Reducing Power Methods Research Articles

The Influence of Fortification of Dark Chocolate with Sea Buckthorn and Mulberry on the Content of Biologically Active Substances

AbstractThe aim of our study was to assess the impact of mulberry (Morus nigra L.) and sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) addition on improvement of antioxidant characteristics of dark chocolate. For evaluation of total polyphenolic content we used Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, for total content of flavonoids spectrophotometric assay based on a formation of coloured flavonoid-aluminium complex was used and for the content of total phenolic acids was used method using Arnow’s reagent. Three different methods were also used for measuring the antioxidant activity of samples: DPPH scavenging activity, reducing power method and phosphomolybdate method. Obtained results showed, that compared to plain dark chocolate used as control, chocolate enriched with mulberry exhibited higher polyphenolic content and antioxidant capacity. On the other hand, enrichment with sea buckthorn didn’t show such significant improvement in antioxidant characteristics, but increased the levels of bioactive compounds despite the lower content of cocoa solids.

Turmeric and cinnamon dominate in antioxidant potential among four major spices

Antioxidant activity of sequential extracts of black pepper, ginger, turmeric and cinnamon was determined by DPPH assay, phosphomolybdate method and ferric reducing power method and compared with that of the synthetic antioxidant BHA. The results revealed that methanol extract of cinnamon has highest antioxidant potential followed by chloroform extract of turmeric. The antioxidant potential was also correlated with total phenol content.

Purification and structural identification of glutelin peptides derived from oats

ABSTRACTGlutelins derived from oats were purified and hydrolyzed sequentially using alcalase proteases for production of antioxidant peptides. The antioxidant activities of oat glutelin peptides were evaluated using reducing power methods including hydroxyl and 1,1-diphenyl-2-pycrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging assays. The results demonstrated that oats glutelin peptide D-1a exhibited the highest antioxidant activity compared to the other hydrolysates. D-1a was identified to be His–Tyr–Asn–Ala–Pro–Ala–Leu (784.38 Da) by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS).

In Vitro Antioxidant Capacity of Crude Extracts and Acetogenin Fraction of Soursop Fruit Pulp

Extracts using chloroform, methanol-acetone, aqueous, and an acetogenin fraction obtained from soursop fruit pulp were analyzed by measuring total soluble phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities using the assays: scavenging 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) radical, 2,20-Azinobis-3-ethylbenzotiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical, reducing power, nitric oxide radical, and total antioxidant capacity. Methanol-acetone extract had higher total soluble phenolic compounds (3.24-3.95 g/100 g DW), antioxidant capacity by DPPH (47.9 mmol TE/g DW) and total antioxidant capacity (221.96 μg α-tocopherol equivalent). However, analysis by ABTS, reducing power and nitric oxide radical methods also showed high antioxidant capacity in aqueous extract. Chloroform extract and acetogenin fraction had higher antioxidant capacity when using the reducing power method (23.85 and 21.77 μM AA equivalent, respectively), and was higher than in aqueous extract. Our results suggest that soursop pulp is a good source of antioxidants and has acetogenins, making the fruit a potentially important functional food.

Innate antioxidant activity of some traditional formulations

Herbal medicine is the oldest form of healthcare known to humanity. Recently, much attention is being directed toward the use of antioxidants. There are some very commonly used Ayurvedic preparations that might have inbuilt antioxidant activity, and their therapeutic potential can be partially attributable to its antioxidant activity. Hence, it was proposed to find out antioxidant activity of such common formulations. Estimation of innate antioxidant activity of some commonly used traditional formulations. In this study, five formulations were evaluated for antioxidant activity in comparison to gallic acid (standard) using the in vitro reducing power method and superoxide radical scavenging activity by dimethyl sulfoxide method followed by calculation of scavenging activity and inhibitory concentration 50% (IC50). The result shows that Ayurvedic drug extracts possess good reducing power and antioxidant activity. Laxmivilas Ras shows higher reducing power ranging from 117 ± 0.021 to 0.176 ± 0.012 as compared to other extracts. The drug extracts were also found to be an efficient scavenger of superoxide radical. The IC50 values for Laxmivilas Ras, Agnitundi Vati, Ajmodadi Churna, Tribhuvankirti Rasa, gallic acid (standard) and Sitopladi Churna, were found to be 50.07, 98.41, 105.13, 116.39, 176.80, and 200.17, respectively. From this study, it can be concluded that the above Ayurvedic formulations possess antioxidant property. However, work could be initiated on the isolation and identification of these antioxidant components.

Bioactivities of the ethanol extract from Ageratum fastigiatum branches: antioxidant, antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory.

The present study was designed to investigate the antioxidant, antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the ethanol extract from Ageratum fastigiatum branches. Phytochemical screening and total phenol and flavonoid contents were determined. The antioxidant activity was assessed by 2,2-diphenyl-1-pycrilhydrazin (DPPH) and iron reducing power methods. The antinociceptive effect was evaluated using the acetic acid-induced writhing, formalin, hot plate and tail immersion assays; while the carrageenan-induced paw edema and pleurisy tests were performed to examine the anti-inflammatory activity against acute inflammation. The extract revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, coumarins, terpenes, sterols and saponins. Expressive levels of total phenols and flavonoids and a promising antioxidant effect were quantified. At the doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg, the extract inhibited the writhing, reduced both phases of paw licking time and increased the reaction time on the hot plate. In the tail immersion test, the extract (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) caused a significant inhibition of pain. In these doses, the paw edema, exudate volume and leucocyte mobilization were significantly reduced. These results suggest that A. fastigiatum can be an active source of substances with antioxidant, antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities, adding scientific support to the appropriate use in the Brazilian folk medicine.

The comparison of biological activity of chocolates made by different technological procedures

Chocolate is one of the most consumed delicacies in the world. Nowadays, raw chocolates without vanilla or allergens are getting more attention. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the biological activity of different types of chocolate - cold processed chocolate and chocolate made by traditional way. Total content of fat, crude fibre, polyphenols, flavonoids, phenolic acids and metylxantines - theobromine and caffeine was evaluated. The antioxidant activity was determined by a method using DPPH radical, reducing power method and phosphomolybdenum method. Both evaluated chocolates had similar content of fat and crude fibre, but sample of chocolate made by traditional way probably due to the higher content of cocoa mass had almost two times higher content of total polyphenols, flavonoids and phenolic acids as cold processed chocolate. Also the content of theobromine and caffeine was slightly higher in chocolate made by traditional way. This sample had the highest antioxidant activity - 93.68 mg TEAC.g-1 determined by phosphomolybdenum method, while in the sample of chocolate made by cold processed way was measeured value 50.82 mg TEAC.g-1. Similarly, reducing power of chocolate made by traditional way was almost two times higher, but antioxidant activity determined with DPPH method was similar in both samples (3.58 and 3.62 mg TEAC.g-1). The antioxidants and metylxantines in chocolates determine its potential to be a significant source of biologicaly active compounds with favorable effects to human health. It can be concluded in this study, that chocolate produced by conventional production technology can have more health-promoting ingredients reserved, but more extensive researches are still needed.

Extracts of Agrimonia eupatoria L. as sources of biologically active compounds and evaluation of their antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antibiofilm activities

In this study, we determined the concentration of total phenols, flavonoids, tannins, and proanthocyanidins in the water, diethyl ether, acetone, and ethanol extracts of Agrimonia eupatoria L. We also investigated the antioxidant activity of these extracts using two methods [2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and reducing power] and their in vitro antimicrobial (antibacterial and antifungal) activity on some selected species of bacteria and fungi. In addition, the effects of the acetone and water extracts on the inhibition of biofilm formation of Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were investigated using the crystal violet method. The concentration of total phenols was measured according to the Folin–Ciocalteu method and the values obtained ranged from 19.61 mgGA/g to 220.31 mgGA/g. The concentration of flavonoids was examined by the aluminum chloride method and the values obtained ranged from 20.58 mgRU/g to 97.06 mgRU/g. The total tannins concentration was measured by the polyvinylpolypyrrolidone method and the values obtained ranged from 3.06 mgGA/g to 207.27 mgGA/g. The concentration of proanthocyanidins was determined by the butanol–HCl method and the values obtained ranged from 4.15 CChE/g to 103.72 CChE/g. Among the various extracts studied, the acetone extract exhibited good antioxidant activity (97.13%, as determined by the DPPH method). The acetone extract was active in the absorbance value range from 2.2665 to 0.2495 (as determined by the reducing power method). The strongest antimicrobial activity was detected on G+ bacteria, especially on probiotic species, and the acetone extract demonstrated the highest activity. Biofilm inhibitory concentration required to reduce biofilm coverage by 50% values for acetone extract was 4315 μg/mL for P. mirabilis and 4469.5 μg/mL for P. aeruginosa. The results provide a basis for further research of this plant species.

Synthesis, characterization and antioxidant activity of a novel organic–inorganic hybrid material trans-2,5-dimethylpiperazine-1,4-diium pentachlorobismuthate(III): [C6H16N2]BiCl5

A novel organic-inorganic hybrid compound, trans-2,5-dimethylpiperazine-1,4-diium pentachlorobismuthate(III), [C6H16N2]BiCl5, was synthesized and its structure determined by means of single crystal X-ray diffraction studies. It crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c, with the following parameters: a = 15.365(5), b = 12.634(3), c = 8.313(3) Å, β = 120.59(3)°, Z = 4 and V = 1389.1(7) Å3. Its crystal structure consists of [BiCl5]2− anions surrounded by [C6H16N2]2+ cations. Complex hydrogen bonding interactions between [BiCl5]2− and organic cations through N(C)–H … Cl hydrogen bonds to form a three-dimensional network. The crystal packing is stabilized by Cl … Cl interactions. The structure reveals that the piperazine ring is in a chair conformation. The vibrational spectrum has been measured at room temperature by FT-infrared spectroscopy (4000–400 cm−1) on polycrystalline samples. The number of the NMR components in the 13C CP-MAS NMR spectrum proves the presence of three crystallographically independent carbons as revealed by X-ray structure determination. Investigation of antioxidant activity of compound was carried out by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl radical, Ferric Reducing Power (FRP) and Ferrous ion chelating (FIC) methods. The synthesized compound exhibited significant antioxidant activities.

Phytochemically evaluation and net anti-oxidant activity of Tunisian <i>Melia azedarach</i> leaves extract from their ProAntidex parameter

<p>Phytotherapy is a discipline which is interested in the design, the preparation and the interpretation of structure activity relationship of the natural bioactive molecules. In this context, ethanolic leaves extract of <em>Melia azedarach</em> L. was phytochemically analysed on the bases of HPLC and by GC–MS. Extract wase tested for his in vitro antioxidant activities by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, Ferric Reducing Power (FRP) and Ferrous ion chelating abilities methods. The antioxidant activity of the extract was analyzed simultaneously with their pro-oxidant capacity. The ratio of pro-oxidant to the antioxidant activity (ProAntidex) represents a useful index of the net free radical scavenging potential of the synthesized compounds. Tested extract showed significant antioxidant activity with a moderate ProAntidex.</p><p><strong>Video clips:</strong></p><p><a href="https://youtube.com/v/FkqJ-qAoyNI">Ferrous ion chelating ability (FIC) 1</a></p><p><a href="https://youtube.com/v/LiZIYq54-ms">Ferrous ion chelating ability (FIC) 2</a></p><p><a href="https://youtube.com/v/dTNWTEQf8Hs">Ferrous ion chelating ability (FIC) 3</a></p><p> </p>

Effects of processing methods on composition and functionality of volatile components isolated from immature fruits of atemoya

Atemoya is one of the most important commercial fruits of the family Annonaceae. The immature fruits of atemoya amply produced from a fruit-thinning process is normally regarded as waste and discarded. This research aimed at studying antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities of the essential oil (EO) isolated from the immature fruits to explore its potential application. The fruits were subjected to different drying methods: solar drying (SD), oven drying at 30°C (OD-30), and at 50°C (OD-50). The oven drying method gave a higher EO yield than the solar drying method. Spathulenol was the largest compound in the EO after the drying process. Antimicrobial effect was not affected by the different drying methods. Antioxidant activity of the EO was measured by DPPH, nitric oxide, and reducing power methods. The EOOD-50 exhibited a stronger antioxidant activity than EOSD and EOOD-30. The EO also showed an anti-inflammatory activity in a cell model.

English

The microalga Spirulina has been marketed in many countries due to its application in foods, especially for its high protein content, which can be used to obtain protein hydrolysates. Protein hydrolysates are easily absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract and have significant physiological properties, because during the hydrolysis process, peptides with antioxidant activity can be obtained. The objective of this study was to obtain enzymatic hydrolysates from the biomass of Spirulina sp. LEB 18 with functional properties and antioxidant potential. This study was a 22 type central composite design, to determine the best conditions for obtaining hydrolysates. The hydrolysis reactions of Spirulina biomass were carried out using the enzyme Protemax 580 L. The enzymatic hydrolysis of the proteins resulted in increased digestibility, solubility, water-retention capacity and antioxidant activity of hydrolysates (which increased by 1.8, 2.8 and 8.5 using the reducing power methods, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2’ azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), respectively). Therefore, biologically active peptides of Spirulina sp. LEB 18 biomass were produced. Key words: Protein hydrolysate, microalga, active peptide.

Antioxidant activities of essential oil of Bidens pilosa (Linn. Var. Radita) used for the preservation of food qualities in North Cameroon.

This study aimed to determine the total antioxidant capacity of the essential oil (EO) of leaves of Bidens pilosa (Linn. Var. Radita) used as protectant of stored grains in Northern Cameroon. EO was characterized by GC‐FID, antioxidant activity (AA) was determined by combining: evaluation of radical‐scavenging activity, reducing power (RP) and co‐oxidation of β‐carotene methods. Tests were carried out on crude and stored EO kept for two weeks at 31.48 ± 2.88°C and 58.56 ± 6.78% relative humidity. These conditions are the same as those of grain storage. GC analyses enabled the identification of 27 compounds, representing around 97.57% of the total oil contents. The major constituents of the EO were α‐pinene (14.7%), ε‐caryophyllene (13.5), and β‐ocimene (12.8%). The AA of the crude and stored EO are proportional to the concentrations and time of exposition. Exposed at the day light, this EO inhibit 77.4–18.69% for the DPPH system, 59.55–19.14% for RP method and 91.88–21.8% for β‐carotene‐linoleate model system, respectively, from crude and 15 days storage EO at 20 mg L−1. For the EC50 values, β‐carotene method is excellent and in the decreasing order of DPPH method, PR with 2.52 mg L−1, 2.77 mg L−1 and 4.13 mg L−1, respectively, for the crude oil. The ET50 were 1.59 days for the RP method and 2.88 days DPPH system and β‐carotene‐linoleate model system at 20 mg L−1. These results showed that the EO of B. pilosa leaves exhibits AA that might be an added value for this EO preventing stored products from pest attacks.

Evaluation of Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity of Three Leaf Extracts of Ziziphus spina-christi (Sedr) Grown in Jordan

Aims: The primary aims of this study were to evaluate the total phenolic content and in vitro antioxidant activity of three different leaves extracts (methanolic, ethanolic and aqueous) of Ziziphus spins-christi grown in Jordan. Methods: Total phenolic content of the methanolic, ethanolic and aqueous extracts of the leaves of Ziziphus spins-christi was determined spectrometrically according to the Folin-Ciocalteu procedure. The antioxidant activities of the leaves extracts of this plant at different concentrations were determined by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity and reducing power methods. All the analyzes was made with the use of UV-Visible spectrophotometer, and ascorbic acid was used as a standard antioxidant. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Biological Science, Al-Bayt University, Al Mafraq, Original Research Article Khaleel et al.; BJMMR, 14(6): 1-8, 2016; Article no.BJMMR.24935 2 Jordan. Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan, from April 2015 to December 2015. Results: The total phenolic content was ranged between 11.8 to 52.5 mg/g expressed in terms of Gallic acid equivalent (mg of GAE/g extract). In vitro antioxidant activity of the plant extracts revealed that all the extracts showed good antioxidant power with IC50 values of 21.4, 24.2 and 54.3 μg/mL for methanolic, aqueous and ethanolic extracts, respectively. The reducing power of the extracts was found to be concentration dependent. The results of this study revealed that, the methanolic extract of leaves showed the highest phenolic concentration and largest antioxidant activity. Conclusion: From this study it may be concluded that Z. spina-christi leaves could have potential source of antioxidants for pharmaceutical drug preparations.

Comparative Study on Antioxidant Activity of Crude and Alkaloid Extracts of Hybanthus enneaspermus Linn) F. Mull

Free radical generation is directly associated with oxidation in foods and biological systems. Antioxidants are vital substances which possess the ability to protect the body from damage caused by free radical induced oxidative stress. The aim of the present study is to evaluate and compare the in vitro antioxidant and free radical scavenging capacity of crude and alkaloid extracts of Hybanthus enneaspermus. Antioxidants such as catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, vitamin C, vitamin E and lipid peroxidation assays were analyzed in both the extracts. The content of total tannins, phenols, flavonoids, carotenoids and alkaloids were estimated and radical scavenging activity was assayed using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydroxyl (DPPH), 2,2’ azinobis-3 ethylbenzothiozoline-6 sulfonic acid (ABTS+) cation decolourization test, superoxide radical, nitric oxide, hydroxyl radical (OH.), hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 2 2 reducing power methods. The results confirm that the crude and alkaloid extracts of H. enneaspermus revealed high level of secondary metabolites and antioxidant activities. H. enneaspermus has significant antioxidant properties and could serve as a good source of natural antioxidant, which may be helpful in preventing the distructive process of various oxidative stress.

Characterization of arabinogalactan-rich mucilage from Cereus triangularis cladodes

Cereus triangularis (Cactaceae) is a cactus used in food decoction as a traditional medicine in the North region of Madagascar to reduce stomach ache and intestinal diseases. Hydrocolloids were sequentially extracted from its cladodes with a yield of 24% (240mg/g based on dried cladodes powder). Structural analyses has revealed that this polysaccharide with a molecular mass of 8430,000g/mol was mainly composed of a galactan backbone of a (1→4) linked β-d-Galp residues probably substituted at position 3 by l-arabinofuranosyl residues. In vitro antioxidant activity of this arabinogalactan-rich fraction was detected and quantified by radical DPPH scavenging, hydroxyl radical scavenging, radical anion superoxide scavenging and reducing power method.

Secondary metabolites of Seseli rigidum: Chemical composition plus antioxidant, antimicrobial and cholinesterase inhibition activity

Extracts of different polarity obtained from various plant parts (root, leaf, flower and fruit) of Seseli rigidum were studied by different antioxidant assays: DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity, by total reducing power method as well as via total content of flavonoids and polyphenols. Essential oils of all plant parts showed weak antioxidant characteristics. The inhibitory concentration range of the tested extracts, against bacteria Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, and fungi Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger was 0.01–1.50mg/mL and of a microbicidal 0.02–3.00mg/mL. In the interaction with cholinesterase, all essential oils proved effective as inhibitors. The highest percentage of inhibition versus human and horse cholinesterase was shown by root essential oil (38.20% and 48.30%, respectively) among oils, and root hexane extract (40.56% and 50.65% respectively).Essential oils and volatile components of all plant parts were identified by GC, GC–MS and headspace/GC–MS. Statistical analysis of the ensemble of results showed that the root essential oil composition differed significantly from essential oils of other parts of the plant.Taking into account all of the studied activities, the root hexane extract showed the best overall properties. By means of high performance liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry, the 30 most abundant constituents were identified in extracts of different polarity. The presence of identified constituents was linked to observed specific biological activities, thus designating compounds potentially responsible for each exhibited activity.

Composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of seven essential oils from the North American boreal forest.

Essential oils (EOs) were steam-extracted from the needles and twigs of balsam fir, black spruce, white spruce, tamarack, jack pine and eastern white cedar that remained after logging in eastern Canada. These EOs, similarly to that from Labrador tea and other commercial EOs from Chinese cinnamon, clove and lemon eucalyptus, exhibited many common constituent compounds (mainly α-pinene, β-pinene, limonene and bornyl acetate) making up 91% of each oil based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. All of these oils exhibited antibacterial properties, especially when examined in closed tube assay compared to the traditional 96-well microliter format. These antimicrobial activities (minimum inhibitory concentration ≥ 0.2% w/v), comparable to those of exotic EOs, were shown against common pathogenic bacteria and fungi. The antioxidant potential of the boreal samples was determined by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging (concentration providing 50% inhibition ≥ 7 mg/ml) and reducing power methods. Finally, this investigation revealed some boreal EOs to be potential antimicrobial and antioxidant agents that would notably benefit products in the personal hygiene and care industry.

The effects of Ocimum basilicum ethanol extract on carrageenan induced paw inflammation in rats

Background: Traditionally, Ocimum basilicum has been used for its anti-inflammatory activity. Here, the effect of O. basilicum ethanol extract was evaluated on carrageenan induced paw edema in male Wistar rats. Methods: O. basilicum ethanol extract was achieved through maceration procedure. Next, the paw inflammation was induced with 1% carrageenan, subcutaneous, to all groups after 1h of the intrapritoneal injection of O. basillicum extracts (0, 2.5, 5 and 10mg/kg; respectively). The paw thickness was measured at hourly intervals for 4h. Finally, histological examination and Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity was assessed in the inflamed paw at the 4thh. Moreover, total phenolic and flavonoid content of the extract was determined. Besides, different in vitro antioxidant activities were detected by 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, nitric oxide radical inhibition and reducing power methods. Results: The extract diminished paw inflammation as indexed by reduction paw thickness (p<0.001) as well as MPO activity (p<0.001), which was associated with a marked decrease in tissue edema and leukocyte infiltration. In addition, values for the total phenolic and flavonoids were calculated as 266 mg gallic acid equivalent and 65 mg quercetin equivalent per 100g of O. basilicum fresh plant material. Furthermore, the RC50 values for DPPH and nitric oxide antioxidant activity of the extract was determined as 118µg/mL and 929.7µg/ml. Conclusions: Ethanol extract of O. basilicum significantly decreased the inflammatory reaction induced by carrageenan which could be related to its antioxidant effects.

Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of methanol extract and its fractions from the brown seaweed Spatoglossum schroederi

In the present study, the brown seaweed Spatoglossum schroederi was submitted to extraction procedures in order to obtain methanol (MET) extract and its hexane (HEX) and chloroform (CLR) fractions. All samples were evaluated for total phenolic and flavonoid contents as well as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The HEX fraction was the richest in total phenolic content, while CLR in total flavonoid content. MET, HEX, and CLR exhibited potent dose-dependent antioxidant activity by the total antioxidant capacity (TOAC) and reducing power methods and linear regression evidenced that the antioxidant activity of S. schroederi is due mainly to the flavonoid content. Following, MET extract and its fractions were evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity. Algae samples inhibited significantly the paw edema induced by carrageenan or dextran, myeloperoxidase activity, neutrophil migration induced by carrageenan, IL-1β concentration, and increase on IL-10 level in the peritoneal fluid of animals. Our results suggest that anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory present in the brown seaweed S. schroederi may be related to the presence of flavonoids.