Reduction Of Sulfur Dioxide Research Articles

Sulfur dioxide reduction at coal-fired power plants in North Carolina and associations with preterm birth among surrounding residents.

We used US EPA Air Markets Program Data to track SO2 emissions and determine the implementation dates of intervention at CFPPs and geocoded 2003-2015 NC singleton live births. We conducted a difference-in-difference analysis to estimate change in PTB associated with change in SO2 reduction strategies for populations living 0-<4 and 4-<10 miles from CFPPs pre- and postintervention, with a comparison of those living 10-<15 miles from CFPPs. With the spatial-temporal exposure restrictions applied, 42,231 and 41,218 births were within 15 miles of CFPP-scrubbers and CFPP-retired groups, respectively. For residents within 4-<10 miles from a CFPP, we estimated that the absolute prevalence of PTB decreased by -1.5% [95% confidence interval (CI): -2.6, -0.4] associated with scrubber installation and -0.5% (95% CI: -1.6, 0.6) associated with the retirement of coal units at CFPPs. Our findings were imprecise and generally null-to-positive among those living within 0-<4 miles regardless of the intervention type. Results suggest a reduction of PTB among residents 4-<10 miles of the CFPPs that installed scrubbers.

The collaborative pollutants and carbon dioxide emission reduction and cost of ultra-low pollutant emission retrofit in China's cement kiln

Promoting the ultra-low pollutant emission retrofit of the cement industry, as the third largest industry in terms of air pollutants and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in China, has become an important part of achieving carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. In this work, the current status of pollutant emission in cement industry and the pollutant emission limit value of ultra-low emission retrofit in typical provinces were analyzed. And, the collaborative air pollutants and CO2 emission reduction potential and cost-benefit were assessed in six types of ultra-low pollution emission retrofit scenarios. The results indicate that the emission reduction of particulate matter (PM)，sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) in six scenarios are 10%–15%, 1%–5% and 26%–64%, respectively. The construction investment of 43.8 billion Yuan is needed to complete the retrofit of production lines when the pollutant emission limit value is set as 10 mg/m3, 35 mg/m3 and 50 mg/m3 for PM, SO2 and NOx, which is 6 times of that when the pollutant emission limit value is set as 10 mg/m3, 50 mg/m3 and 100 mg/m3. However, the cost per unit equivalent of pollutant abatement of the former is only 36% of the latter. The emission reduction potential of CO2 in six scenarios is 0.4%–0.6%, indicating that the ultra-low pollutant emission retrofit in cement kiln has limited effect on CO2 emission reduction potential. Comprehensive analysis of emission reduction potential and cost-benefit, it is more economical and reasonable for China cement kilns to choose the path of ultra-low emission retrofit in scenario 4.

Causality and dynamic spillover effects of megacities on regional industrial pollution reduction

Regional economic power and local environmental policies have a substantial impact on pollution reduction in urban agglomerations (UAs); however, whether megacities in UAs exert spillover effects of pollution reduction on surrounding cities remains unknown. This study presents a causal analytic framework to evaluate the spillover effects of megacities on regional industrial pollution reduction in three major UAs in China between 2005 and 2016. The interaction between industrial pollution reduction and infrastructure investment indicators was also examined. Results indicated a good fit for spatial spillover of sulfur dioxide reduction (SR) in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) and Yangtze River Delta (YRD) but not in the Beijing-Hebei-Tianjin cluster (JJJ). Spatial spillover of dust reduction (DR) was evident in the PRD and JJJ but not the YRD. Spatial analysis showed that infrastructure investment indicators, at megacity and UA levels, had short-term spillover effects on surrounding cities for DR but not SR. However, spatial spillover effects, at both the city and UA levels, were substantial over the long term. In addition, the results of the spatial-time lag analysis suggest a linear relationship between pollution control-related infrastructure investment indicators and long-term pollution reduction. This study provides new information regarding the spatial spillover effects of megacities on regional industrial pollution reduction in UAs.

PANI sensor for monitoring the oxidative degradation of wine using cyclic voltammetry

Redox species in wine are altered by pH and some wines are easily degraded due to oxidation and sulfur dioxide (SO2) reduction. There is a need for quick, easy, simple, and economical methodologies for pH and wine-oxidized products (acetaldehyde) analysis. This study aimed to measure pH and degradation of wines that were electrochemically analyzed using polyaniline (PANI) sensor. Gas chromatography (GC) and fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR) were also used. Electrochemical analysis showed that oxidation was accelerated and peak currents (Ip,a) and potentials (Ep,a) shifted to negative direction due to acetaldehyde formation. PANI sensor achieved a limit of detection (LOD) of 7 × 10−1 ppm and a sensitivity of 5.20 µA ppm−1 cm−2. Acetaldehyde formation was confirmed by GC (30%) and FT-IR spectra at 1647 cm−1 to the CO vibration of aldehyde. These results suggested that acetaldehyde degraded the taste of wine after remaining open.

Reduction of Sulfur Dioxide to Sulfur Monoxide by Ferrous Porphyrin**

AbstractThe reduction of SO2 to fixed forms of sulfur can address the growing concerns regarding its detrimental effect on health and the environment as well as enable its valorization into valuable chemicals. The naturally occurring heme enzyme sulfite reductase (SiR) is known to reduce SO2 to H2S and is an integral part of the global sulfur cycle. However, its action has not yet been mimicked in artificial systems outside of the protein matrix even after several decades of structural elucidation of the enzyme. While the coordination of SO2 to transition metals is documented, its reduction using molecular catalysts has remained elusive. Herein reduction of SO2 by iron(II) tetraphenylporphyrin is demonstrated. A combination of spectroscopic data backed up by theoretical calculations indicate that FeIITPP reduces SO2 by 2e−/2H+ to form an intermediate [FeIII−SO]+ species, also proposed for SiR, which releases SO. The SO obtained from the chemical reduction of SO2 could be evidenced in the form of a cheletropic adduct of butadiene resulting in an organic sulfoxide.

Reduction of Sulfur Dioxide to Sulfur Monoxide by Ferrous Porphyrin.

The reduction of SO2 to fixed forms of sulfur can address the growing concerns regarding its detrimental effect on health and the environment as well as enable its valorization into valuable chemicals. The naturally occurring heme enzyme sulfite reductase (SiR) is known to reduce SO2 to H2 S and is an integral part of the global sulfur cycle. However, its action has not yet been mimicked in artificial systems outside of the protein matrix even after several decades of structural elucidation of the enzyme. While the coordination of SO2 to transition metals is documented, its reduction using molecular catalysts has remained elusive. Herein reduction of SO2 by iron(II) tetraphenylporphyrin is demonstrated. A combination of spectroscopic data backed up by theoretical calculations indicate that FeII TPP reduces SO2 by 2e- /2H+ to form an intermediate [FeIII -SO]+ species, also proposed for SiR, which releases SO. The SO obtained from the chemical reduction of SO2 could be evidenced in the form of a cheletropic adduct of butadiene resulting in an organic sulfoxide.

Research on the Spatial Effects of Green Process Innovation, Environmental Regulation, and Precipitation on Environmental Air Pollution

In recent years, air pollution events have occurred frequently in China and have had serious impacts on people’s work and life. The research objective of the article is to find out the spatial effects of green process innovation, environmental regulation, rainfall, and pollution from industrial development on air pollution by compiling a development index of the air pollution industry and constructing spatial autoregression and spatial Durbin models. The study found that green technology innovation significantly reduced sulfur dioxide emissions and fog haze pollution. The development of industrial air pollution is an important source of sulfur dioxide and pollutant haze and has significant spatial spillover effects. The strengthening of environmental regulations leads to a decrease in life pollution but causes a transfer of industrial pollution. Rainfall is conducive to reducing the concentrations of pollutants in the air, such as those from chimneys and smog. Policy recommendations are proposed, such as establishing different environmental policies for different green technological innovations to promote green technology innovation; constructing a joint defense control system for regional air pollution; increasing the construction of artificial wetlands in areas with serious air pollution; and creating scientific plans to coordinate the development of industry, technology, and the environment, to provide help for China to reduce the emission of atmospheric environmental pollutants.

Research on the Impact of Economic Financialization on Pollution Reduction – Analysis Based on Panel Data of 285 Prefecture-level Cities

As the core content of green China construction, pollution reduction plays an important role in achieving high-quality development. This paper mainly explores the pollution reduction effect of finance in the process of increasing the status of the national economic system, and verifies the indirect role of innovation-driven development in the relationship between economic financialization and pollution reduction. The results show that economic financialization has a significant direct impact on the emission reduction of industrial wastewater and sulfur dioxide, especially in cities with a high degree of financialization. Subsequently, the sample data transformation and the robustness test of green credit policy further support the above conclusions. At the same time, urban innovation capacity has a partial indirect effect on the pollution reduction of economic financialization, while robot use only has an indirect effect on the sulfur dioxide reduction of economic financialization. This study provides a theoretical basis for promoting wider and deeper development of green finance.

Effects of sulfur dioxide inhalation on human health: a review.

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is one of the most important gaseous air pollutants and the chemical index of sulfur oxides (SOx). SO2 is one of the six criteria pollutants in the air quality index (AQI). SO2 can be emitted by natural and anthropogenic sources. Although efforts have been made to reduce sulfur dioxide emissions worldwide, this pollutant and its adverse effects remain a major concern, especially in developing countries. The aim of this study was the investigated the effects of sulfur dioxide inhalation on human health. This narrative review was done based on the literature published from 2000 to 2022 through PubMed, Springer, Web of Science, Science Direct, and Google Scholar databases. In this study, was done screened first based on the abstract and Final assessment done based on the full text of the article. Finally, 38 articles were selected for inclusion in the study. The results of this study showed that sulfur dioxide has adverse health effects on the human respiratory, cardiovascular, and nervous systems and causes type 2 diabetes and non-accidental deaths. Although some evidence suggests that sulfur dioxide in given concentrations has no adverse health effect, its synergistic effects in combination with other air pollutants may be significant. Among the most important practical results of this study can be mentioned to increase the health awareness of the general public, help the politicians of the health sector in making decisions in the health field, creating awareness among polluting producing units and industries and efforts to reduce the emission of Sulfur dioxide.

Is there a stronger willingness to pay for air quality improvement with high education: new evidence from a survey in China.

As a developing country with the largest population and serious environmental pollution in the world, China has made great efforts in air pollution. Air quality improvement depends not only on government administrative regulations but also on public support, especially how much the public is willing to pay for air quality improvement. Higher education will encourage the public to take action to improve air quality. However, the confirmation of the causality relationship between WTP and education has been missing. This study uses the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) to find the relationship between the two, and the conclusions are drawn: OLS regression model and instrumental variable both determine the positive influence of education level on air quality improvement WTP, and Heckman model further verifies the robustness of the conclusion. The positive influence of education level is greater in the groups of men, higher income, higher awareness of acid rain, and more air purifiers, and it has a greater impact on married people in rural areas than in urban areas. The function mechanism of education can improve residents' WTP by increasing regional GDP, promoting urbanization level, expanding afforestation areas, decreasing private car ownership and the number of newly registered civil cars, and reducing sulfur dioxide emissions, nitrogen oxides, and smoke (powder) dust. The total social and economic value of air quality improvement in China is 34.572 billion CNY to 672.42 trillion CNY.

Aerosol emissions from a marine diesel engine running on different fuels and effects of exhaust gas cleaning measures

The emissions of marine diesel engines have gained both global and regional attentions because of their impact on human health and climate change. To reduce ship emissions, the International Maritime Organization capped the fuel sulfur content of marine fuels. Consequently, either low-sulfur fuels or additional exhaust gas cleaning devices for the reduction in sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions became mandatory. Although a wet scrubber reduces the amount of SO2 significantly, there is still a need to consider the reduction in particle emissions directly.We present data on the particle removal efficiency of a scrubber regarding particle number and mass concentration with different marine fuel types, marine gas oil, and two heavy fuel oils (HFOs). An open-loop sulfur scrubber was installed in the exhaust line of a marine diesel test engine. Fine particulate matter was comprehensively characterized in terms of its physical and chemical properties. The wet scrubber led up to a 40% reduction in particle number, whereas a reduction in particle mass emissions was not generally determined. We observed a shift in the size distribution by the scrubber to larger particle diameters when the engine was operated on conventional HFOs.The reduction in particle number concentrations and shift in particle size were caused by the coagulation of soot particles and formation/growing of sulfur-containing particles. Combining the scrubber with a wet electrostatic precipitator as an additional abatement system showed a reduction in particle number and mass emission factors by >98%.Therefore, the application of a wet scrubber for the after-treatment of marine fuel oil combustion will reduce SO2 emissions, but it does not substantially affect the number and mass concentration of respirable particulate matters. To reduce particle emission, the scrubber should be combined with additional abatement systems.

Exploratory research on influential factors of China's sulfur dioxide emission based on symbolic regression.

The amount of China's sulfur dioxide emission remains significantly large in recent years. To further reduce sulfur dioxide emission, the key is to find out the leading factors affecting sulfur dioxide emission and then take measures to control it accordingly. In order to investigate the influential factors of sulfur dioxide emission of various provinces, the data of sulfur dioxide emission of 30 provinces in China from 2001 to 2020 were collected. We established the symbolic regression model to explore the relationship between the GDP (x1), total population (x2), total energy consumption (x3), thermal power installed capacity (x4), and sulfur dioxide emission (dependent variable) for each province. The results show that the amount of China's total sulfur dioxide emission and sulfur dioxide emission in most provinces meet the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC). The influential degree of the factors affecting China's sulfur dioxide emission are GDP, total energy consumption, thermal power installed capacity, and total population. The provinces with the primary factor of GDP have the lowest average total energy consumption and average thermal power installed capacity, and their average sulfur dioxide emissions are also relatively low. The provinces with the primary factor of GDP do not show obvious geographical characteristics, but the provinces with the primary factor of total energy consumption are all distributed in southern China. Based on the research results, some control measures are also put forward.

Commercial Vehicles in Delhi: Diesel Demand and Sulphur Emission

The aim of this paper is to estimate the future growth of commercial vehicles (passenger vehicles and goods vehicles) and to project the subsequent increase in diesel demand and the level of sulphur dioxide emissions in Delhi. Using an S-curve growth model on the data set of auto rickshaws, taxis, buses, and goods vehicles from 1965-66 to 2005-06, a long-term trend in the growth of commercial vehicles is projected to the year 2020-21. By 2020-21, the number of commercial vehicles is expected to increase to 0.51 million, with an increase in the share of goods vehicles and a simultaneous decrease in the share of passenger vehicles. The growth of commercial vehicles will boost the demand for diesel in 2020-21 by 68 percent, thus resulting in a threefold increase in sulphur dioxide emissions. The conversion of goods vehicle engines from diesel to CNG (compressed natural gas) will reduce diesel demand and sulphur dioxide levels significantly. A reduction of sulphur content in diesel can further reduce sulphur dioxide emissions.

Does China's National Demonstration Eco-Industrial Park Reduce Carbon Dioxide and Sulfur Dioxide-A Study Based on the Upgrading and Transformation Process.

With the increasingly serious environmental problems, coordinating the relationship between the environment and economic development has become a crucial task for developing countries, especially China. This paper studies the role of eco-industrial parks (EIPs) in the emissions of carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide in China with the difference-in-difference (DID) approach by focusing on the entire process of EIPs’ establishment—upgrading provincial development zones (DZs) to national DZs and then transforming national DZs into EIPs. Besides, we examined the heterogeneous effect of the different transformations from national economic and technological development zones (ETZs) or national high-tech zones (HTZs) to EIPs. In addition, we studied the spatial spillover effects of EIPs and their paths with the spatial difference-in-difference (SDID) method. The results show that neither provincial DZs nor national DZs can significantly reduce sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide emissions. Only when national DZs are transformed into EIPs can they be reduced significantly. However, the different transformations from the HTZs and ETZs to EIPs have different effects on emissions. Moreover, EIPs have technology spillovers and demonstration effects on surrounding areas. Therefore, EIPs can reduce emissions in the surrounding areas. The results indicate that, in order to achieve high-quality development and coordinate the relationship between environment and economic development, we should take positive steps to promote the transformation of DZs into EIPs.

‘Best-scenic zone’ selection as a method of reducing sulfur dioxide emissions: A quasi-experiment in Chinese urban environmental governance

By treating the designation of “best-scenic zone” as an exogenous event for a natural experiment, we apply a difference-in-difference method to gauge the extent to which the designation of best-scenic zone can help alleviate the conflict caused by environmental protection and economic growth for local governments, increase the attention to environmental governance, and therefore reduce the emission of sulfur dioxide. Our results indicate a significant reduction of sulfur dioxide emissions in cities designated as best-scenic zone, especially in ones facing high public pressure. Our study enriches studies on environmental governance by guiding local governments on how to strike a balance between economic growth and environmental governance.

Simultaneous reduction of nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide in circulating fluidized bed combustor during oxy-coal combustion

For stable carbon capture utilization and storage, highly-pure CO2 content and low pollutant emissions must be maintained throughout oxy-coal firing operation; however, studies on combining absorbent addition and oxidant staging combustion to eliminate simultaneous nitrogen oxides (NO, N2O) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) have not been reported. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of oxidant staging and limestone addition on the reductions of NO, N2O, and SO2 emissions in an oxy-circulating fluidized bed combustor at 25% and 31% input oxygen. The operating parameters considered in this study were: oxidant compositions; corresponding flow rate ratios; primary, secondary, and tertiary oxidants (PO, SO, and TO, respectively); TO supply heights; and limestone addition. The results revealed that compared to the TO supply heights, increasing TO flow rate was more effective at reducing the nitrogen oxide emissions. Under an optimal flow rate ratio (PO:SO:TO = 70:10:20) and TO height (6.4 m), NO, N2O, and SO2 emissions were ≈7.4, 4.2 and 4.1 mg MJ−1, respectively. The increase in SO2 emission caused by the application of oxidant staging could be effectively decreased by 60.6% without impacting combustion performance via limestone injection into the combustor; effectively facilitating the production of >86 vol% CO2. These findings can serve as valuable references for future designs, and the efficient operation of oxy-coal combustion plants constructed at larger scales, thereby ensuring highly-pure CO2 content and low pollutant emissions.

A study on the applicability of pulverized coal combustion flue gas desulfurization of alkali metal-based pretreatment desulfurization agent

An experiment was conducted to reduce sulfur oxides by burning low-calorie, low-sulfur sub-bituminous coal treated with an alkali metal-based coal pretreatment desulfurization agent. As a result of pre-combustion treatment with 0.3% desulfurization agent, it was possible to reduce sulfur dioxide by 96.83ppm from 97.10ppm to 0.27ppm on average compared to raw coal at 6% reference oxygen concentration, and the maximum reduction rate was found to be 99.70% on average. Additional research is needed on whether such a reduction rate is possible even in the case of high-sulfur coal treatment, but by using an alkali metal-based pre-combustion desulfurization agent, the emission of sulfur dioxide could be dramatically reduced for low-sulfur sub-bituminous coal. In the future, it will be possible to minimize the emission of sulfur dioxide to the atmosphere by operating in combination with FGD, which is a post-treatment facility.

Thermodynamic study of regenerative barium-based materials towards barium sulfide for catalytic sulfur dioxide reduction

Flue gas with high SO2 content presents a series of human health and environmental problems, which prompted Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) technologies widely utilised in industries. However, the conventional FGD using absorbents or adsorbents could generate secondary sulfur-containing pollutants. Thus, a regenerative FGD reaction system that eliminates secondary pollutants while recovering valuable S has been researched. Ba-based materials, viz. Ba(OH)2, BaCO3 and BaO as the precursors, are involved in a regenerative BaS/BaSO4 reaction system of this research. Current thermodynamic study via minimization of Gibbs free energy explored the feasibility of BaS production from these Ba-based materials and reviewed its potential in SO2 reduction to S. Formation of BaS from Ba-based materials was feasible but the yield depends strongly on the temperature and sulfidizing agent used. Compared to BaCO3-systems, Ba(OH)2- and BaO-systems showed better performance in BaS synthesis due to their high equilibrium conversion, even at temperatures< 773 K. Besides, H2S is a better sulfidizing agent for BaS synthesis due to higher BaS yield (maximum 99%). Synthesis routes of different Ba-systems were confirmed by their respective Keq profiles. The feasibility of BaS catalyst in SO2 reduction to S was proven by the excellent SO2 reducing activity and high S yield (100%) at 273 – 1173 K with S8 and S2 as major products. BaS regeneration via H2 was also validated by high BaS yield (100%) at 473 – 1273 K.

The Turning Point in Indian Environment

The human life in the earth may be continued without water for few days, without food for few weeks. However the human life in the earth may not be continued for few minutes without air. Air comes under. 24 ? 7 in our human system. In such condition, air plus sulphur dioxide is harmful to respiratory system which leads to premature deaths and reduction in life expectancy. It is a big shock to the nation that India becomes the highest emitter of sulphur dioxide of the world, surpassing the China. It is not a encouraging trend for us. Under these circumstances MOEF and CC has notified the norms for various pollutants including sulphur dioxide emission from thermal power plants in December 2015. The norms cover various size plants for various periods with various levels of emission, with a timeframe of two years as implementation schedule. This notification is a correct notification in correct direction, but with some time delay. This notification has put about 1800000 MW in study mode, mainly of coal fired units in nature. The sulphur dioxide emission may be well controlled by installing flue gas desulphurisation (FGD) system in boiler flue gas path. By injecting lime in the flue gas path, sulphur dioxide is converted to calcium sulphite and then by reacting with oxygen, it is converted to calcium sulphate. Thus the flue gas is purified from sulphur dioxide. India has to import this technology. Technology transfer is a difficult task especially on commercial terms. This article narrates the various happenings in the country after the publication of notification.so that the reader gets the overall picture in single presentation. The implementation of the flue gas desulphurisation (FGD) system in Indian thermal power plants as early as possible, may improve the environment prevails in the country. This paper deals with various issues related to Sulphur dioxide emission and reduction measures.

Bioprotective Effect ofPichia kluyveriandLactiplantibacillus plantarumin Winemaking Conditions

Consumer demand for wines free of, or with, reduced levels of preservatives provide new challenges for innovation in winemaking. The addition of microorganisms as bioprotective agents to avoid or reduce sulfur dioxide (SO₂) addition during winemaking is a possible intervention strategy that could be of interest to winemakers. A strain of <i>Pichia kluyveri</i> and one of <i>Lactiplantibacillus plantarum</i> were inoculated into a Nebbiolo red grape must, previously inoculated with a mix of microorganisms to mimic a grape must environment. The synergistic effect of the added strains with no, low (1 g/hL), or moderate (3 g/hL) addition of total SO₂ was explored over two vintages (2019 and 2020). Wine fermentations were monitored for microbiological (yeast and lactic and acetic acid bacterial populations) and physicochemical attributes (standard chemical parameters, chromatic characteristics, phenolic and aroma compounds). Microbiological analyses showed fewer undesired microorganisms, namely <i>Acetobacter aceti</i> and <i>Hanseniaspora uvarum</i>, independently from the strain used; this decrease occurred faster when starter cultures were combined with SO₂. Chemical analyses revealed less acetic acid and ethyl acetate in the bioprotected wines. The bioprotective ability of the starter cultures occurred in both vintages. This study examines <i>P. kluyveri</i> and <i>L. plantarum</i> as bioprotective agents in winemaking to reduce SO₂ additions during the first steps of wine production.