Reduction Of Sulfur Dioxide Research Articles

Postharvest ozone fumigation of Petit Verdot grapes to prevent the use of sulfites and to increase anthocyanin in wine

Background and Aims The request by the consumer for safer food is also pushing the wine sector to find alternative solutions to sulfur dioxide. The aim of this research has been to evaluate the application of ozone as a sanitising agent of grapes before vinification in order to avoid the use of sulfur dioxide. Methods and Results Postharvest ozone fumigation overnight of Petit Verdot grapes increased anthocyanin concentration by 19% versus 9% in the Control (untreated) during fermentation/maceration. Fermentation kinetics were faster in wine made from ozone-treated grapes (16 vs 21 days for the Control), and extraction of phenolic substances and anthocyanin was more rapid than that in the Control wines, Ozone treatment significantly reduced the count of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and non-Saccharomyces yeasts but also significantly decreased the acetic acid bacteria. The final wine produced from ozone-treated grapes was characterised by low volatile acidity (similar to that of the Control wine) with a significant reduction in sulfur dioxide (17 and 8 mg/L, respectively, total and free sulfur dioxide). Sensory evaluation revealed a strong fruity aroma. Conclusions Ozone gas treatment of grapes reduced the microbial count significantly and increased the extraction of phenolic substances and the aroma of the final wine. Significance of the Study Postharvest ozone fumigation can be used to produce wine without sulfur dioxide.

Enhanced oxidation of MgSO3 during desulfurization by a novel spray method in magnesium-based seawater exhaust gas clean system

The magnesium-based seawater exhaust gas clean system is effective in reducing sulfur dioxide emission from marine diesel engines. Oxidation of the desulfurization by-product, magnesium sulfite (MgSO3), is required for recycling. However, the oxidation efficiency is generally low in the aeration tank after the desulfurization process, making the tank volume too large for practical use on ocean vessels. In this article, we propose a novel spray oxidation method to enhance the oxidation of MgSO3 during the desulfurization process. The effects of MgSO3 content, pH and temperature on the oxidation rate were investigated. The results showed that the spray oxidation rate of MgSO3 was 1.5 order with respect to the MgSO3 concentration under both unsaturated and saturated conditions of MgSO3 solution, which is different from the aeration oxidation researches. The spray oxidation rate decreased with the increase in pH and raised slowly as the temperature increased. The MgSO3 oxidation mechanism of the spray oxidation method was analyzed and discussed in comparison with the traditional bubble aeration method. The novel spray oxidation method is effective in reducing the cost of the subsequent MgSO3 aeration oxidation process and the offprint of aeration tanks, thus is promising to be applied on ocean vessels.

Evaluation of Effects of Ship Emissions Control Areas

With the growing number of ships, emissions from the shipping industry now rank as one of the three major sources of air pollutants. This has aroused the concern of more and more countries and international organizations. To control shipping emissions, three ship emissions control areas (ECAs) have been set up in China. This study first evaluates the effectiveness of the ECA designed to reduce sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions in the Shanghai, China, port area, and then estimates carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions reduction by regarding the ECA as a reduced speed zone by using container ships’ data. The case study of the port of Shanghai finds that for the year 2020, a reduction in SO2 emissions by at least 103,998.17 tons can be achieved with the 12-nmi ECA of Shanghai port, CO2 emissions can be reduced by 827,733.64 tons with a 12-knot speed limit in the 12-nmi ECA, and an additional SO2 reduction of 522.23 tons can be achieved by slow steaming within the ECA. The results also show that adoption of a shoreside power supply system can lead to a remarkable reduction of all the air pollutant emissions inventories. The positive effect of emissions reduction is much more significant than the extra costs incurred by ship operators and ports. The goal of reductions in emissions to improve the air quality of port areas could be achieved through adopting these “green” port policies in the future.

Potential Effect of Biomass Addition with Pakistani Low Rank Coal on Emission of SO 2

Emission of SO2 during combustion of fossil fuel had many environmental problem like acid rain, corrosion effect due to sulfur content in coal etc. in this regard study was made to investigate the potential of biomass for sulfur dioxide reduction. Three different biomass were blend with coal under different ratio like 90/10, 80/20, 70/30 and 60/40. The minimum emissions were observed during co-combustion of coal with -300ppm at ratio of LC80%+BTW 20% and maximum emission was sort out at 100%LC. It could be making easily decision on utilization of biomass with coal for favorable results regarding emission of SO2 from co-combustion process.

Potential Effect of Biomass Addition with Pakistani Low Rank Coal on Emission of SO 2

Emission of SO2 during combustion of fossil fuel had many environmental problem like acid rain, corrosion effect due to sulfur content in coal etc. in this regard study was made to investigate the potential of biomass for sulfur dioxide reduction. Three different biomass were blend with coal under different ratio like 90/10, 80/20, 70/30 and 60/40. The minimum emissions were observed during co-combustion of coal with -300ppm at ratio of LC80%+BTW 20% and maximum emission was sort out at 100%LC. It could be making easily decision on utilization of biomass with coal for favorable results regarding emission of SO2 from co-combustion process.

Shipboard trials of magnesium-based exhaust gas cleaning system

In this paper, the shipboard trials were conducted to investigate the efficacy of a magnesium-based exhaust gas cleaning system (Mg-EGCS) and the life cycle cost analysis method was utilized to evaluate the economic benefit of Mg-EGCS. The shipboard trials results indicated that the measured sulfur dioxide reduction was excellent, well within the IMO’s most stringent limits at any test loads. The discharge water was in compliance with IMO’s guidelines for exhaust gas scrubbers. Furthermore, the pressure drop was less than 400Pa, which was far below a nominal scrubber pressure drop of 1500Pa. The internal rate of return (IRR) value of Mg-EGCS implied that it had obvious economic advantage compared with the conventional closed loop, hybrid and dry system.

A cooperative reduction model for regional air pollution control in China that considers adverse health effects and pollutant reduction costs

How to effectively control severe regional air pollution has become a focus of global concern recently. The non-cooperative reduction model (NCRM) is still the main air pollution control pattern in China, but it is both ineffective and costly, because each province must independently fight air pollution. Thus, we proposed a cooperative reduction model (CRM), with the goal of maximizing the reduction in adverse health effects (AHEs) at the lowest cost by encouraging neighboring areas to jointly control air pollution. CRM has two parts: a model of optimal pollutant removal rates using two optimization objectives (maximizing the reduction in AHEs and minimizing pollutant reduction cost) while meeting the regional pollution control targets set by the central government, and a model that allocates the cooperation benefits (i.e., health improvement and cost reduction) among the participants according to their contributions using the Shapley value method. We applied CRM to the case of sulfur dioxide (SO2) reduction in Yangtze River Delta region. Based on data from 2003 to 2013, and using mortality due to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases as the health endpoints, CRM saves 437 more lives than NCRM, amounting to 12.1% of the reduction under NCRM. CRM also reduced costs by US $65.8×106 compared with NCRM, which is 5.2% of the total cost of NCRM. Thus, CRM performs significantly better than NCRM. Each province obtains significant benefits from cooperation, which can motivate them to actively cooperate in the long term. A sensitivity analysis was performed to quantify the effects of parameter values on the cooperation benefits. Results shown that the CRM is not sensitive to the changes in each province's pollutant carrying capacity and the minimum pollutant removal capacity, but sensitive to the maximum pollutant reduction capacity. Moreover, higher cooperation benefits will be generated when a province's maximum pollutant reduction capacity increases.

PM2.5 pollution is substantially affected by ammonia emissions in China

Urban air quality in China has been declining substantially in recent years due to severe haze episodes. The reduction of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions since 2013 does not yet appear to yield substantial benefits for haze mitigation. As the reductions of those key precursors to secondary aerosol formation appears not to sufficient, other crucial factors need to be considered for the design of effective air pollution control strategies. Here we argue that ammonia (NH3) plays a - so far - underestimated role in the formation of secondary inorganic aerosols, a main component of urban fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations in China. By analyzing in situ concentration data observed in major cities alongside gridded emission data obtained from remote sensing and inventories, we find that emissions of NH3 have a more robust association with the spatiotemporal variation of PM2.5 levels than emissions of SO2 and NOx. As a consequence, we argue that urban PM2.5 pollution in China in many locations is substantially affected by NH3 emissions. We highlight that more efforts should be directed to the reduction of NH3 emissions that help mitigate PM2.5 pollution more efficiently than other PM2.5 precursors. Such efforts will yield substantial co-benefits by improving nitrogen use efficiency in farming systems. As a consequence, such integrated strategies would not only improve urban air quality, but also contribute to China's food-security goals, prevent further biodiversity loss, reduce greenhouse gas emissions and lead to economic savings.

Cathode depassivation using ultrasound for the production of colloidal sulphur by reduction of sulphur dioxide

The effect of ultrasound is analysed in order to avoid the passivation of the cathode as a result of blocking the electrode surface area by the sulphur produced from sulphur dioxide reduction. The experiments were carried out with a rotating cylinder electrode using either a single phase electrolyte which contained 5gdm−3 sulphur dioxide, or in a biphasic system processing a gas phase with 5% of sulphur dioxide in nitrogen. In both cases the supporting electrolyte was a 0.5moldm−3 H2SO4 solution. It was found that the application of ultrasound is very effective to detach the sulphur from the cathode surface and also to improve the reactor performance in comparison with a silent system. The best working conditions were achieved at cathodic potentials in the range of −0.6 to −0.7V. vs. SCE. Representative values for the figures of merit of the process are as follows: the space time yield was 1.4kgm−3h−1 and 0.7kgm−3h−1 for the biphasic and single phase systems, respectively. The current efficiency was 70%, 23kWhkg−1 the specific energy consumption and 91% the molar yield towards the sulphur production in the biphasic system at −0.7V. The volumetric mass-transfer coefficient was calculated from experimental data and compared with the theoretical prediction for a rotating cylinder electrode under silent condition, corroborating the beneficial effect of ultrasound for the production of colloidal sulphur. The particles have high purity and a spheroidal shape with an average diameter of 1.84μm, similar to those obtained without the application of ultrasound.

Interconversion and selective reactivity of sulfur dioxide reduction intermediates inserted on graphene oxide

Graphene oxide, MPGO, was obtained by oxidation of graphite microparticles by a H2SO4/KMnO4/H2O2 mixture followed by thermal exfoliation. Non‐thermal plasma treatment of MPGO under SO2 atmosphere resulted in the insertion of the oxidized intermediates only. Refluxing this material in CS2 (46 °C) showed sulfur elimination and interconversion of the oxidized into non‐oxidized intermediates with an energetic barrier of ΔG‡ = 25.81 kcal mol−1 without decarboxylation. The episulfide content in modified MPGO increases with respect to the oxidized intermediates when increasing temperature. Modification of MPGO with SO2 at 630 °C presented exclusively the non‐oxidized intermediate. These results support the hypothesis that there are two major reactions with different energetic demand in the SO2 reduction on carbons: desulfurization and decarboxylation. The selectivity of thiolysis and aminolysis towards the intermediates inserted in the MPGO matrix allowed the amino‐thiolysis of a sample containing both intermediates with the insertion of the amino group on the episulfide site followed by an intramolecular thiolysis with double functionalization of the matrix. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

A warmer policy for a colder climate: Can China both reduce poverty and cap carbon emissions?

Reducing global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions is often thought to be at odds with economic growth and poverty reduction. Using an integrated assessment modeling approach, we find that China can cap CO2 emissions at 2015 level while sustaining economic growth and reducing the urban-rural income gap by a third by 2030. As a result, the Chinese economy becomes less dependent on exports and investments, as household consumption emerges as a driver behind economic growth, in line with current policy priorities. The resulting accumulated greenhouse gas emissions reduction 2016–2030 is about 60billionton (60Mg) CO2e. A CO2 tax combined with income re-distribution initially leads to a modest warming due to reduction in sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions. However, the net effect is eventually cooling when the effect of reduced CO2 emissions dominates due to the long-lasting climate response of CO2. The net reduction in global temperature for the remaining part of this century is about 0.03±0.02°C, corresponding in magnitude to the cooling from avoiding one year of global CO2 emissions.

Studi Pengurangan Cemaran Gas Buang Sulfur Dioksida (So2) dari Emisi Cerobong Pabrik Nikel dengan Menggunakan Senyawa Kimia Penjerapamonium Hidroksida

Research on absorption of gaseous SO2 from factory emissions of nickel ore industry using solution of ammonium hydroxide has been done. Research conducted with variations including concentration, temperature, and time of contact. Variation of the concentration used were 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5%; while variations of the temperature used were 20 o C, 25 o C, 30 o C, 35 o C, and 40oC; and the contact time were 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 minutes. SO2 gas emissions sampling is done at a time when the factory operates at flow velocity and temperature conditions exhaust gas emissions. Results showed the greater concentration of the solution absorbing the greater the concentration of sulfur dioxide gas absorption, absorption temperature range between 30° C-40° C, and the longer the absorption of the greater number of SO2 absorption. A comparison of the percentage of the results of the average accumulation of absorption between absorbent solution (ammonium hydroxide) and slurry of calcium carbonate to reduce sulfur dioxide emissions to ambient air showed results still under the limestone slurry i.e. absorption capability comparison 95.00%: 62,91%. Difference in SO2 gas that is not absorbed out as emissions are still on top of the raw set quality standard (750 mg/m3). The gas is absorbed to form ammonium sulphate compounds that could be accommodated and packaged for commercialized as a by-product in the form of inorganic fertilizers valued economically. As such, ammonium hydroxide is used as an alternative to allow compound absorbent and produces no side residue so that the result is considered safe for the environment.

Curtailing the generation of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide emissions by blending and oxy-combustion of coals

This research examined the reduction of combustion-generated sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide emissions from a pulverized high-sulfur bituminous coal by co-firing it with a lignite coal and by substituting air with O2/CO2 gases, of compositions pertinent to dry once through oxy-fuel combustion conditions. Oxygen mole fractions were in the range of 21–30%. The neat bituminous and lignite coals as well as a 50–50wt% blend thereof were burned in a laboratory-scale electrically-heated drop-tube furnace under fuel-lean conditions. Coal particles were in the size range of 75–90μm and the furnace was operated at 1400K. Results showed that the SO2 emissions from the lignite coal were drastically lower than those from the bituminous coal, whereas the NOx emissions were only mildly lower. Co-firing the high-sulfur bituminous coal and the low-sulfur lignite coal reduced the SO2 emissions, under both air and oxy-combustion conditions, to values well-below those predicted by linear interpolation of the respective emissions of the two neat coals. This observation, in conjunction with ash analysis shows that the alkali-rich ashes of the lignite coal acted as sulfur sorbents for the copious SO2 emissions of the bituminous coal. This behavior was contrasted to SO2 sorption when the bituminous coal was co-injected with calcium- and sodium-based sorbents at analogous alkali to sulfur ratios. Co-firing of the coals reduced the NOx emissions only mildly, whereas the substitution of the background N2 gas with CO2 resulted in much more extensive NOx reductions.

Use of Lysozyme and Oligomeric Proanthocyanidin to Reduce Sulfur Dioxide and the Evolution of Volatile Compounds in Italian Riesling Ice Wine During Aging Process

In order to reduce sulfur dioxide (SO2) level in ice wine making, the effects of low SO2, lysozyme and oligomeric proanthocyanidin (OPC) on the volatile compounds were, respectively, studied during 1 year aging process. Based on the previous study, seven treatments of Italian Riesling ice wine were carried out for monitoring the evolution of volatile compounds. Results of gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) showed that, about 180 mg/L SO2 not only increased total alcohols content in Italian Riesling ice wine, but also significantly correlated with certain higher alcohols during 1 year aging process. Meanwhile, the final concentration of medium-chain fatty acid ethyl esters and the corresponding fatty acids were found highly related to lysozyme adding. Moreover, OPC played a positive role in stabilizing the total content of esters at a level around 200 mg/L, it mainly due to its excellent ability of free oxygen scavenging. Finally, principal components analysis (PCA) was conducted to reclassify major volatile compounds and 14 typical volatile components were defined. Practical Application This article was technically supported by our previous research: Development of lysozyme-combined antibacterial system to reduce sulfur dioxide and to stabilize Italian Riesling ice wine during aging process and mainly studied three volatile compounds evolution (alcohols, acids and esters) in Italian Riesling ice wine during 1 year aging process. It not only illustrated SO2 can not be totally replaced after alcohol fermentation because of its extraordinary contribution on alcohols and esters composition, but also indicated an appropriate range of SO2 addition (180–200 mg/L) contributes to the synthesis of fruity and floral bouquet for aging. On the other hand, the addition of lysozyme and OPC not only improved the activity of LAB inhibition and antioxidant for ice wine aging, but also promoted certain esters evolution, which contributed more complexities for ice wine bouquet. It further proved the utilization of our system can be very promising and beneficial for reducing SO2 concentration and stabilizing Italian Riesling ice wine during aging process.

Sulfur Fixation by Chemically Modified Red Mud Samples Containing Inorganic Additives: A Parametric Study

Sulfur retention ability of Bayer red mud from alumina plant was investigated. Bayer red mud modified by fusel salt and waste mother liquor of sodium ferrocyanide as the main sulfur fixation agent and the calcium based natural mineral materials as servicing additives; the experimental results showed the following: (1) Through 10 wt% waste mother liquor of sodium ferrocyanide modifying Bayer red mud, sulfur fixation rate can increase by 13 wt%. (2) Magnesium oxide can obviously improve the sulfur fixation performance of Bayer red mud and up to a maximum sulfur fixation rate of 47 wt% at adding 1 wt% magnesium oxide. (3) Dolomite enhanced the sulfur fixation performances with the sulfur fixation rate of 68 wt% in optimized condition. (4) Vermiculite dust reduced sulfur dioxide during the fixed-sulfur process of modified Bayer red mud, and the desulphurization ration could reach up to a maximum 76 wt% at 950°C. (5) An advanced three-component sulfur fixation agent was investigated, in which the optimized mass ratio of modified Bayer red mud, dolomite, and vermiculite dust was 70 : 28 : 2 in order, and its sulfur fixation efficiency has reached to a maximum 87 wt% under its 20 wt% dosage in the coal.

An Analysis of the Impact of China’s Pollution Reduction Policy on Sulfur Dioxide Emissions

This study analyzed the effectiveness of China’s policy to reduce of sulfur dioxide. China’s 12SUPth/SUP Five-year plan on national economic and social development emphasized environmental protection and low-carbon economic development. Sulfur dioxide was one of the major gases to affect air pollution and climate change and its control became a key policy agenda in the environment and energy sector. As the absolute amount of sulfur dioxide emissions in China came from the industrial sector, the control of the coal-based energy was especially urgent. This study analyzed the factors that influenced the sulfur dioxide emissions and the policy effects to reduce sulfur dioxide in China from 2003 to 2012 based on regional data. The air pollution treatment investments showed the biggest impact together with energy conservation policy in reducing sulfur dioxide emissions. However, pollutant emissions charge did not show a relevant policy effectiveness in all regions as the amount of charge would be smaller than economic benefit from non-compliance. Rationalizing pollutant emissions charge is, therefore, a key policy task for further reduction of sulfur dioxide emissions.

Exploring the effect of elevated storage temperature on wine composition

Temperature can play a significant role in the development of wine at many stages during its lifetime. Elevated temperature, however, poses a significant risk to the sensory attributes of wine and its resultant shelf-life. Wines often experience difficult environmental conditions during transport and storage, and this can directly impact on the colour, aroma and mouthfeel of the wine. Higher and/or fluctuating temperature can essentially accelerate the ageing process. Unfortunately, these changes often go unnoticed until the wine reaches the consumer. Numerous studies have investigated the impact of elevated temperature on wines, with noticeable effect, such as reduction of sulfur dioxide, colour development (especially browning of white wines) and changes in the profile of volatile compounds, being common. Unfortunately, most of these studies tend to have a narrow scope and tend to focus only on a limited number of wine types or on specific compounds. The chemistry changes involved in heat-affected red wines are generally more complex than they are in white wines, but it is arguable that white wines are more sensitive to the effect of heat and therefore require the same or a greater level of research consideration with respect to temperature effects. The focus of this review is to highlight the common effects that different wine types and styles can experience when subjected to elevated storage temperature that are considered to be beyond the limits that most winemakers and consumers would accept. This review will also summarise the fundamental chemical kinetics that play a significant role in wine development at elevated temperature.

Electrochemical production of colloidal sulphur by reduction of sulphur dioxide using a parallel plate reactor with convergent flow

A parallel-plate electrochemical reactor with a double convergent flow at the cathodic and also at the anodic compartment is analysed for the production of colloidal sulphur by reduction of sulphur dioxide. A reactor with convergent flow was adopted in order to enhance the mass-transfer conditions along the electrode length. A mathematical treatment is presented for reactors with convergent flow based on the plug flow model, which can predict the maximum current. However, at higher times the cathode is blocked by the deposited sulphur decreasing the current. The best working conditions were achieved with a polished cathode working at a potential of –0.7V against SCE for a volumetric flow rate of 8.33×10−6m3s−1 obtaining 19.6kgm−3h−1 as the maximum value of space time yield, for which the electrical parameters were 2.6V average cell voltage, 22kWhkg−1 specific energy consumption and 40 % current efficiency. The colloidal sulphur presents particles of spheroidal shape with an average diameter of 1.85μm.

Quality Assessment during Storage of Young White Wine var. Sauvignon Blanc

Chemical composition of white wine Sauvignon blanc var. was assessed during storage from January until August. Common analytical methods were applied for alcohol content, total reducing sugar, sulphur dioxide and total acidity analysis. The value for total reducing sugar of 1,8 g/L, could include the Suvignon blanc wine as dry wine. There was observed a loss in alcohol content with 5% in the stored white wine. In order to ensurre the wine stabilization, the amount of sulphur dioxide increased gradually from cold to warm season, in August reaching the highest value of 130 mg/L total SO 2 .

Comparison of Electroreduction of Sulfur Dioxide in Ionic Liquid at Gold and Platinum Electrodes

The electrochemical reduction of sulfur dioxide (SO2) has been studied in ionic liquid (IL) 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([Bmpy][NTf2]) at gold and platinum electrodes by cyclic voltammetry and in-situ electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance. A mechanism for the electrode reaction was proposed that the main process in the reduction was one electron-transfer process and the product was stable SO2 -• radical anion. While two anodic peaks were observed on the oxidation wave at both working electrodes. The anodic peak which appeared at a less negative potential was assigned to the oxidation of free SO2 -• radicals. However, the peak appearing at more positive potential was assigned to the oxidation of SO2 -• which was solvated into IL electrolyte on the electrode surface. Comparing gold and platinum electrodes, the gold electrode gave a better sensitivity due to the interaction between sulfur and gold surface. Based on the above proposed SO2 electrochemical reduction mechanism, real time SO2 detection by amperometric method was also investigated. The results demonstrated that the detection limit and sensitivity for SO2 was 39.4 ppm and 99 µA/[%SO2], respectively, in [Bmpy][NTf2] at gold electrode. A stable response was able to achieve over 30 days. Because of the attractive physical properties of ILs (e.g., less volatile and high thermal stability), the utilization of IL provides a novel electrochemical approach to develop a robust SO2 sensor.