Reduction In Total Loss Research Articles

Performance enhancement of an AlGaN-based deep-ultraviolet laser diode using a two-stepped doped lower waveguide

Subject of study. The performance of a deep-ultraviolet laser diode is improved using a two-stepped Si-doped lower waveguide. Method. The impact of the variations on AlGaN-based deep-ultraviolet laser diodes has been evaluated based on the simulated results after theoretical calculations. The two AlGaN-based ultraviolet laser diodes as a traditional device and the proposed device have been analyzed comparatively based on their performance within a nomination wavelength region range of 269–280 nm. Main results. Using a two-stepped Si-doped lower waveguide, the lasing threshold current decreases in the proposed device D2 in comparison to the traditional device D1. The operating threshold voltage of D1 is 13.8 V, and that of D2 is 4.24 V, respectively, with lasing threshold currents of 0.4 A and 0.002 A, respectively. Practical significance. The optimization of the design of AlGaN-based ultraviolet laser diodes following the perfect bulk aluminium nitride substrate in the traditional device is the crucial factor of the practical significance of the scientific field utilized in the proposed device. The performance of deep-ultraviolet laser diodes is improved when a suitably constructed two-stepped Si-doped lower waveguide substitutes the traditional lower waveguide. The noted improvements are the reduction in total optical loss with the improved optical confinement factor. These are primarily due to an increase in the hole injection current and a decrease in the electron leakage current.

Evaluation of efficacy and safety of a single dose Tranexamic acid in reducing blood loss during colorectal cancer surgery. A randomised, placebo controlled, double-blinded study.

Colorectal cancer surgeries are commonly performed nowadays. They are considered as extensive procedures requiring perioperative blood transfusion in 32% to 68% of cases. The objective of this study was to evaluate the anti-haemorrhagic effects and safety of a single dose of tranexamic acid in such surgeries. Sixty patients scheduled for colorectal cancer surgeries were randomly assigned (TA) into two equal groups. Group TA received 10 mg/kg tranexamic acid in 100 ml of 0.9% NaCl immediately following induction of anaesthesia and control group received 100 ml 0.9% NaCl. The primary outcome was total blood loss reduction. The secondary outcomes were total number of patients requiring blood transfusion and occurrence of any thromboembolic events within 30 days after surgery. Intraoperative and total blood loss were lower in TA group compared to the control group (P = 0.010, 0.003, respectively) while postoperative blood loss was comparable between both groups. The need for blood transfusion was lower in TA group (P = 0.038). Number of blood units transfused was also lower in TA group. Mean arterial blood pressure, serum creatinine and urine output in first 24 h postoperatively were comparable between both groups. Haemoglobin level in the first postoperative day was higher in TA group (P = 0.002), but was comparable between the groups at 2 weeks preoperative and from second up to fifth day postoperatively. A single dose of TA administered between induction and start of surgical procedure may reduce total blood loss and need of transfusion in colorectal cancer surgeries without any serious adverse effects.

Research on Master–Slave Windings Motor Drive System and Control Strategy

To improve the torque performance limited by the low carrier ratio operation in motor drive system, a master–slave motor drive system based on dual stator winding structure is researched in this article. A high-frequency harmonic current is injected through the auxiliary windings to compensate the torque ripple and dynamic issue caused by the low carrier ratio. The basic operation principle in master–slave motor drive system is presented and then the turn ratio, mutual inductance, and carrier ratio in both windings are studied to achieve the optimization for the torque performance and power loss. The control method aiming at depression on toque ripple and load disturbance is proposed and gets merged with the vector control strategy. The loss analysis considering the injected high-frequency current is presented to compare with the three-phase system in high carrier ratio operation. It is found that a 30% total loss reduction can be achieved under the same torque ripple. Both simulation and experiments show the effectiveness of proposed master–slave windings system and the control strategy.

Thromboelastometry-guided treatment algorithm in postpartum haemorrhage: a randomised, controlled pilot trial

BackgroundPostpartum haemorrhage causes significant mortality among parturients. Early transfusion of blood products based on clinical judgement and conventional coagulation testing has been adapted to the treatment of postpartum haemorrhage, but rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) may provide clinicians means for a goal-directed therapy to control coagulation. We conducted a parallel design, randomised, controlled trial comparing these two approaches. We hypothesised that a ROTEM-guided protocol would decrease the need for red blood cell transfusion. MethodsWe randomised 60 parturients with postpartum haemorrhage of more than 1500 ml to receive either ROTEM-guided or conventional treatment, with 54 patients included in the final analysis. The primary outcome was consumption of blood products, and secondarily we assessed for possible side-effects of managing blood loss such as thromboembolic complications, infections, and transfusion reactions. ResultsThe median (25th–75th percentile) number of RBC units transfused was 2 (1–4) in the ROTEM group and 3 (2–4) in the control group (P=0.399). The median number of OctaplasLG® units given was 0 in both groups (0–0 and 0–2) (P=0.030). The median total estimated blood loss was 2500 ml (2100–3000) in the ROTEM group and 3000 ml (2200–3100) in the control group (P=0.033). No differences were observed in secondary outcomes. ConclusionsROTEM-guided treatment of postpartum haemorrhage could have a plasma-sparing effect but possibly only a small reduction in total blood loss. Clinical trial registrationNCT02461251.

Impact of Chronic Immunosuppression on Short-, Mid-, and Long-Term Bariatric Surgery Outcomes.

Bariatric surgical outcomes depend heavily on proper healing of gastrointestinal anatomy, metabolic alterations, and patient lifestyle modifications which are all negatively impacted by immunosuppression and underlying inflammatory diseases. There is a lack of literature exploring how patients with diseases requiring immunosuppression respond to bariatric surgical intervention in the long term. A retrospective analysis of chronically immunosuppressed patients who underwent primary bariatric surgeries at Mayo Clinic was conducted (2008-2020). Data collected included patient demographics, BMI, underlying disease, and immunosuppression regimen and complications at 3, 6, 12, 24, and 60months. We identified a total of 89 (RYGB = 49, SG = 34, BPD/DS = 6) patients on chronic immunosuppression who underwent bariatric surgery at our center. RYGB (N = 49), 38.2% had a SG (N = 34) and 6.7% had a BPD/DS (N = 6). Rheumatoid arthritis and renal transplantation were the most underlying condition at 20.22% each (N = 18). There were a total of 2 (2.25%) intraoperative complications. In the immediate post-operative period, there were 15 (16.5%) minor complications. In follow-up, 6.1% of RYGB patients experienced marginal ulcerations, while no gastrointestinal leaks occurred. The mean pre-surgical BMI was 48.29kg/m2 (SD = 18.41). Percent total weight loss (%TWL) and BMI reduction were 30.89% and 14.83kg/m2 (SD = 9.07) at 12months and 29.48% and 14.43kg/m2 (SD = 13.46) at 60months, respectively. The mean follow-up time was 30.49months. Bariatric surgery remains safe and effective therapy for chronically immunosuppressed patients with excellent long-term outcomes for patients with moderate to severe obesity.

Improving dynamic performance for split-gate trench power MOSFETs using variable vertical doping profile

In this paper, a split-gate trench power MOSFET (SGT) with a variable vertical doped (VVD) drift region is proposed. The VVD SGT MOSFET features ultra-low gate-drain charge (QGD) and low switching losses. Due to the introduction of variable vertical doping, the concentration of the drift region near the source is relatively low. The depletion layer outside the trench of the new structure widens towards the drain during depletion spreading, effectively reducing the depletion layer capacitance and thus greatly reducing the gate-drain capacitance (CGD). The significant reduction of QGD and total switching losses is confirmed by simulation. Compared with the conventional split-gate trench MOSFET, the dynamic figure of merit RON × QGD = 22.60 mΩ nC and turn-off loss of the proposed VVD SGT MOSFET are reduced by 42% and 37%, respectively. Moreover, the proposed structure also demonstrates an improvement in the reverse recovery performance.

GOES’s domain structure in the vicinity and on the lines post-laser treatment

Pulsed laser processing for domain’s refinement is a recent technology implemented on an industrial scale. The present study focuses on the impact of different laser pulse durations on the magnetic properties such as total losses and domain structure of 0.28 mm thick grain-oriented electrical steel (GOES). Three pulse durations are considered Long Pulse (LP), Short-Pulse (SP) and Ultra-Short Pulse (USP). The latter has not been yet applied for domain refinement treatments, hence the interest of this research. Iron loss measured with the single sheet tester (SST) demonstrated a maximum loss reduction of 18 % at induction of 0.5 T and a frequency of 50 Hz following USP laser treatment. At a high induction of 1.7 T for the same frequency, both LP and USP pulse lengths achieved a reduction in total losses of 16 %. Moreover, the behaviour of the magnetic structure under laser treatment was detailed. The magnetic images were visualized by magneto-optical indicator film (MOIF). A reduction from 308 µm to 217 µm in the average domain size was observed post laser treatment with USP duration. Furthermore, the domain structure in the vicinity and on the laser line was investigated on a nanoscale using a magnetic force microscope (MFM). All these results confirmed the dependence of the laser-matter interaction on the laser pulse duration.

Power Losses Reduction of T-Type Grid-Connected Converters Based on Tolerant Sequential Model Predictive Control

Three-level T-type converters (3LT <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> C) with inductance–capacitance–inductance filters have high power quality of grid current, particularly in the low-voltage system. However, the switching loss and conduction losses degrade the overall efficiency of 3LT <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> C. The generated heat due to the losses endangers the reliability of the device and shortens its service life. To relieve the power losses as well as maintain high-quality current output, a low-loss-tolerant sequential model predictive control (LL-TSMPC) is proposed. First, based on the energy loss analysis under switching transitions per commutation, the prediction models of both switching loss and conduction loss are established. Second, the total loss reduction is considered as one control objective in LL-TSMPC. Finally, because multiobjective model predictive control (MPC) requires selecting appropriate weighting factors, complicating the design to solve this problem, TSMPC-based lexicographic optimization is introduced to eliminate the tradeoff factors and simplify the MPC controller design. The proposed method is tested on the hardware platform with the rated power of a 10-kW prototype. The experimental results show that the LL-TSMPC method can effectively reduce the switching losses while maintaining the high power quality of the grid current.

Development of circular economy in agriculture

Current socio-economic and ecological changes in the world require a new approach to solving the accumulated problems. One of the conditions for this is the introduction of circular economy in closed cycle production in the economic sectors. The proposed approach leads to cost savings, new jobs and new economic opportunities. Along with this, relatively rational use of nature in agriculture using circular economy is identified. Circular economy is the concept of green economy development and sustainable development. The transition to such a model of economy will contribute to the achievement of the six goals of sustainable development. The article defines the essence of the circular economy in agriculture and the principles of its implementation in the agrarian sector. The successful experience of introducing a closed cycle of production in production in the agricultural sector abroad is shown. For the implementation of new sustainable methods within the circular economy of food products. It has been found that enterprises that plan to operate in the long term are forced to recognize that the products produced now may be the resources of "tomorrow". It is established that the circular economy is recognized as a tool for reducing waste and food losses. Thus, a closed cycle in agriculture will lead to the reduction of total losses and waste, which will allow us to ensure food security and economic growth.

Use of tranexamic acid in per trochanteric fractures: Is it beneficial?

Background: Elderly people who have hip fractures frequently need blood transfusions. The purpose of this study was to ascertain whether tranexamic acid (TXA) usage in hip fracture patients lowers intraoperative and postoperative blood loss. For a year, patients with hip fractures were the subjects of the study. Two groups of patients were formed, with one getting TXA and the other receiving a placebo (1:1). Both the amount of drainage during the 48-hour postoperative period and the amount of blood lost during the procedure were measured. Patients who received TXA experienced a 1.4 fold reduction in total blood loss (368.61 vs.529.24 mL of blood). Thus the use of TXA in patients with per trochanteric fractures significantly reduces intraoperative and postoperative blood loss.

Reduction of core loss for FeSi soft magnetic composites prepared using atomic layer deposition-based coating and high-temperature annealing

Using atomic layer deposition and high-temperature annealing to fabricate coatings for Fe-6.5 wt%Si powder reduce the hysteresis losses of the resultant composites drastically without sacrificing the permeability properties, and keep the eddy current losses at a relatively low value. The core loss of annealed FeSi SMCs is 39.67% lower than that of composites prepared using raw Fe-6.5 wt%Si powder, meanwhile the permeability remains at relatively high value (at B = 100 mT, f = 50 kHz). The decreasing of the core loss is mainly attributed to hysteresis loss reduction caused by grain growth. And the low eddy current loss is guaranteed by the uniform, complete, compact coating layer formed the surface of FeSi particles, which transforms to a protective and insulating layer containing silicate and metal oxide after annealing. On the premise of ensuring the integrity of the insulation layer, the annealing temperature of powder is significantly increased by surface modification, so as to reducing the hysteresis loss meanwhile controlling the eddy current loss. • Low core loss Fe-Si soft magnetic composites were prepared. • Nano-Al 2 O 3 was deposited on the surfaces of Fe-Si powders by ALD. • A protective and insulating layer formed at the interface after annealing. • Hysteresis loss reduced obviously due to the grain growth. • Decline of hysteresis loss dominates the dramatic reduction of total loss.

FUZZY REGULATOR OF THE ROD SUPPLY SYSTEM OF ARDUINO-BASED CROSS-WEDGE ROLLING MILL IN LABVIEW ENVIRONMENT

The main purpose of scientific work is to develop a regulator based on fuzzy logic for an electronic control system for the supply of bar billets in automated cross-wedge rolling complexes.&#x0D; Cross-wedge rolling belongs to the advanced energy-saving technologies where technological processes based on metal cutting are replaced by economic processes of plastic forming of details. The analysis showed that coefficient increase of metal utilization requires loss decrease arising from the supply inaccuracy of the bar workpiece to the length of the part. The task is to reproduce the given law of motion of the actuator, i.e. to ensure maximum speed, smooth acceleration and braking with the possibility of a shockless stop at the end of the stroke. The solution of this problem is proposed to be carried out by entering the fuzzy control unit into the structure of the system for controlling the supply..&#x0D; The hardware basis of the control system in this work is the Arduino hardware and software complex based on the Atmel AVR microcontroller. The software model of the control system is developed in the graphical programming environment LabVIEW, which is widely used as a standard tool for data collection and control of devices in industry, education and research laboratories. The construction of a fuzzy regulator and its implementation are considered using Fuzzy Logic Designer.&#x0D; On the basis of systematized knowledge about the object of research, its characteristics and features, linguistic input and output variables were selected, as well as membership functions and a fuzzy production model of knowledge was formulated. The configuration of the control system depends on the number of controlled outputs and controlled input data and in this case the MISO information structure is applied. The paper presents the front panel of the virtual device developed by LabVIEW, which is designed to display information about the current state of the system. The purpose of the developed fuzzy regulator model is to output the value of the initial air pressure in the cavity of the actuating pneumatic cylinder, which will create an air cushion in the process of advancing the piston, which has properties similar to those of a normal spring. Smooth stopping of the piston is provided by the coordinated choice of rigidity of a pneumatic spring taking into account length of a detail and weight of a rod and allows us to reduce kinetic energy in an end point of positioning that increases accuracy of supply.&#x0D; The analysis of research results confirmed the efficiency and adequacy of the model used and the developed set of operation rules of the fuzzy regulator. Testing of the control system on parts of different lengths confirmed a reduction in total losses and an increase in the utilization of the metal.

Role of Technology in Reducing Losses in Dairy Animals Due to Delayed Conception: A Case of “ICAR-IVRI Crystoscope”

Background: In field situations often failure to breed timely leads to delay in conception causing significant losses to the dairy farmers. ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar has developed ‘ICAR-IVRI Crystoscope’ for detection of right-time for breeding.In Indian context, literature on reproduction economics, documenting the costs delayed conception, is scant. Further, in spite of the potential inherent in the above-mentioned technology, no systematic attempt has been made to ascertain its economic impact. The present study assessed the economic impact of use of ‘ICAR-IVRI Crystoscope’ in terms of losses avoided in dairy animals. Methods: The study is based on field survey covering 628 cattle from sample 117 households, selected from Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir state of India. The approach to identifying incidence of delayed conception comprised interview with Para-veterinarians/Inseminators by visiting each case of delayed conception with them; crosschecking with the records kept by the Para-veterinarians/Inseminators and validation by holding focused group discussions with Government Veterinary Officers, Para-veterinarians, inseminators and the farmers. Primary data were collected through personal interview of head of sample households with the help of a well-structured, comprehensive and pretested interview schedule. Result: Overall incidence of delayed conception, due to failure to detect optimum breeding time, ranged between 22-29%. Average number of services required per conception and days delayed in conception were less in treatment villages than in control ones. The study revealed that one extra day delayed in conception increases the total loss per animal due to delayed conception by INR 138.0, while use of ‘ICAR-IVRI Crystoscope’, reduces loss due to delayed conception per animal by INR 2965.55. The study thus provides definite indications that use of the technology has significant impact on reduction in total loss due to delayed conception on account of failure to detect optimum breeding time.

Estimating the impact of work difficulties, work self-efficacy and work psychological safety on MS-related work productivity loss

Background: A comprehensive understanding of factors associated with multiple sclerosis (MS)-related work productivity loss will inform targeted interventions. We have previously shown the strong impact of symptom severity on MS-related work productivity loss. However, the effect of work difficulties, work self-efficacy and work psychological safety is yet to be well evaluated in this context. Objectives: This study evaluates the association between work difficulties, work self-efficacy and work psychological safety, and MS-related presenteeism, absenteeism and total work productivity loss. Methods: We analysed data from employed participants of the Australian MS Longitudinal Study (AMSLS) who took part in both the 2015 Medication and Disease Course survey, and 2015 Employment survey (n = 744). Data were analysed using Cragg Hurdle regression models. Results: We found that low workplace self-esteem, interpersonal difficulties at work and work self-efficacy were associated with total work productivity loss. In a multivariable model, a 10-unit decrease in workplace self-esteem, increase in interpersonal difficulties at work and 5-unit increase in work self-efficacy were independently associated with a 3.75% increase, 2.89% increase and 3.36% reduction in total work productivity loss, respectively. When separating total work productivity loss in presenteeism and absenteeism, stronger effects were seen for presenteeism than absenteeism. Surprisingly, work psychological safety was not associated with MS-related work productivity loss. Conclusion: Work psychosocial well-being such as self-confidence at work, work self-efficacy and interpersonal difficulties at work are crucial factors governing work productivity in people with MS (PwMS). Multidisciplinary support team assistance of PwMS in symptom self-care, skills around effective communication about MS in the workplace, the psychological impact of work and the modification of work demands may positively influence the employment outcomes.

Simultaneous placement of electric vehicle charging station and DG units in urban area using novel enhanced antlion optimizer

The electric vehicle market has surged the consideration of charging station requirements in the commercial and residential areas of the urban regions. The addition of charging stations at the existing power network introduces a greater challenge on voltage stability and losses. The effect of the charging station can be addressed through the optimal integration of Distributed Generation (DG) units into the network. The improper placement of DG units can jeopardize the network stability. These issues are addressed by optimal placement of DG units and charging stations in the network to improve voltage, reduce transmission loss and maximize the charging station capacity. Here the objectives are considered as a multi-objective problem and solved using an enhanced Ant-lion optimization algorithm. The proposed method is implemented and tested over IEEE – 33, 69 and 94 radial bus system in MATLAB R2020a version. In IEEE – 33 bus system, the total loss reduction of 67.63% and the minimum voltage of 0.981 is attained with 2909.2 kW of DG and 1770.7 kW of charging station. The voltage stability index is improved to 0.92. The efficacy of the proposed method is evaluated through comparison with existing methods such as Genetic Algorithm (GA) with VRP method, Harris Hawks Optimization (HHO) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). It is evident that the proposed method gives improved performance than other methods.

An improved MOPSO algorithm for optimal sizing & placement of distributed generation: A case study of the Tunisian offshore distribution network (ASHTART)

Investigation of power distribution systems is an attractive field in the power system analysis. The location and size of Distributed Generation (DG) are important and an uncontrollable choice might result in a negative impact on the system’s behavior. This paper presents an improved approach for optimum simultaneous DG placement and sizing to reduce power loss and improve the voltage profile and the stability of distribution networks. Numerous methods have been used for solving this difficult combinatorial problem like Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm used in this work. The suggested MOPSO method combined with MATPOWER toolbox was tested on standard IEEE 33-bus and IEEE 69-bus radial distribution networks (RDN) throw different scenarios. The major contribution of this paper was that the procedure was applied to the Tunisian electricity distribution network (ASHTART) of the SEREPT (Society for Research and Exploitation of Petroleum) to prove the efficiency of applying this method on real-world systems. This paper will also compare the proposed method with previous findings methods and the obtained results testify to the robustness and effectiveness of the improved MOPSO algorithm in terms of reduction in total active power losses (TAPL), maximization of a percentage of minimum voltage improvement (%MVI), amelioration in voltage profiles and also maximization in voltage stability index (VSI) while finding the optimal location and size of the DG units (OPSDG).

69 Hot Saline Irrigation for Haemostasis in Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Abstract Aim The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of existing evidence on the role of hot saline irrigation (HSI) in patients undergoing functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) and its impact on the visibility of the surgical field (VSF). Method A search of PubMed, Cochrane, Ovid (including Embase, Medline and Allied and Complementary Medicine Database) databases as well as Google Scholar was performed. Results Three randomised control trials (RCT) were included. All three were pooled into meta-analysis which demonstrated a statistically significant better VSF (MD -0.51; 95% CI -0.84, -0.18; P = 0.003), a reduction in total blood loss (TBL) (MD -56.40ml; 95% CI -57.30. -55.51; P = &amp;lt;0.0001) and a reduction in operating time (OT) (MD -7.01mins; 95% CI 9.02mins; 95% CI -11.76, -6.28; P = &amp;lt;0.0001) during FESS in the HSI group compared with the room temperature irrigation control group. Further subgroup analysis of studies that did not use topical vasoconstrictors showed a significant reduction in TBL and OT. There were no reported adverse events related to HSI. Conclusions This is the first systematic review that addresses HSI for haemostasis in FESS. The results suggest that HSI in FESS for chronic rhinosinusitis may significantly improve VSF, reduce TBL by 20% and decrease OT by 9 minutes. HSI is cheap and a readily available intervention with a low risk of morbidity and adverse events. However, there are limitations of the study due to significant heterogeneity of methods, quality, and size of the studies.

Enhanced Reverse Recovery Performance in Superjunction MOSFET with Reduced Hole-Barrier

High reverse recovery charge (QRR) and resultant high switching losses have become the main factors that constrain the performance and application area of superjunction MOSFET (SJ-MOSFET). To reduce QRR, an SJ-MOSFET with reduced hole-barrier is proposed and demonstrated. By introducing a Schottky contact on the bottom of the n-pillar at the drain side, the barrier for the hole carrier is dramatically reduced in the reverse conduction state. As a result, the hole carrier in the drift region is significantly reduced, which results in a low QRR and enhanced reverse recovery performance. Compared with the conventional SJ-MOSFET (Conv-SJ-MOSFET), the proposed device achieves 64.6% lower QRR with almost no sacrifice in other characteristics. The attenuated QRR accounts for a 19.6% ∼ 46.8% reduction in total power losses with operation frequency at 5 ∼ 200 kHz, demonstrating the great potential of the proposed SJ-MOSFET used in power conversion systems.

Energy efficient distillation column configuration: an exergy analysis

The column targeting tools and exergy analysis are used to set energy targets and improve energy efficiency in the distillation column. The combination of process options like feed stage location, reflux ratio, feed conditioning, side-reboiler and side-condenser greatly improves thermodynamic efficiency and reduces exergy loss throughout the column. The converged base-case simulation for propane-propylene binary mixture obtained from Aspen Plus was evaluated with both column targeting tools and exergy loss analysis. The study reveals significant decrease in reboiler (∼29%) and condenser (∼15%) duties, and increase in thermodynamic efficiency by ∼33% as compared to base-case design by reduction in total exergy losses.

Bi-Level Multi-Objective Planning Model of Solar PV-Battery Storage-Based DERs in Smart Grid Distribution System

This paper presents a novel bi-level multi-objective model for planning solar PV-battery storage (PV-BS) based DERs in Smart grid distribution system (SGDS). The planning of Solar PV and battery storage (BS) in the distribution system presents severe complexities for the system planner due to their inherent attributes. The detailed analysis considering all three planning aspects, namely technical, economics, and environmental, is presented, assisting in the efficient and reliable planning operation. The four test cases are formulated based upon the life cycle cost, unserved energy, penetration level, and social welfare. The <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">level-1</i> proceeds with evaluating the DERs sizing along with penetration level and serves as an input to <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">level-2</i> for computing the optimal placement for DERs. The proposed model is implemented on the IEEE-33 bus distribution system and solved using Butterfly-PSO (BF-PSO) algorithm. The detailed parametric and sensitivity analysis presented may aid the system planners in terms of planning preview. The simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed work by showing significant improvement in bus voltage profiles (up to 4%) and reduction in total power losses (up to 45%). The highest penetration level is observed for Case 2 (70%), which also corresponds to the highest LCC (k <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\$ $ </tex-math></inline-formula> 147094) and thus results in the lowest emission cost (k <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\$ $ </tex-math></inline-formula> 4920).