Reduce Energy Losses Research Articles

The complexity of goats’ feeding behaviour: An overview of the research in the tropical low deciduous forest

This overview describes a series of studies on the feeding behaviour of goats in the low deciduous forest (LDF) and some of the factors that affect such behaviour. Those multidisciplinary studies included field trials as well as controlled pen trials. Field observations were performed with the direct observation method (DOM) and by establishing a bite code grid adapted to the LDF, and the pen studies used a cafeteria strategy using leaves harvested from different plants of the LDF. Studies exploring the selection of feed resources used different selection indexes. Field observations showed that goats consumed >90 plant species from the heterogeneous vegetation, but only a few (7 - 15 species) represented >90% of the daily intake, and that differed between rainy and dry seasons. Although the LDF vegetation allows goats to match their crude protein requirements in both seasons, dietary energy was the limiting factor, and the condensed tannin (CT) content of the harvested diet was always high. Field and cafeteria studies suggested that goats optimize their diet with the resources available as they prefer to consume leaves with lower fibrous content while plant secondary metabolites (PSM) such as condensed tannins (CT) seemed less influential. Field and pen studies confirmed that CT blocking with polyethylene glycol did not modify the intake and selection of the CT-rich foliage which could be related to tannin-binding salivary proteins which were identified as an innate feature of the local goats. While pen studies showed that browsing experience helped goats select feeds of better digestibility and lower PSM content, helping them optimize their nutrition, field studies showed that adult goats consumed more plant species, performed larger bites, at higher strata than kids, while the proportion of life forms consumed was similar. Most field and pen studies showed that goats generally do not consume CT-rich foliage as a therapeutic self-medication strategy against gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN), instead, a prophylactic strategy seemed feasible. This behavioural feature could aim at different goals: (i) to avoid excess nitrogen in the rumen, (ii) to maintain the CP:energy balance (reducing energy loss due to urea urinary excretion), and (iii) to avoid exsheathment of GIN L3 (affecting their life-cycle). The DOM showed that goats consume small quantities of plants containing toxic compounds and they shift from browsing early in the morning to grazing some hours later, and both strategies warrant further research. The DOM also helped to relate plant life forms consumed with the degree of GIN infection, which deepens our understanding of GIN epidemiology in heterogeneous vegetation ecosystems. From these findings on the feeding behaviour of goats in the LDF, new research opportunities were proposed.

Hybrid AC/DC architecture in the CE.D.E.R.-CIEMAT microgrid: demonstration of the TIGON project.

This article presents the demonstrative development of the Towards Intelligent DC-based hybrid Grids Optimizing the Network performance (TIGON) project at the Centre for the Development of Renewable Energy - Centre for Energy, Environmental and Technological Research (CE.D.E.R.-CIEMAT), as well as the established objectives to be achieved with the implementation of a microgrid with smart grid architecture based on direct current (DC) and integrated into the current energy system. This type of architecture is proposed as a future solution to reduce energy losses caused by DC-alternating current (AC) conversions, increasing the overall performance and profitability of hybrid grids. All this without forgetting to ensure the supply, stability and reliability of the system with the development of all the necessary equipment and protections to make this approach a reality. The microgrid design and process of implementation start from a transformation centre, from which the medium voltage direct current (MVDC) grid will be created by the Solid State Transformer (SST). In the MVDC grid, we will find a bank of lead-acid batteries and other essential equipment in the microgrid, a DC/DC converter that will create the low voltage direct current (LVDC) grid. On the LVDC side, several branches have been designed to connect the rest of the systems; generation (mini-wind and photovoltaic), storage (LFP batteries) and loads (AC and DC loads). Each of the equipment will have a connection to the DC grid through converters made exclusively for this equipment and connexion to the AC grid, which will allow us to obtain all the necessary data to carry out the required studies to achieve the established objectives of the project.

Recent Progress on the Tribology of Pure/Doped Diamond-like Carbon Coatings and Ionic Liquids

This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in tribology concerning pure/doped diamond-like carbon coatings (DLCs) and ionic liquid (ILs) interaction. DLC coatings are often used in industrial machinery and processes where sliding occurs between surfaces, leading to wear and degradation of their surfaces. DLC coatings are optimized by adjusting operating and deposition parameters as well as doping them with other elements to improve performance, such as thermal stability and chemical resistance. ILs are a promising green lubricant option due to their low melting temperature, superior thermal stability, and high miscibility with organic substances. ILs have been studied as neat lubricants and additives, and their tribological properties have been investigated, including their use as extreme temperature lubricants. The tribological properties of pure/doped DLC coatings with ILs have also been explored, although limited research has been conducted in this area. The combined effect of DLCs and ILs shows great promise in reducing energy loss due to friction, promoting longevity, and conserving energy.

Investigation on the roles of equilibrium toroidal rotation during edge-localized mode mitigated by resonant magnetic perturbations

The effects of equilibrium toroidal rotation during edge-localized mode (ELM) mitigated by resonant magnetic perturbation (RMP) are studied with the experimental equilibria of the EAST tokamak based on the four-field model in the BOUT++ code. As the two main parameters to determine the toroidal rotation profiles, the rotation shear and magnitudes were separately scanned to investigate their roles in the impact of RMPs on peeling–ballooning (P-B) modes. On one hand, the results show that strong toroidal rotation shear is favorable for the enhancement of the self-generated shearing rate with RMPs, leading to significant ELM mitigation with RMP in the stronger toroidal rotation shear region. On the other hand, toroidal rotation magnitudes may affect ELM mitigation by changing the penetration of the RMPs, more precisely the resonant components. RMPs can lead to a reduction in the pedestal energy loss by enhancing the multimode coupling in the turbulence transport phase. The shielding effects on RMPs increase with the toroidal rotation magnitude, leading to the enhancement of the multimode coupling with RMPs to be significantly weakened. Hence, the reduction in pedestal energy loss by RMPs decreased with the rotation magnitude. In brief, the results show that toroidal rotation plays a dual role in ELM mitigation with RMP by changing the shielding effects of plasma by rotation magnitude and affecting by rotation shear. In the high toroidal rotation region, toroidal rotation shear is usually strong and hence plays a dominant role in the influence of RMP on P-B modes, whereas in the low rotation region, toroidal rotation shear is weak and has negligible impact on P-B modes, and the rotation magnitude plays a dominant role in the influence of RMPs on the P-B modes by changing the field penetration. Therefore, the dual role of toroidal rotation leads to stronger ELM mitigation with RMP, which may be achieved both in the low toroidal rotation region and the relatively high rotation region that has strong rotational shear.

РОЗРОБКА СИСТЕМИ КЕРУВАННЯ ЕЛЕКТРОПОСТАЧАННЯМ В УМОВАХ ОБМЕЖЕННЯ ПОТУЖНОСТІ

Abstract. The article considers the problem of efficient distribution of electricity under conditions of limited production capacity. The specifics of production and energy consumption of various industries and classes of consumers are studied, which allows taking into account their needs and ensuring optimal distribution of electricity. Over the past decades, there has been an increase in demand for electricity in industry, the economy and the population. At the same time, existing sources of electricity generation may be limited in capacity, which leads to a situation where insufficient power cannot satisfy all consumer needs. The article presents an analysis of various methods of power supply management, including traditional and innovative approaches. The advantages and disadvantages of each method are discussed, and the author proposes his own control system that combines the best aspects of different approaches. The main results of the study are the development of an efficient power supply management system that ensures optimal distribution of electricity among different categories of consumers. The use of this system will reduce electricity losses and ensure a stable electricity supply for all consumers. In today's environment of technological development and growing electricity consumption, there is an urgent problem of optimising the management of limited sources of electricity supply to different categories of consumers. Solving this problem will help to increase the reliability and efficiency of electricity supply, as well as ensure the balanced operation of the system of conditionally limited electricity sources in the face of diverse consumer needs. Further research could consider the possibility of implementing the proposed power supply management system in practice and evaluate its effectiveness. Additional research can also be conducted on the impact of various factors, such as changes in electricity demand or increased production capacity, on the operation of the control system. Overall, this paper is an important contribution to the development of power management systems. It proposes a new approach to electricity distribution that allows for optimal resource utilisation and reduces energy losses. The results of the study may be useful for energy specialists and developers of power supply management systems. Keywords: autonomous power supplies, uninterrupted power supply, optimisation of energy consumption, renewable energy sources, power supply control system.

ИННОВАЦИОННЫЕ МАТЕРИАЛЫ И ТЕХНОЛОГИИ ДЛЯ ПРОИЗВОДСТВА ВЫСОКОЭФФЕКТИВНЫХ ТРАНСФОРМАТОРОВ

The article considers innovative materials and technologies that can significantly improve the efficiency of modern transformers. The prospects for using new magnetic and dielectric materials, including nanocrystalline alloys and high-temperature superconductors, are discussed. Particular attention is paid to the use of additive technologies and intelligent monitoring systems, as well as their impact on the performance characteristics and cost-effectiveness of transformers. The analysis demonstrates how these innovations can help reduce energy losses and support sustainable development of the energy industry.

Turning toward a smart region by implementing a hybrid power system

Distributed generation (DG) especially energy acquired from renewable energy sources (RES) plays a significant role in modern power sector due to high carbon emissions around the globe. Its emerging potential is feasible by implementing microgrids as they are beneficial for networks in terms of increasing flexibility and stability, providing frequency and voltage support, power factor compensation etc. This makes the investment into microgrid incorporating RESs attractive, while at the same time reducing overall investment in the grid. Higher cost and stochastic nature of intermittent RES are complications for the implementation and operation of such solutions. This paper will analyse economic feasibility of hybrid power system (HPS) implementation consisting of a wind generator (WG), a photovoltaic system (PVS), gas combined heat and power plant (CHP) and storage batteries. Each of the elements is optimized according to power demand and RES’s potential. Technical analysis of the grid integration, parallel operation of the system and the grid is analysed with an example of a real medium-voltage distribution network operating in Bosnia and Herzegovina by using quasi-dynamic load flow simulation of one-week time-period. Finally, different operating mechanisms and strategies will be proposed, following the minimal power form the grid premise to satisfy maximum usability of RES’s potential. It is shown that implementing such HPS would be beneficial in terms of both economy and, ecology, as well as in reducing energy losses. Besides, it will reduce power supplying costs and energy losses, as well as and secure better exploitation and utilization of natural renewable energy sources. These technologies positively affect power network by decreasing the risk of network-components overloading, better exploiting the power-generation facilities based on renewable resources and positively impacting voltage profiles. Similar places, situated on remote locations, may use this analysis as an example to follow, to reduce their costs of electricity, acquire more reliable and sustainable power supply, and embrace green future.

ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКИЕ СИСТЕМЫ НА ОСНОВЕ СУПЕРКОНДЕНСАТОРОВ: ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ, ПРОЕКТИРОВАНИЕ И ОПТИМИЗАЦИЯ

The article is devoted to the study of energy systems based on supercapacitors, which are promising devices for storing and distributing energy. The main characteristics of supercapacitors, their application in various industries, as well as methods for designing and optimizing such systems are considered. Particular attention is paid to increasing the efficiency of supercapacitors, improving their energy density and durability, and reducing energy losses. The presented experimental results demonstrate the competitiveness of supercapacitors compared to other energy storage technologies.

NiOx/PANI nanocomposite doped carbon paste as electrode for long-term stable and highly efficient perovskite solar cells.

Carbon-based perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have emerged as a hopeful alternative in the realm of photovoltaics. They are considered promising due to their affordability, remarkable durability in humid environments, and impressive electrical conductivity. One approach to address the cost issue is to use affordable counter electrodes in PSCs that do not require organic hole transport materials (HTMs). This study utilized an innovative and economical method to create NiOx/PANI nanocomposites. Later, these nanoparticles were integrated into a carbon paste to act as an HTM. This incorporation is intended to optimize charge extraction, improve interfacial contact, align energy levels, reduce energy loss, minimize charge recombination, and protect the perovskite (FAPbI3) surface from degradation. The optoelectronic properties of these devices were investigated, and all cells showed improved efficiency compared to control cells. The NiOx/PANI doped carbon (NiOx/PANI+CE) exhibited excellent performance due to strong hole conductivity, well-aligned energy levels, and the formation of stepwise band alignment at the perovskite interface.

Topology characteristics of liquid ammonia swirl spray flame

The utilization of liquid ammonia in gas turbines can reduce energy loss and start-up time. However, the flash boiling phenomenon and the high latent heat of liquid ammonia make the spray flame difficult to stabilize. Increasing the preheated air temperature or adding a small amount of hydrogen as a piloted fuel are considered as effective methods to enhance the stability. To understand the flame topological structure, simultaneous Mie scattering and planar laser-induced fluorescence of OH (OH-PLIF) techniques were used to visualize the liquid ammonia spray structure and flame region information. Results show that the liquid ammonia swirl spray flame exhibits the flame topological structure of distinct zoning characteristics, including the droplet zone, the mixing zone, and the flame zone. Increasing the preheated air temperature accelerates the evaporation of liquid ammonia, leading to an increase in the local equivalence ratio and radial flame splitting. At lower air temperature conditions, increasing the hydrogen blending ratio has minimal impact on the flame topological structure. However, at higher temperature conditions, hydrogen blending significantly promotes reaction intensity upstream and reduces the flame lift-off height, which makes the mixing zone smaller. In general, to achieve a better flame stability effect, the two factors need to be reasonably matched, which has important reference value for the development of liquid ammonia fueled gas turbine combustors.

19.5% Efficiency organic solar cells enabled by a direct C–H arylation-derived wide-bandgap small-molecule guest donor

A tin-free asymmetric small-molecule guest donor (oPhFO) with a wide bandgap allows PM6:oPhFO:BTP-ec9 ternary OSCs to reach a champion efficiency of 19.5% by optimizing blend morphology and vertical phase separation as well as reducing energy loss.

Nonadiabatic molecular dynamics study on effect of Ge/Sn alloy on hot carrier relaxation of CsPbBr<sub>3</sub> perovskite

Perovskite solar cells have been a prominent focus in the field of photovoltaics in recent decades, owing to their exceptional performance: easy synthesis, and cost-effectiveness. The all-inorganic cesium-based perovskite CsPbBr<sub>3</sub>, known for its remarkable thermal stability, has become a star material in the field of optoelectronics due to its outstanding luminescent properties. Despite the high efficiency of lead-based perovskite solar cells, the toxicity associated with lead and the poor long-term stability of these devices remain significant barriers to their large-scale commercialization. As is well known, non-radiative electron-hole recombination significantly shortens the carrier lifetime, acting as a primary pathway for excited state charge to loss energy. This phenomenon directly affects the photovoltaic conversion efficiency and charge transfer performance of perovskite materials. Therefore, maximizing the reduction of non-radiative recombination energy loss in perovskite solar cells has become a crucial research focus. In this study, a systematic exploration is conducted by using a non-adiabatic molecular dynamics approach combined with time-dependent density functional theory to investigate the excited-state carrier dynamics of CsPbBr<sub>3</sub> and its alloyed structures, CsPb<sub>0.75</sub>Ge<sub>0.25</sub>Br<sub>3</sub> and CsPb<sub>0.5</sub>Ge<sub>0.25</sub>Sn<sub>0.25</sub>Br<sub>3</sub>. The study comprehensively analyzes the non-radiative electron-hole recombination scenarios and the mechanisms for reducing charge energy loss based on crystal structure, electronic properties, and excited-state properties. The research findings reveal that alloying with Sn/Ge can reduce the bandgap, increase non-adiabatic coupling, and shorten the decoherence time. The interplay of reduced quantum decoherence, smaller bandgap, and larger non-adiabatic coupling effectively decelerates the electron-hole recombination process. Consequently, the carrier lifetime of the CsPb<sub>0.75</sub>Ge<sub>0.25</sub>Br<sub>3</sub> system extends by 1.6 times. Moreover, under the joint influence of Sn/Ge, the carrier lifetime of the CsPb<sub>0.5</sub>Ge<sub>0.25</sub>Sn<sub>0.25</sub>Br<sub>3</sub> system extends by 4.2 times compared with those of the original system. The overall sequence follows CsPb<sub>0.5</sub>Ge<sub>0.25</sub>Sn<sub>0.25</sub>Br<sub>3</sub> > CsPb<sub>0.75</sub>Ge<sub>0.25</sub>Br<sub>3</sub> > CsPbBr<sub>3</sub>. This study underscores the significant influence of binary alloying of B-site metal cations (in the perovskite structure <i>ABX</i><sub>3</sub>, where B-site refers to the metal cation) on the non-radiative electron-hole recombination of CsPbBr<sub>3</sub>.This research presents an effective alloying scheme that substantially prolongs the carrier lifetime of perovskites, offering a rational approach to optimizing solar cell performance. It lays the groundwork for the future design of perovskite solar cell materials.

АЛГОРИТМ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ ДВУХ ТРАНСФОРМАТОРОВ ВЗАМЕН ОДНОГО НА ТРАНСФОРМАТОРНЫХ ПОДСТАНЦИЯХ 10/0,4 КВ

According to statistics, losses in electrical networks of power supply organizations in the Russian Federation amount to 10 percent, while the world average is 8 percent. The Energy Strategy for the period until 2035, approved by the Government of the Russian Federation in 2020, sets the goal of achieving a reduction in electrical energy losses to 7.3 percent by 2035. One of the effective ways to reduce electricity losses is to replace underloaded transformers at substations in order to increase the transformer load factor. For this purpose, a method was developed for using two transformers instead of one at 10/0.4 kilovolt transformer substations. (Research purpose) is to develop an algorithm for implementing a method of using two transformers instead of one at 10/0.4 kilovolt transformer substations in order to reduce electricity losses. (Materials and methods) General scientific research methods, methods for constructing algorithms, control and data transmission systems, and analysis of scientific and technical information were used as the methodological basis for the research. (Results and discussion) This paper presents an algorithm for implementing the method of using two transformers instead of one at 10/0.4 kilovolt transformer substations. The algorithm allows automatically controlling the connection and disconnection of power transformers at a transformer substation depending on their load and season, while recording these actions and sending the corresponding signals to the dispatcher of the power supply organization. (Conclusions) Based on the results of the study, it was found that the developed algorithm for implementing the method of using two transformers instead of one at 10/0.4 kilovolt transformer substations makes it possible to achieve a reduction in electricity losses by increasing the load factor of transformers.

Actual Reasons Involving Turn-Off Losses Improvement With Increasing Load and Gate Resistance in MOSFETs Enhanced With Kelvin Source

This paper explains the actual reasons behind the improvement in terms of turn-off energy losses (Eoff) reduction, obtained using Kelvin pin (4-lead, 4L) MOSFETs instead of 3L ones. Eoff increases by increasing gate resistance and load, but the experimental results reveal that the increment is less in 4L than in 3L MOSFETs. Analysing the turn-off waveforms and adopting circuit analysis, the paper first proves that the common argument about the undesired effect of the parasitic source inductance in 3L MOSFETs is misleading. Then, the reasons behind the aforesaid improvement in 4L MOSFETs with increasing gate resistance and load are described by means of the derived analytical expressions. Finally, the analysis of the equations has provided helpful information at the design stage, also accounting for the different device technologies. In particular, the improvement obtained using 4L MOSFETs reduces as the driving loop parasitic inductance increases and evanesces if its value becomes comparable with the power loop parasitic inductance.

Energetic inversion of singlet/triplet interfacial charge-transfer states for reduced energy loss in organic solar cells

Significant CT inversion can be achieved via hybridization of the triplet CT state with high-lying local triplet states, which benefits to concurrently reduce the triplet recombination and driving force for higher-efficiency organic photovoltaics.

Research on Acoustic Control of Coupled Vibration System of Transducers Using Acoustic Surface and Topological Defect Structures

How to regulate the sound waves in the coupled vibration system of complex power ultrasonic transducers and design high-performance transducer systems has always been an urgent problem in the field of power ultrasound. Research has found that introducing various defects within the transducer system can improve the performance of the transducer coupled vibration system to a certain extent. However, the drawbacks of high loss, narrow frequency band, and sensitivity to structural parameters limit the further practical application of defect type phononic crystal transducer coupled vibration systems.<br>In order to improve the limitations of the coupled vibration system of defect type phononic crystal transducers, effectively reduce energy loss, and improve the efficiency of energy transmission, this paper introduces a topological defect structure with energy localization effect and a sound surface structure with high energy transmission efficiency into the coupled vibration system of the transducer. In this study, the acoustic surface structure and topological defect structure were used to excite defect states with energy localization effects and high energy transmission efficiency surface states, effectively regulating the vibration of the transducer coupled vibration system, and constructing a transducer coupled vibration system with high quality factor, low loss, and high energy transmission efficiency. By flexibly designing the geometric size parameters of the acoustic surface structure and defects, the vibration of the transducer coupled vibration system can be effectively controlled, thereby meeting the different functional requirements of the transducer coupled vibration system.<br>However, due to the excessive design parameters of surface structure and topological defect structure, the complexity of the design will be multiplied, greatly reducing the success rate of the design. Therefore, this study uses data analysis technology to establish a performance prediction model for the transducer coupled vibration system, in order to achieve accurate prediction of system performance and change the shortcomings of low design efficiency and low success rate brought by traditional empirical trial and error methods.<br>In order to verify the effectiveness of the research, the paper simulated and experimentally processed the coupled vibration system of the transducer. The simulation and experimental results indicate that the acoustic surface structure and topological defect structure can effectively regulate sound waves to improve the performance of the transducer coupled vibration system.

Prospects of Smart Cities in Energy Saving and Transportation Data Visualization under the Background of Dual Carbon

Smart cities play a crucial role in the construction of low-carbon, energy-saving and emission reduction and the visual interconnection of transportation data. In terms of energy saving, through the development of emerging technologies led by AI, IoT, etc., it can further achieve the optimization of energy management and urban operational efficiency, thus realizing the purpose and original intention of reducing energy loss and improving energy utilization; in terms of energy storage, smart cities can adopt the combination of smart grids and electric power storage, and the promotion of smart grids, especially photovoltaic power generation, which can help to improve the utilization rate of renewable energy. In addition, and further promote the improvement and refinement of urban optimization services. Future smart cities will play an increasingly critical role in improving the efficiency of traffic management in terms of traffic data collection and visualization. This paper introduces the application and outlook of smart cities in energy saving and traffic data visualization, and hopes to provide new ideas for improving urban management, improving the quality of life of residents, and promoting sustainable development of cities in the context of the implementation of the “dual-carbon” goal at the present time.

A new efficient catalyst: Metal-organic frameworks in electrocatalysis

Global warming and ecological degradation are becoming major environmental problems in the world today. To reduce energy loss and advocate green chemistry, the development of new energy sources is very important. Electrocatalytic technology has low environmental pollution and carbon emission because only electrons are involved and there is no need to add external fuel. And metal-organic framework (MOF), with its porous structure and large surface area, can provide an ideal reaction platform for electrocatalytic reactions. This paper first introduces the discovery and development of MOF materials, followed by a discussion of the current methods for designing MOFs from several perspectives, including pore size, conductivity, and active sites. Then the development of MOF materials with transition metal ions was analysed from the perspective of the elements Fe, Co, and Ni, which exhibit higher reaction rates in comparison with ordinary MOF materials in hydrogen precipitation reaction, oxygen absorption reaction and other reactions. Finally, this paper introduced several synthetic ideas and methods of MOF and reviewed the methods to synthesise MOF electrocatalytic materials.

Molecular Interactions Regulation by Adding a Third Component with High Miscibility Suppresses the Energetic Disorder and Reduces Energy Loss for Efficient Ternary Solar Cells

In the advancement of organic solar cells (OSCs), the ternary strategy has emerged as an effective approach for fabricating devices with high photovoltaic performance. In this contribution, we have introduced...

Development of automatic control system of drum boiler on the basis of fuzzy controller with pid-controller adaptation

The aim of the study is to reduce energy losses in a drum steam boiler by introducing an automatic control system realized on the basis of fuzzy adaptation of proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller coefficients using fuzzy term-multiplications. Control algorithms of the main technological parameters of the boiler unit (air quantity, fuel quantity, steam pressure, feed water flow rate), reducing energy costs due to the maintenance of the ratio of fuel and air pressure in accordance with the mode map of the boiler unit (optimal technological process of combustion and steam formation in a steam boiler) are developed. The structural scheme of the object control is offered, in which, besides regulation of values of technological parameters, full compensation of mutual influence of all regulation circuits is made.