Reduction Cycle Research Articles

Novel plant-derived exosome-like nanovesicles from Catharanthus roseus: preparation, characterization, and immunostimulatory effect via TNF-α/NF-κB/PU.1 axis

BackgroundPlant-derived exosomes-like nanovesicles (PDENs) have been found to be advantageous in disease treatment and drug delivery, but research on their biogenesis, compositional analysis, and key marker proteins is still in its infancy, which limits the standardized production of PDENs. Efficient preparation of PDENs continues to be a major challenge.ResultsNovel PDENs-based chemotherapeutic immune modulators, Catharanthus roseus (L.) Don leaves-derived exosome-like nanovesicles (CLDENs) were isolated from apoplastic fluid. CLDENs were membrane structured vesicles with a particle size of 75.51 ± 10.19 nm and a surface charge of −21.8 mV. CLDENs exhibited excellent stability, tolerating multiple enzymatic digestions, resisting extreme pH environments, and remaining stable in the gastrointestinal simulating fluid. Biodistribution experiments showed that CLDENs could be internalized by immune cells, and targeted at immune organs after intraperitoneal injection. The lipidomic analysis revealed CLDENs’ special lipid composition, which contained 36.5% ether-phospholipids. Differential proteomics supported the origin of CLDENs in multivesicular bodies, and six marker proteins of CLDENs were identified for the first time. 60 ~ 240 μg/ml of CLDENs promoted the polarization and phagocytosis of macrophages as well as lymphocyte proliferation in vitro. Administration of 20 mg/kg and 60 mg/kg of CLDENs alleviated white blood cell reduction and bone marrow cell cycle arrest in immunosuppressive mice induced by cyclophosphamide. CLDENs strongly stimulated the secretion of TNF-α, activated NF-κB signal pathway and increased the expression of the hematopoietic function-related transcription factor PU.1 both in vitro and in vivo. To ensure a steady supply of CLDENs, plant cell culture systems of C. roseus were established to provide CLDENs-like nanovesicles which had similar physical properties and biological activities. Gram-level nanovesicles were successfully obtained from the culture medium, and the yield was three times as high as the original.ConclusionsOur research supports the use of CLDENs as a nano-biomaterial with excellent stability and biocompatibility, and for post-chemotherapy immune adjuvant therapy applications.Graphical

Performance assessment and multiobjective optimization of a biomass waste-fired gasification combined cycle for emission reduction

The use of renewable fuels leads to reduction in the use of fossil fuels and environmental pollutants. In this study, the design and analysis of a CCPP based on the use of syngas produced from biomass is discussed. The studied system includes a gasifier system to produce syngas, an external combustion gas turbine and a steam cycle to recover waste heat from combustion gases. Design variables include syngas temperature, syngas moisture content, CPR, TIT, HRSG operating pressure, and PPTD. The effect of design variables on performance components such as power generation, exergy efficiency and total cost rate of the system is investigated. Also, through multi-objective optimization, the optimal design of the system is done. Finally, it is observed that at the final decisioned optimal point, the produced power is 13.4 MW, the exergy efficiency is 17.2%, and the TCR is 118.8 $/h.

Electropolymerized porphyrin films as active materials in organic supercapacitors. A study of the effect of different central metals

Four metallized (Zn, Co, Cu) and non-metallized AA-BB substituted porphyrins were used in the electrochemical synthesis of redox-conjugated polymers, formed as electroactive organic conducting films over solid substrate. Electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical characterization shows that these materials can undergo several (thousands) oxidation–reduction cycles without degradation or desorption from the electrode surface. Also, the electrochemical response and the spectral changes demonstrate that all the electroactive species present in the materials (tetrapirrolic ring, tetraphenylbenzidine and dicarbazole) are involved in fully reversible redox processes. Because of this, the supercapacitive capacity of these polymeric materials was analyzed. Constant current charge–discharge cycles and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy showed that the copper porphyrin-based polymer exhibited the highest gravimetric capacitance (332 F g−1), being also the material with the largest superficial roughness parameters, analyzed by atomic force microscopy. Using Cu(II) porphyrin dendrimeric polymer as active material, an electrochemically generated organic polymer-based supercapacitive device was assembled with a gelled-composited electrolyte.

Disulfide-Bond-Induced Structural Frustration and Dynamic Disorder in a Peroxiredoxin from MAS NMR.

Disulfide bond formation is fundamentally important for protein structure and constitutes a key mechanism by which cells regulate the intracellular oxidation state. Peroxiredoxins (PRDXs) eliminate reactive oxygen species such as hydrogen peroxide through a catalytic cycle of Cys oxidation and reduction. Additionally, upon Cys oxidation PRDXs undergo extensive conformational rearrangements that may underlie their presently structurally poorly defined functions as molecular chaperones. Rearrangements include high molecular-weight oligomerization, the dynamics of which are, however, poorly understood, as is the impact of disulfide bond formation on these properties. Here we show that formation of disulfide bonds along the catalytic cycle induces extensive μs time scale dynamics, as monitored by magic-angle spinning NMR of the 216 kDa-large Tsa1 decameric assembly and solution-NMR of a designed dimeric mutant. We ascribe the conformational dynamics to structural frustration, resulting from conflicts between the disulfide-constrained reduction of mobility and the desire to fulfill other favorable contacts.

PROJECT-BASED LEARNING DURING THE PANDEMIC: WHAT ARE HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS’ VIEWS?

- Project-based learning using Google Classroom needs to be considered in the pandemic era, especially in English language teaching and learning at the high school level. This study aimed to explore how the high school students perceived project-based learning using Google Classroom in learning English. Using a qualitative approach, the data analysis procedure was on the basis of Miles and Huberman (2014) which encompassed data reduction, data display, and drawing conclusion cycles. The research informants were 5 male students and 5 female students selected purposively. The data collection were through both observation and in-depth interviews using open-ended questions. The results of this study showed that students benefited from making them facilitated to receive learning materials, learn to use technology and develop their academic skills. However, the findings also showed several shortcomings, namely, students feel less understanding in learning, feel lack of interaction between teachers and students which led them be more passive during the learning. The implication of the findings are considered important to help teachers to pay more attention to the process of teaching and learning of English language.Keywords: Project-based Learning, Online learning, Google Classroom, covid-19 pandemic

Research on the Process, Energy Consumption and Carbon Emissions of Different Magnesium Refining Processes.

Under the policy of low carbon energy saving, higher requirements are put forward for magnesium smelting. As the mainstream magnesium smelting process, the Pidgeon process has the disadvantages of a long production cycle, high energy consumption and high carbon emission, which makes it difficult to meet the requirements of green environmental protection. This paper reviews the research progress on different magnesium smelting processes and further analyzes their energy consumption and carbon emissions. It is concluded that the standard coal required for the production of tons of magnesium using the relative vacuum continuous magnesium refining process is reduced by more than 1.5 t, the carbon emission is reduced by more than 10 t and the reduction cycle is shortened by more than 9.5 h. The process has the advantages of being clean, efficient and low-carbon, which provides a new way for the development of the magnesium industry.

Low-temperature catalytic performance of toluene oxidation over Cu-Mn oxide catalysts derived from LDH precursor

A series of CuMn mixed oxides catalysts (CMO-T) were prepared by calcination of CuMn layered double hydroxides (CuMn-LDH) for catalytic oxidation of toluene. The obtained CMO-400 catalyst exhibited a high catalytic activity with T50 and T90 of 210 and 231 °C (WHSV = 30000 mL·g−1·h−1). Meanwhile, the CMO-400 exhibited high stability and durability even at 20 vol% water vapor. The effects of calcination temperature on the texture and structural properties were investigated systematically, which proved the formation of copper-manganese solid solution with abundant multiple-phase interfaces. In addition, the strong interaction between Cu and Mn could lead to more surface adsorbed oxygen due to oxidation reduction cycle of Mn3++Cu2+=Mn4++Cu+. Accordingly, for CMO-500 catalyst, the formation of spinel Cu1.5Mn1.5O4 phase prevented good dispersion of the manganese-oxide phases and weakened the reducibility and oxygen mobility. In-situ Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (DRIFTS) revealed that the intermediates accumulated continuously were difficult to be oxidized rapidly without the replenishment gaseous oxygen. Moreover, the complete transformation of the intermediate benzoate may be the key rate-controlling step in the reaction. The Facile method of preparing mixed-metal solid solution from LDH precursor system could be widely developed for the design of transition metals in catalytic oxidation of toluene.

Eco-friendly PVA-LYS fibers for gold nanoparticle recovery from water and their catalytic performance.

In this work, we grafted lysine on PVA electrospun fibers, using a green preparation technique. The resulting fiber mats were proposed for gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) removal from water. The efficiency of three fibers with different lysine amounts (10, 20, and 30%) was investigated. The incorporation of amino groups in PVA fibers was firstly proved by FTIR, SEM, and elemental analysis, confirming the presence of lysine. Among the three different fibers, PVA-LYS 30% has shown the best removal efficiency, reaching 65%, at pH equal to 5. Adsorption isotherms were studied and showed that the Langmuir model is the best model fitting our experimental results, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 20.1mgg-1. Metal-ligand interactions and electrostatic attraction between protonated amino groups of lysine on the fibers and negatively charged, citrate capped, AuNPs are the main proposed mechanisms for AuNP adsorption on the fibers. Sustainability of AuNPs adsorbed on these fibers has been checked through their reuse as catalyst for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol. The process was completed within 60min, and their reusability showed more than 99% efficiency after 5 reduction cycles. Our results prove that green PVA-LYS fibers can extract nanoparticles from water, as low cost-effective and eco-friendly adsorbent, and contribute to the promotion of a circular economy approach, through their reuse as catalyst in the reduction of pollutants.

Fine and high-performance protein fibers from meat goat hairs via manipulation of keratin alignment and crosslinkages

We have converted waste coarse and short hairs of meat goats to high-value, fine, long, and elastic protein fibers via manipulation of keratin alignment and crosslinkages. The shortage of non-petroleum-based fibers has become one of the most prominent concerns. However, few technologies could convert such coarse hairs to fine and flexible fibers for textile uses due to limitations in extensions of fibers, less than 100% of their initial length, and poor flexibility retention of extended fibers, less than 20% of breaking elongation. Limited stretchability and flexibility retention of hair fibers mainly resulted from the difficulty in recovery of crosslinkages in stretched fibers. Here, we used a series of dithiols via multiple cycles of reduction, drawing, and oxidation to produce fine and flexible fibers from coarse and short wool for the first time. Dithiols with long backbones ensured sufficient crosslinkages in proteins after high ratios of drawings. Besides, long crosslinkages brought by dithiols secured sufficient movement between protein molecules and prevented of rupturing chains of protein molecules. As a result, short and coarse hairs of meat goats were turned into long and fine fibers, 350% of their original lengths and 54% of their original diameters, with excellent performance properties, with retentions of 170% of tenacity, and 50% of breaking elongation compared to original hairs. Also, a set of models developed to quantify the effects of extensions of fibers and structures of crosslinkers on the mechanical properties of fibers guides scientists and engineers on property improvement of materials via controlled crosslinkings.

The potential of retrofitting existing coal power plants: A case study for operation with green iron

Storing electrical energy for long periods and transporting it over long distances is an essential task of the necessary transition to a CO2-free energy economy. An oxidation–reduction cycle based on iron and its oxides represents a very promising technology in this regard. The present work assesses the potential of converting an existing modern coal-fired power plant to operation with iron. For this purpose, a systematic retrofit study is carried out, employing a model that balances all material and energy fluxes in a state-of-the-art coal-fired power plant. Particular attention is given to components of the burner system and the system’s heat exchanger. The analysis provides evidence that main components such as the steam generator and steam cycle can be reused with moderate modifications. Major modifications are related to the larger amounts of solids produced during iron combustion, for instance in the particle feeding and removal systems. Since the high particle densities and lower demand for auxiliary systems improve the heat transfer, the net efficiencies of iron operation can be one to two percentage points better than coal operation, depending on operating conditions. This new insight can significantly accelerate the introduction of this innovative technology by guiding future research and the development of the retrofit option.

Perspective of nitrate reduction and nitrogen neutral cycle

Perspective of nitrate reduction and nitrogen neutral cycle

Cu nanoparticles confined within ZSM-5 derived mesoporous silica (MZ) with enhanced stability for catalytic hydrogenation of 4-nitrophenol and degradation of azo dye

The development of cost effective and efficient non-noble metal catalysts is extremely desirable in recent years for reduction of toxic nitrobenzene and azo compounds. In this work, highly reactive Cu nanoparticles (NPs) were constructed in mesoporous silica (MZ) synthesized using ZSM-5 (Si/Al = 28) via hydrothermal crystallization strategy and then tested as catalyst in the catalytic hydrogenation of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) and methylene blue (MB) degradation to reduce their hazardous effect on environment. In comparison with ZSM-5, MZ with hierarchical pore structure effectively controls the size and dispersion extent of Cu NPs when fabricated with 5-15 wt%Cu via IWI with ultrasonic aid. Cu10/MZ displayed complete reduction of 4-NP to 4-aminopheneol (4-AP) and MB dye to LMB in 10 min with K (rate constant) value of 0.298 min and 0.65 min−1, respectively. Both catalytic conversions follow pseudo-first order kinetics. The high catalytic activity is evidently related with highly dispersive smaller sized Cu NPs and excellent physiochemical characteristics of MZ as demonstrated by various characterization techniques. Besides, the Cu/MZ catalyst displayed excellent stability and can be applied for 5 consecutive reduction cycles without any minimal loss in catalytic capabilities.

Loss of Peroxiredoxin IV Protects Mice from Azoxymethane/Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colorectal Cancer Development.

Peroxiredoxin IV (Prx4), a typical two-cysteine-containing member of the peroxidase family, functions as an antioxidant to maintain cellular redox homeostasis through the reduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) via cycles of oxidation-reduction reactions. Under oxidative stress, all Prxs including Prx4 are inactivated as their catalytic cysteines undergo hyperoxidation, and hyperoxidized two-cysteine Prxs can be exclusively repaired and revitalized through the reduction cycle catalyzed by sulfiredoxin (Srx). Previously, we showed that Prx4 is a preferred substrate of Srx, and knockout of Srx in mice leads to resistance to azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium (AOM/DSS)-induced colon carcinogenesis. To further understand the significance of the Srx/Prx4 axis in colorectal cancer development, Prx4-/- mice were established and subjected to standard AOM/DSS protocol. Compared with wildtype littermates, mice with Prx4-/- genotype had significantly fewer and smaller tumors. Histopathological analysis revealed that loss of Prx4 leads to increased cell death through lipid peroxidation and lower infiltration of inflammatory cells in the knockout tumors compared to wildtype. Treatment with DSS alone also showed decreased infiltration of macrophages and lymphocytes in the colon of knockout mice, suggesting a role for Prx4 in inflammatory response. In addition, loss of Prx4 caused alterations in plasma cytokines and chemokines after DSS and AOM/DSS treatments. These findings suggest that loss of Prx4 protects mice from AOM/DSS-induced colon tumorigenesis. Thus, targeting Prx4 may provide novel strategies for colon cancer prevention and treatment.

Co-Creating GIS-Based Dashboards to Democratize Knowledge on Urban Resilience Strategies: Experience with Camerino Municipality

Natural hazards are increasingly threatening our communities; hence it is imperative to provide communities with reliable information on possible impacts of such disasters, and on resilience measures that can be adopted to recover from disasters. To increase the engagement of various stakeholders in decision-making processes related to resilience to natural hazards, problem-specific information needs to be presented to them in a language understandable to non-experts in the field. To this end, this paper illustrates experimentation with low-code platforms for fast digitalization of resilience reports, incorporating the perspectives of various stakeholders in the analysis, thus making informed decision-making practicable. We present a co-creation-based approach to develop GIS-based user-friendly dashboards in support to the identification of resilience strategies against natural hazards; this approach has been developed within the framework of the European project ARCH. Urban areas are regarded as complex social-ecological systems whose various dimensions should be considered in this resilience endeavor, during all phases of the Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation cycle. The work presented in this paper specifically targets the possible impacts and risks that might affect the cultural heritage subsystems of our cities, generally underrepresented in the international literature related to urban resilience assessment. We describe how we applied our approach to the Camerino municipality, a historic Italian town exposed to seismic risk, which was struck by a severe earthquake sequence in 2016–2017 and discuss the results of our experience.

Boosting the H2–D2 Exchange Activity of Dilute Nanoporous Ti–Cu Catalysts through Oxidation–Reduction Cycle–Induced Restructuring

The use of nanoporous metals as catalysts has attracted significant interest in recent years. Their high‐curvature, nanoscale ligaments provide not only high surface area but also a high density of undercoordinated step edge and kink sites. However, their long‐term stability, especially at higher temperatures, is often limited by thermal coarsening and the associated loss of surface area. Herein, it is demonstrated that the nanoscale morphology of nanoporous Cu can be regenerated by applying oxidation/reduction cycles at 250 °C. Specifically, the morphological evolution and H2 dissociation activity of hierarchical nanoporous Cu catalysts doped with Ti during structural rearrangement triggered by oxidative and reductive atmospheres at elevated temperatures are studied. In addition to coarsening of the structure at elevated temperatures, oxidation at 400 °C causes an expansion of the ligaments. Subsequent reduction at 400 °C leads to the formation of particles and a drop in the H2 dissociation activity compared the fresh catalyst. However, performing the redox cycle at 250 °C reverses coarsening and boosts the H2 dissociation activity for the hydrogen–deuterium (H2–D2) reaction. Herein, the possibility to reverse coarsening is demonstrated, thereby mitigating the loss of activity frequently observed in nanoporous catalysts.

Metagenomics reveals biogeochemical processes carried out by sediment microbial communities in a shallow eutrophic freshwater lake.

As the largest shallow freshwater lake in the North China Plain, Baiyangdian lake is essential for maintaining ecosystem functioning in this highly populated region. Sediments are considered to record the impacts of human activities. The abundance, diversity and metabolic pathways of microbial communities in sediments were studied by metagenomic approach to reveal patterns and mechanism of C, N, P and S cycling under the threat of lake eutrophication. Many genera, with plural genes encoding key enzymes involved in genes, belonging to Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria which were the most main phylum in bacterial community of Baiyangdian sediment were involved in C, N, S, P cycling processes, such as Nocardioides (Actinobacteria), Thiobacillus, Nitrosomonas, Rhodoplanes and Sulfuricaulis (Proteobacteria).For instance, the abundance of Nocardioides were positively correlated to TN, EC, SOC and N/P ratio in pathways of phytase, regulation of phosphate starvation, dissimilatory sulfate reduction and oxidation, assimilatory sulfate reduction, assimilatory nitrate reduction and reductive tricarboxylic acid (rTCA) cycle. Many key genes in C, N, P, S cycling were closely related to the reductive citrate cycle. A complete while weaker sulfur cycle between SO4 2- and HS- might occur in Baiyangdian lake sediments compared to C fixation and N cycling. In addition, dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonia was determined to co-occur with denitrification. Methanogenesis was the main pathway of methane metabolism and the reductive citrate cycle was accounted for the highest proportion of C fixation processes. The abundance of pathways of assimilatory nitrate reduction, denitrification and dissimilatory nitrate reduction of nitrogen cycling in sediments with higher TN content was higher than those with lower TN content. Besides, Nocardioides with plural genes encoding key enzymes involved in nasAB and nirBD gene were involved in these pathways. Nocardioides involved in the processes of assimilatory nitrate reduction, denitrification and dissimilatory nitrate reduction of nitrogen cycling may have important effects on nitrogen transformation.

Vanadium-Catalyzed Dinitrogen Reduction to Ammonia via a [V]═NNH2 Intermediate.

The catalytic transformation of N2 to NH3 by transition metal complexes is of great interest and importance but has remained a challenge to date. Despite the essential role of vanadium in biological N2 fixation, well-defined vanadium complexes that can catalyze the conversion of N2 to NH3 are scarce. In particular, a V(NxHy) intermediate derived from proton/electron transfer reactions of coordinated N2 remains unknown. Here, we report a dinitrogen-bridged divanadium complex bearing POCOP (2,6-(tBu2PO)2-C6H3) pincer and aryloxy ligands, which can serve as a catalyst for the reduction of N2 to NH3 and N2H4. Low-temperature protonation and reduction of the dinitrogen complex afforded the first structurally characterized neutral metal hydrazido(2-) species ([V]═NNH2), which mediated 15N2 conversion to 15NH3, indicating that it is a plausible intermediate of the catalysis. DFT calculations showed that the vanadium hydrazido complex [V]═NNH2 possessed a N-H bond dissociation free energy (BDFEN-H) of as high as 59.1 kcal/mol. The protonation of a vanadium amide complex ([V]-NH2) with [Ph2NH2][OTf] resulted in the release of NH3 and the formation of a vanadium triflate complex, which upon reduction under N2 afforded the vanadium dinitrogen complex. These transformations model the final steps of a vanadium-catalyzed N2 reduction cycle. Both experimental and theoretical studies suggest that the catalytic reaction may proceed via a distal pathway to liberate NH3. These findings provide unprecedented insights into the mechanism of N2 reduction related to FeV nitrogenase.

The Nubian Levallois technology in central Syria in the context of the Middle–Upper Palaeolithic transitional period and the IUP variability in the Eastern Mediterranean Levant

This article focuses on the Nubian Levallois technology first recognized in northeastern Africa in the 1960s. Now, sites of the Middle Stone Age (MSA) Nubian Complex associated with Homo sapiens are known to occupy vast areas in northeastern Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. Recently, proper Nubian Levallois technology has been recognized at sites in southern Africa and the southern part of the Eastern Mediterranean Levant as well. Here we report several sites with Nubian Levallois artefacts from central Syria, a Levantine region geographically closer to Arabia than Africa, where such technology had not been identified previously. The analyzed lithic assemblages share the same techno-typological characteristics. Technologically, they feature a newly recognized “developed Nubian Type 2-method, single-platform unidirectional convergent, Jerf Ajla/Qalta-type core” or shortly, “Jerf Ajla/Qalta-type Nubian” cores and method. This method was geared towards the serial production of pointed blades and Levallois points on blades in a single core reduction cycle. This differs from other Nubian core reduction methods, which tend to focus on producing a single pointed flake or Levallois point on a flake in each reduction cycle of a core. Typologically, the investigated Syrian assemblages are dominated by Upper Palaeolithic tool classes and types, especially endscrapers and burins. Besides the lithic data, these assemblages are assumed to be older than 33–36 uncal ka BP measured at the sites Jerf al-Ajla and Umm el-Tlel. We argue that central Syrian assemblages with Nubian methods can be dated to the transitional period between the Middle Palaeolithic or Middle Stone Age and the Upper Palaeolithic, more precisely, to the Initial Upper Palaeolithic (IUP). Thus, the developed character of the Jerf Ajla/Qalta-type Nubian cores does not only adds to the variability of the Nubian Levallois technology but also explains its absence in MSA locations in Africa and Arabia, and its presence in the IUP Levant. Accepting this, we propose the name “Jerf Ajla/Qalta industry” for these particular Nubian-related IUP assemblages and sites in central Syria. In doing so, a second IUP industry is now recognized by us in the Levant, in addition to the Early Emiran, known for its improved Nubian 1 method with opposed-platform cores and a new hunting projectile type, the Emireh point. Both IUP industries appeared in the Levant as a result of Homo sapiens migration with different Nubian-related knapping traditions from Africa and Arabia into the neighbouring Eastern Mediterranean Levant. The Early Emiran is considered to be a successful IUP industry in the Levant, as a predecessor of the IUP Late Emiran and Early Upper Palaeolithic (EUP) Early Ahmarian industries. Moreover, parts of the population carrying this industry even spread beyond southwestern Asia to other Eurasian regions, heralded by new IUP and EUP industries there. However, the Jerf Ajla/Qalta industry and its makers did not continue to survive in the Levant.

INFLUENCE OF YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT ON CRIME RATES IN BANADIR, MOGADISHU, SOMALIA

This paper investigates the influence of youth unemployment on crime rates in the neighborhood of Banadir in Mogadishu, Somalia. The relationship between youth unemployment and crime rates is complex and multifaceted, with significant social and economic stability implications. Banadir, as a microcosm of the broader challenges faced by Somalia, offers a pertinent case study to explore these dynamics. Through a combination of quantitative analysis and qualitative exploration, this research aims to uncover the extent to which youth unemployment contributes to crime rates in Banadir. The study draws on existing literature highlighting the potential connections between a lack of economic opportunities and criminal behavior, especially among youth. By employing statistical methods to analyze local unemployment rates and crime data, supplemented by interviews and surveys with community members, law enforcement, and young individuals, the study seeks to establish a comprehensive understanding of the nuanced relationship. The findings of this research could provide valuable insights for policymakers, community leaders, and international organizations striving to mitigate crime and promote socioeconomic development in Mogadishu and similar contexts. By identifying the pathways through which youth unemployment influences criminal activities, stakeholders can design targeted interventions, vocational training programs, and employment initiatives that address the underlying causes of crime. Ultimately, the study aspires to create a safer and more prosperous environment for the residents of Banadir and other marginalized neighborhoods in Somalia, fostering a positive cycle of socioeconomic growth and crime reduction.

3D porous flower-like CoAl2O4 to boost the photocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction

The conversion efficiency and stability of photocatalysts play important roles in the full photocatalytic CO2 reduction cycle.