drenching area of about 400m2 can reach 16.2-18.4t/h, which basically meets the engineering needs of desulfurization wastewater concentration and reduction in millions of thermal power plants.

Use seaweeds on nutrient reduction in super-intensive vaname pond wastewater

Use seaweeds on nutrient reduction in super-intensive vaname pond wastewater

Design of a compact wastewater treatment and isolation of microbial consortia for nutrient reduction of plastic recycling wastewater

The wastewater generated during the plastic recycling is an aspect that is often overlooked in the process. This wastewater contains pollutants that can affect the environment and human health. To address this problem, a study was conducted to design and evaluate the performance of an anoxic-oxic (AO) system and an anoxic-oxic-oxic (AO2) system in treating plastic recycling wastewater. Additionally, the study collected wastewater from a plastic recycling company and activated sludge from a sewage treatment plant to test the viability of biological treatment for treating plastic recycling wastewater. The results showed that both systems were effective at reducing chemical oxygen demand (COD), with the AO system having a higher percent COD removal (98.13%) than the AO2 system (85.33%). Also, there were 18 unique colonies isolated from the wastewater and activated sludge. Overall, the study concludes that biological treatment can be used to treat plastic recycling wastewater, and the design of upscaled system is crucial to fully solve the wastewater problem.

Automatic Plant Watering System Using RTC And Rain Sensor

A plant is a plant that is maintained or maintained in a medium to benefit or be harvested at any given time. The growth process requires regular watering so that plants can grow and bear good fruit. The automatic crop watering system is a study aimed at increasing the efficiency of irrigation management in agriculture automatically so that it can assist farmers in Indonesia. Where farmers are currently experiencing problems in the watering problem, there is a delay in watering the crops. This study integrated Real-Time Clock (RTC) and rain sensors as major elements in plant watering automation systems. RTC is used to set the watering schedule based on a predetermined time, while the rain sensor serves as an automatic controller to stop watering when rain is detected. The system development method involves designing well-integrated hardware and software. LCD display screens are also used in systems to provide additional information to optimize the amount of water required by plants. NodeMcu is used as a system controller so that no errors occur in scheduling plant watering. Research methods using RnD (Research and Development). The implementation of an automated crop watering system is expected to contribute to the management of water resources and energy, improve agricultural efficiency, and provide environmentally friendly and petrifying solutions for farmers across Indonesia to produce crops. Test results show that this system is capable of optimizing plant watering based on environmental conditions, thus reducing water waste and increasing plant productivity on a sustainable basis.

Synthesis and application of a new multi-functional biopolymer-based aerogel loaded with bistriazole derivative as highly efficient adsorbent and disinfectant

Herein, we exploited xanthan gum (XG) and cationic dextran (CD) in designing a novel porous aerogel (XCD) loaded with different concentrations of a new bistriazole derivative (CPSC). The CPSC was deposited into and onto the pores of aerogels. The neat aerogel removed both AB40 dye and Cu2+ efficiently. Adding 0.5 g of CPSC to the neat aerogel (XCD-0.50 sample) improved slightly the adsorption of Cu2+ and has no effect on the adsorption of AB40 dye. XCD-0.50 removed almost completely 10 mg/L of AB40 dye in 10 min using 0.5 g/L at pHi 6 while for Cu2+ longer contact time (90 min) and higher dosage (2.0 g/L) were required to remove 10 mg/L solution at pHi 5. Relative to literature, the Langmuir adsorption capacity of XCD-0.5 toward AB40 dye (436 mg/g) was the highest and toward Cu2+ (60 mg/g) was comparable to others. The aerogel XCD-0.50 was regenerable and reusable for three cycles with reasonable efficiency. By submerging a bacterial solution (106 CFU/mL) in the XCD-0.75 aerogel for 90 min, an impressive 6-log decrease in the number of bacteria was obtained under ideal circumstances. Crucially, toxicity test clearly confirmed that the prepared aerogels had non-toxic impact. Across all investigated bacterial species, XCD-0.75 continuously achieved a 6-log CFU decrease after 180 min, demonstrating its efficacy in the context of disinfection experiment. The results of the study highlight the extraordinary potential of the biopolymer aerogel loaded with CPSC as a potent adsorbent and disinfectant. They show significant removal of toxic trace elements and dyes, along with microbial reduction in industrial wastewater, underscoring the aerogel's potential use in water treatment.

Solar Based Smart Water Irrigation

Abstract: Solar based Smart Irrigation System utilizes Solar Energy and advance technologies to optimize irrigation practices in an efficient and sustainable manner. The motor drivers drive the pumps to deliver the required amount of water to the irrigation system, precisely controlling the flow rate and duration. It ensures that water is distributed only when and where it is needed, reducing water wastage and promoting efficient irrigation practices.

Reasonable decoration of CuO/Cd0.5Zn0.5S nanoparticles onto flower-like Bi5O7I as boosted step-scheme photocatalyst for reinforced photodecomposition of bisphenol A and Cr(VI) reduction in wastewater

Building S-scheme heterostructures is a sophisticated approach to receiving outstanding catalysts for environmental detoxification. Herein, ternary CuO/Cd0.5Zn0.5S/Bi5O7I (CO/CZS/BOI) nanocomposites were constructed by in-situ decorating of CuO and Cd0.5Zn0.5S nanoparticles onto Bi5O7I micro-sphere in a facile route. The optimal CO/CZS/BOI reflected reinforced bisphenol A (BPA) photo-oxidation (95% in 70 min) and Cr(VI) photo-reduction (96.6 in 60 min) under visible light. Besides, CO/CZS/BOI afforded 5.10 (4.44), 4.42 (3.71), and 6.60 (5.27) fold reinforcement in the BPA (Cr(VI)) photo-reaction rate compared to BOI, CZS, and CO, respectively. This behavior was linked to the development of S-scheme mechanisms resulting from the co-effects of BOI, CZS, and CO in retaining the optimum redox capacity, facilitating the dissolution of photo-carriers, increasing reactive sites, and strengthening the visible-light response. The parameters influencing the catalytic reaction of CO/CZS/BOI, such as light intensity, catalyst dosage, and pH, were deeply studied. The quenching tests declared the prominent roles •O2− and •OH in the breaking down of BPA and the participation of electrons and •O2− in the photocatalytic conversion of Cr(VI). The cyclic tests verified the robust photostability of CO/CZS/BOI, which is associated with the reintegration process between the free h+ coming from CZS and the photo-induced e– of CO and BOI in the S-scheme system. In conclusion, the present study provides a profound understanding of the photo-reaction mechanism of CO/CZS/BOI and introduces a novel concept for constructing a superior dual-Scheme system for efficient wastewater detoxification.

Confident learning-based Gaussian mixture model for leakage detection in water distribution networks

Leakage detection in the water distribution system not only helps to reduce water waste but also decreases the risk of drinking water pollution. To reduce reliance on hardware devices and enable real-time detection, the water utilities are transitioning towards the data-driven based approach that relies on the analysis of the flow and pressure data collected from the supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system. Due to the lack of leakage data, most of these methods are unsupervised methods that rely heavily on assumptions about the distribution of anomalies; whereas, the water utility's repair records contain much valid information about the leakage and normal characteristics. To convert this information into available labels and to address the lack of leakage data, this paper proposed a new leakage detection framework to infer the pressure characteristics under normal conditions based on historical data by combining a label cleaning method—confident learning (CL)—with an unsupervised method—Gaussian mixture model (GMM)—for leak detection. The methodology is validated with synthetic and real measured data. Comparisons with four unsupervised methods demonstrate that the GMM method has superior identification of leak features from pressure data. For a real-world water distribution system in K city containing 91 pressure sensors, the average true positive rate is 0.78 and the average false positive rate is 0.11. This methodology is a promising tool to identify signs of leakage in large-scale water distribution networks (WDNs).

Do urban agglomeration planning policies promote the discharge reduction of industrial wastewater: Evidence from the Yellow River Basin in China

The environmental effects of the urban agglomeration planning policy (UAPP) are an exploration by rapidly developing China and a concern for countries seeking development and urban reform around the world. This paper takes the three regional urban agglomerations in the Yellow River Basin (YRB) as the research object and collects the panel data of 106 prefecture-level cities from 2006 to 2019 to study the reduction effects of UAPP on the industrial wastewater discharge (IWD). The empirical results from Difference-in-Differences models indicate that UAPP can significantly inhibit IWD. UAPP reduces IWD by promoting green innovation, and the development of service industries can strengthen this effect. UAPP shows a stronger IWD reduction effect in the northeast YRB than that in the southwest region. Compared to urban agglomerations with a single provincial jurisdiction, UAPP exerts stronger IWD reduction effects on urban agglomerations with multiple jurisdictions. Moreover, there exist spatial spillover effects of UAPP on IWD. These findings provide support and references for urban reform and the development of green cities in countries around the world, especially in developing countries.

Evaluating the use of Intelligent Irrigation Systems Based on the IoT in Winter Season of Vyas Municipality Ward No-1 and 13 of Nepal

Nepal's agricultural progress seems insufficient, particularly in its hilly regions where inadequate cultivation has led to a trend of people seeking employment overseas. This study investigates the contemporary agricultural landscape, focusing on irrigation management. Despite irrigation not covering all hilly areas, even in irrigated arable lands, efficient water management remains a challenge. Traditional methods result in water wastage, while modern techniques optimize water use, preventing agricultural issues caused by excess water. This research delves into the potential, difficulties, and prospects of IoTbased irrigation in Nepal's hilly regions. The primary aim is to assess the reality of IoTdriven irrigation in Nepal's hilly regions. The primary aim is to assess the reality of IoTdriven irrigation in the hilly area Vyas Municipality's ward no-1 and 13. Over a six-month test perod, around 95% of water wastage was curbed through IoT irrigation, as compared to manual methods. Pilot test demonstrated the positive impact of reduce water wastage on agriculture. Additionally, a 90-day comparative study of plant growth, weight, and development was conducted. analysis of challenges, benefits, and investments associated with modern irrigation technology in the hilly areas revealed IoT-based irrigation's significant potential and suitability. This research underscores its pivotal role in modernizing agriculture, enhancing farmer productivity, and stimulating higher yields.

Reduction of COD concentration and complete removal of phenol in industrial wastewater utilizing mesoporous TiO2 nanoparticles under UVA illumination

Toxic organic pollutants with low biodegradability are observed and detected in industrial wastewater with high contents. Phenol is one of the toxic organic compounds, and discharging it into the water can be extremely harmful to the environment and the organism's health. In this contribution, the photodegradation of phenol and minimizing COD concentration in industrial wastewater collected from the pharmaceutical industry utilizing mesoporous TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) contrasted with commercial TiO2 photocatalysts have been conducted under UVA illumination. The results indicated that 100% phenol removal and 60.4% of the total COD were achieved at pH = 6, 1 g/L of catalyst loading, and 10.5 mg/L phenol content, 2476 mg/L of COD content within 140 min of UVA illumination. The phenol photodegradation and COD removal over the mesoporous TiO2, UV-100, and P-25 obeyed a pseudo-first-order model, and their rate constants (k) were determined about 0.0175, 0.0091 and 0.0127 min−1. The k value of mesoporous TiO2 NPs was enhanced 2 and 1.4 folds greater than that of the photocatalysts of UV-100 and P-25. The photodegradation of phenol using mesoporous TiO2 NPs for being recycled five times without losing was acquired, which indicated the obtained mesoporous TiO2 NPs are very stable for long illumination time. The active species' role during photocatalytic degradation phenol and COD removal over mesoporous TiO2 photocatalyst under illumination are the critical oxidative species of •OH and O2•− radicals. Consequently, the COD reduction and complete phenol removal in real industrial wastewater have been verified.

Internet of Things Enabled Smart Water Excellence Observing and Outflow Recognition System

Currently, global water demands are increasing at an alarming rate, largely due to the depletion of resources caused by factors such as water waste, climate change, and urbanization.Unfortunately, conventional water metering schemes are often performed manually by human resources, which can be both cumbersome and ineffective for conservation efforts. To address the shortcomings of the-state-of-the models, this paper introduces an autonomous water quality monitoring system based on IoT technology to optimize water utilization. The proposed system analyzes and monitors the usage of water in the aquatic industry such as circulation speed measurement and optimization of water supply to reduce water waste and encourage conservation. Also, the proposed system uses pH and conductivity sensors to monitor the quality of the water that is delivered to each residence.

Feasibility of 60Co-γ Irradiation for Sterilization and Hypersaline Wastewater Reduction in Pickled Mustard Tuber Production

Feasibility of ⁶⁰Co-γ Irradiation for Sterilization and Hypersaline Wastewater Reduction in Pickled Mustard Tuber Production

Sustainable Smart Agriculture Farming for Cotton Crop: A Fuzzy Logic Rule Based Methodology

Sustainable agriculture is a pivotal driver of a nation’s economic growth, especially considering the challenge of providing food for the world’s expanding population. Agriculture remains a cornerstone of many nations’ economies, so the need for intelligent, sustainable farming practices has never been greater. Agricultural industries worldwide require sophisticated systems that empower farmers to manage their crops efficiently, reduce water wastage, and optimize yield quality. Yearly, substantial crop losses occur due to unpredictable environmental changes, with improper irrigation practices being a leading cause. In this paper, we introduce an innovative irrigation time control system for smart farming. This system leverages fuzzy logic to regulate the timing of irrigation in cotton crop fields, effectively curbing water wastage while ensuring that crops receive neither too little nor too much water. Additionally, our system addresses a common agricultural challenge: whitefly infestations. Users can adjust climatic parameters, such as temperature and humidity, through our system, which minimizes both whitefly populations and water consumption. We have developed a portable measurement technology that includes air humidity sensors, temperature sensors, and rain sensors. These sensors interface with an Arduino platform, allowing real-time climate data collection. This collected climate data is then sent to the fuzzy logic control system, which dynamically adjusts irrigation timing in response to changing environmental conditions. Our system incorporates an algorithm that generates highly effective (IF-THEN) fuzzy logic rules, significantly improving irrigation efficiency by reducing overall irrigation duration. By automating the irrigation process and precisely delivering the right amount of water, our system eliminates the need for human intervention, rendering the agricultural system more dependable in achieving successful crop yields. Water supply commences when the environmental conditions reach specific thresholds and halts when the requisite climate conditions are met, maintaining an optimal environment for crop growth.

COD reduction of municipal wastewater using mesoporous walnut shell-activated carbon: One step synthesis-modification via chemical activation with FeCl3

COD reduction of municipal wastewater using mesoporous walnut shell-activated carbon: One step synthesis-modification via chemical activation with FeCl3

Managing Water-Energy-Carbon Nexus for Urban Areas With Ambiguous Moment Information

The rapid growth of electric load fuels urbanization but creates unsettling environmental challenges. In that regard, the energy system is a crucial part of consuming water and emitting greenhouse gases. To support reliable and economical energy system operations, with reduced water waste and carbon emissions, we design a viable co-optimization of water-energy-carbon nexus for an integrated energy system by adequately modelling essential interdependencies of power, gas, and water systems. A two-stage distributionally robust optimization method is proposed: the first-stage model minimizes the day-ahead reserve capacity scheduling for the next day, and the second-stage model enables real-time dispatch by considering the variability in renewable power generation. The carbon emissions by power generation and distribution are incorporated in both stages to ensure low-carbon operations. We use a two-stage moment-based distributionally robust approach to capture and represent the uncertainties in renewable generation. Instead of assuming a deterministic distribution, we characterize an ambiguity set with mean vectors and covariance matrices, which produces a family set of distributions. We conduct case studies using a modified IEEE 33-bus power system that includes and links a 20-node gas system and a 10-node water system. The comparative results indicate that the proposed co-optimization of water-energy-carbon nexus is superior than several benchmarks. By considering the close interdependencies of water, energy, and carbon, we create an optimal resource allocation scheme, which is capable of minimizing operation costs, lessening carbon emissions, and reducing water waste. The current research enables effective operation schemes for urban energy systems, illustrates a viable way to curb local environmental emissions, and increases water usage efficiency in the water-energy-carbon nexus.

IOT SYSTEM FOR CAR PARKING, STREET LIGHTS, AND AUTOMATIC IRRIGATION WITH REAL-TIME UPDATES ON MOBILE APP

In today's energy-conscious world, our foremost duty is to efficiently conserve energy. With advancing technology, automation systems have become the preferred choice over traditional manual methods. We've developed a user-friendly IoT application encompassing smart street lights, a smart parking system, and an automatic irrigation system to ensure effective energy conservation and water reduction. Our IoT-based smart street lights utilize external light sensing to automatically adjust illumination levels, offering 50% and 100% intensity as needed. This minimizes electricity waste and reduces the need for manual control, thus conserving energy. The saved energy can be redirected for residential, commercial, or other essential purposes, contributing to sustainable energy practices. The smart parking system offers convenience to users by allowing them to view available parking slots through the application. Users can make secure online payments, streamlining the parking experience. Additionally, the system aids in locating parked vehicles, enhancing efficiency. Automatic irrigation system employs a distributed wireless network of soil moisture sensors. A gateway unit manages sensor data, triggers, and actuators, transmitting real-time information to a web application. This innovation optimizes water usage in agriculture and landscaping, reducing water wastage and labor. A realtime data, conserving water and time spent on irrigation. This system's ability to adjust water distribution based on soil moisture content ensures efficient water management. Users receive soil moisture information on their mobile devices, promoting responsible water use. By automating processes, reducing waste, and enhancing user experience, we contribute to a more sustainable and energy-efficient future.

New insights of g-C3N4/Bi2WO6 nanocomposite surface assembled on PVDF hybrid membrane for the treatment of pirimicarb pesticides

BackgroundPirimicarb, a commercially used insecticide, contains carbamate, which affects the nervous system of insects and living organisms, thus inhibiting their growth and increasing the production of crops. However, it has an impact on the ecosystem of groundwater by permeating the soil profile. MethodsThe g-C3N4, Bi2WO6 & g-C3N4/Bi2WO6 nanocomposites were synthesized by hydrothermal method and grafted on the PVDF membranes via in-situ polymerization. The pirimicarb wastewater of different pH 5,7 & 9 was synthetically prepared, and the performance of the membrane was tested to study the reduction and photodegradation of as-prepared pirimicarb wastewater. SignificantThe surface energy had increased from 88.65 to 145.1 mJ/m2, g-C3N4/ Bi2WO6 nanocomposites on the PVDF membranes. The water contact angle of the membrane ranges from 57.9° to 37.7°, indicating that the membranes have higher hydrophilic characteristics. The water permanence is in the decreasing order of M1 (PAA/PVDF)> M6 (0.5wt% g-C3N4/Bi2WO6/PAA/PVDF)> M3 (1wt% Bi2WO6/PAA/PVDF)> M7 (1wt% g-C3N4/Bi2WO6/PAA/PVDF)> M4 (0.5wt% g-C3N4/PAA/PVDF)> M2 (0.5wt% Bi2WO6/PAA/PVDF)> M5 (1wt% g-C3N4/PAA/PVDF)> Neat (PVDF). The photodegradation studies stated that upon adding nanocomposites such as g-C3N4/Bi2WO6, the membranes undergo degradation of 80% at pH 5, which is higher than the PVDF/PAA (M1) membrane.

DESIGN OF AUTOMATIC WATER FAUCET FOR A READY FOOD RESTAURANT SINK USING MICROCONTROLLER BASED ULTRASONIC SENSOR

Technological developments in the field of control are increasingly advanced, especially in the world of electronics. Electronic water faucets are one example that we can find in fast food restaurants which are quite expensive for some groups and water is often wasted when the hand washing process is in progress. Therefore this research was carried out by designing and building an automatic faucet in a sink so that there is no wastage of water. The problems faced are the use of manual faucets that are not sterile and the process in the field when washing hands is not efficient and hygienic. The method used is to design and build mechanical and electronic components based on microcontrollers. By utilizing Arduino UNO, HC-SR04, L298N, Relay and DC pump, hand washing sink will facilitate the hand washing process. The design of an automatic water faucet for a fast food restaurant sink based on a microcontroller was successfully realized and implemented with the realization that water managed to come out of a 12V DC pump capable of dispensing water according to the reach of the hand between 2.5cm to 27.5cm which was carried out by the HC-SR04 sensor. The process carried out is that the automatic water faucet at the sink in a fast food restaurant can simplify the hand washing process and reduce water wastage with a water saving of 5.3 liters for adults and 8.66 liters for small children. The average water used by adults for automatic sinks is 0.49 Ɩiter/person and young children is 0.45 Ɩiter/person, with a water velocity of 0.163 Ɩ /s for adults and 0.150 Ɩ /s for small children.