Reduce Crime Rates Research Articles

Unintended consequences of implementing non-pharmaceutical interventions for the COVID-19 response in Africa: experiences from DRC, Nigeria, Senegal, and Uganda

IntroductionThe coronavirus (COVID 19) pandemic is one of the most terrifying disasters of the twenty-first century. The non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) implemented to control the spread of the disease had numerous positive consequences. However, there were also unintended consequences—positively or negatively related to the nature of the interventions, the target, the level and duration of implementation. This article describes the unintended economic, Psychosocial and environmental consequences of NPIs in four African countries.MethodsWe conducted a mixed-methods study in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Nigeria, Senegal and Uganda. A comprehensive conceptual framework, supported by a clear theory of change was adopted to encompass both systemic and non-systemic interventions. The data collection approaches included: (i) review of literature; (ii) analysis of secondary data for selected indicators; and (ii) key informant interviews with policy makers, civil society, local leaders, and law enforcement staff. The results were synthesized around thematic areas.ResultsOver the first six to nine months of the pandemic, NPIs especially lockdowns, travel restrictions, curfews, school closures, and prohibition of mass gathering resulted into both positive and negative unintended consequences cutting across economic, psychological, and environmental platforms. DRC, Nigeria, and Uganda observed reduced crime rates and road traffic accidents, while Uganda also reported reduced air pollution. In addition, hygiene practices have improved through health promotion measures that have been promoted for the response to the pandemic. All countries experienced economic slowdown, job losses heavily impacting women and poor households, increased sexual and gender-based violence, teenage pregnancies, and early marriages, increased poor mental health conditions, increased waste generation with poor disposal, among others.ConclusionDespite achieving pandemic control, the stringent NPIs had several negative and few positive unintended consequences. Governments need to balance the negative and positive consequences of NPIs by anticipating and instituting measures that will support and protect vulnerable groups especially the poor, the elderly, women, and children. Noticeable efforts, including measures to avoid forced into marriage, increasing inequities, economic support to urban poor; those living with disabilities, migrant workers, and refugees, had been conducted to mitigate the negative effects of the NIPs.

ANALISIS KLASIFIKASI KASUS TINDAK PIDANA PENCURIAN DENGAN POHON KEPUTUSAN MENGGUNAKAN ALGORITMA C4.5 (STUDI KASUS POLSEK TELANAIPURA)

Telanaipura Sector Police is the Republic of Indonesia's Police command structure at the sub-district level in Jambi Province. In the criminal investigation department, the telecommunication sector in processing criminal data is still done manually assisted with Microsoft Word so that the processing of the data has not been properly processed in order to carry out data analysis, evaluation and profiling of data on the increasing number and extent of crime. extensively. The aim of reducing crime rates is that it needs to be built web-based applications and tested using WEKA applications to help process and analyze data using data mining techniques using the decision tree method. In analyzing the data using the age, time, place of occurrence, crime decision tree as an attribute of the case and article theft as a class. In making this prediction application, the PHP and HTML programming languages ​​are used. And using databases using MYSQL and in analyzing using Microsoft Excel and WEKA. The data inputted is in the form of data on the offender, violation data and admin data. The attributes that are inputted in the WEKA application are attributes of age, time, place of occurrence, and crime and articles of violation as a class. The output generated from the WEKA application is in the form of rules or rules from the decision tree while the output generated by the web-based prediction interface results in article violation classes and generates reports on the perpetrator's actions, the number of crimes, crimes per period and per violation article. With the Mining Data Prediction Interface Criminal Classification on the Police of the Jambi Telecommunication Sector Using the Decision Tree Method Can Help the Telanaipura Jambi Sector Police in evaluating and profiling criminal offenders.

Detecting Harmful Activity in Hajj Plagiarism Using Deep Learning

CCTV surveillance is the most extensively used intelligent latest innovation. The use of surveillance cameras has risen dramatically because of the convenience of monitoring from anywhere and the reduction of crime rates in public areas. In this paper, we introduce the idea of bad vibe activity detection from live videos to enhance the security and safety of pilgrims. The proposed bad vibes activity recognition model is intended to be addressed in the most efficient manner possible using cutting-edge technologies such as TensorFlow and Keras. TensorFlow was chosen because the project could be deployed to a mobile environment in the future with the possibility of extension of other areas such as airport security, bus stain, and public areas that may deserve special attention for security checks. We choose MediaPipe Holistic for employee bad vibe recognition in the model.
 

Revisiting the economic theory of crime A state-level analysis in India

The economic theory of crime tends to suggest that deterrence variables have a significant impact on crime rates in a society. From an economic perspective, criminals are rational economic agents who weigh the likelihood of being arrested and apprehended before committing a crime. An increase in the likelihood of arrest and apprehension should deter criminals as it increases the expected costs of committing crimes. This paper revisits the behavioral links between deterrence variables and crime rates in the Indian context. Empirically, we draw on state level data for India in 2001–2014 and employ the system GMM estimator technique to support our claims. The study reports that deterrence factors (probability of arrest and apprehension) have a perverse impact on India’s crime rates. The paper reveals that an increase in the probability of deterrence variables does not lead to a reduction in crime rates, indicating a fundamental flaw in India’s corrective mechanisms. The research recommends penal system reform in order to accurately reconfigure the behavioral links between deterrence variables and crime rates.

Networked security in the colonial present: Mapping infrastructures of digital surveillance and control in São Paulo

The saturation of urban space with all kinds of information and communication technology–driven security devices has long since turned into a recurrent topic of both human geography and critical security studies. However, comparatively little effort has been made to analyze these technologies and infrastructures in relation to their locally specific modes of deployment. This relative failure to account for technopolitical path-dependencies may result in unilaterally positivistic descriptions, when, in fact, there is no such thing as a technopolitically and/or semantically ‘virgin’ urban fabric waiting to accommodate a new securitarian blueprint. The present article aims to address this lacuna by analyzing the introduction of a ‘smart’ surveillance system in São Paulo, Brazil. Taking as its point of departure the condomínio fechado (the ‘closed condominium’) as a locally specific urban diagram, it sets out to trace the system’s implementation along the lines of a (post)colonial topology sorting bodies and organizing circulations according to a historically entrenched pattern of social domination. Accordingly, despite its failure to significantly reduce crime rates and raise the general level of public security, the system succeeded in further normalizing a configuration in which the obsession with personal security eclipses any potential for political transformation. Its implementation thus endorses a social status quo that is both structurally violent and profoundly unequal.

Detecting Harmful Activity in Pilgrimage Using Deep Learning

CCTV surveillance is the most extensively used intelligent latest innovation. The use of surveillance cameras has risen dramatically because of the convenience of monitoring from anywhere and the reduction of crime rates in public areas. In this paper, we introduce the idea of bad vibe activity detection from live videos to enhance the security and safety of pilgrims. The proposed bad vibes activity recognition model is intended to be addressed in the most efficient manner possible using cutting-edge technologies such as TensorFlow and Keras. TensorFlow was chosen because the project could be deployed to a mobile environment in the future with the possibility of extension of other areas such as airport security, bus stain, and public areas that may deserve special attention for security checks. We choose MediaPipe Holistic for employee bad vibe recognition in the model.

Teaching Criminal Law Procedure in Universities: Meeting the Needs of Juveniles in Criminal Legal Practice

Children's involvement in school disciplinary problems is often a predictor of their involvement in crime in the future, resulting in them coming into contact with the criminal justice system. Therefore, teaching final-year law students the subject of criminal procedure, particularly governing the juvenile justice system, is essential for legal practice, especially when the legal rights of the children need to be protected since they are vulnerable to the adverse effects of the juvenile justice system. In this connection, the objectives of this paper are (a) to examine the underpinning causes behind children’s involvement in disciplinary problems in schools as predictors of their future involvement in crime; (b) to analyse the existing legal framework governing the juvenile justice system in Malaysia that forms part of the subject of criminal law procedure, and (c) to examine the importance of teaching criminal law procedure subject to final-year law students in preparing them for legal practice, especially when dealing with juveniles in the juvenile justice system. A qualitative research design is undertaken to explore the significance of teaching criminal law procedure to final-year law students by undertaking library-based research and an examination of content analysis, drawing from both primary and secondary sources. The findings in this research demonstrate that children who commit disciplinary problems in schools, such as truancy and bullying, will eventually come into contact with the criminal justice system, and their legal rights need to be protected. This research is significant in meeting the university’s mission, vision and values and supporting the national framework for reducing crime rates and strengthening crime prevention initiatives.

Promoting Education Quality in Curbing Business Crime Costs: A Quantile Analysis

Studies have concentrated on numerous strategies and measures to curb the crime rate. Out of these, interventions via education are most promising as teaching children has a multiplier effect on crime reduction. Empirically there is a debate on the effect of education on the incidence of crime, and it is reasoned that education with opportunities, relevance, and ethics plays a decisive role in reducing crime. This study has used more comprehensive indicators and a robust distribution-free approach to estimate the effect of education on the crime rate. The contour plot of Quantile on Quantile regression helps assess each level of education quality on each level of the business cost of crime. This model does not require the assumption of normality and linearity of variables. This study points out that primary and science education reduces crime rates at low levels, while management studies and research help reduce crime at high levels. This study provides a robust assessment of how education may influence the cost of crime at their different corresponding levels. These estimates can help determine how the marginal effects will affect and change in response to the change in the cost of crime. This study is an instrument in for assessing the role of education on crime at each quantile data position.

The Role of the Community Environment in Addressing Klitih (Juvenile Delinquency) in Yogyakarta

Klitih, a local term in Yogyakarta, refers to juvenile delinquency. The present aimed to examine the role of the community environment in addressing klitih in Yogyakarta. The investigation employed a qualitative approach involving a case study method to gain insights into the environmental factors influencing youth delinquency prevention in Yogyakarta. The findings highlighted the crucial role played by families, communities, social institutions, and the government in mitigating the issue. The community environment played a pivotal role in curbing nighttime youth gatherings, which has been proven effective in reducing crime rates, particularly in the Yogyakarta region. The researcher identified a strategic approach for tackling juvenile delinquency in Yogyakarta. It could eventually serve as a valuable guideline for communities, emphasizing the significance of society and the environment in addressing juvenile delinquency in their surroundings. Additionally, it could encourage community involvement through training and practical measures related to coping strategies for klitih (juvenile delinquency) within crime-prone environments.

The Application Of Restorative Justice In View FromRepublic Of Indonesia Prosecutor's Regulations Number 15 Of 2020 Against Termination Of Prosecution In The Legal Territory Of The Riau High Court

The concept of restorative justice is a critique of the concept of the criminal justice system which sees crime as a violation of state rules. The state has the right to punish violators in order to create social stability. this is a concept of colonial heritage which is considered not to have a positive impact on reducing crime rates and recidivism rates.On the other hand, Law Enforcement Officials have different perspectives regarding the termination of prosecution of cases that have been resolved based on restorative justice, where the perspective of Law Enforcement Officials itself is not in line with the intent of the Republic of Indonesia Prosecutor's Regulation Number 15 of 2020 itself. So with such situations and conditions, in practice there are still double standards in the application of Restorative Justice as referred to in the Regulation of the Prosecutor's Office of the Republic of Indonesia Number 15 of 2020. Itshould be when the perpetrator and the victim have made peace based on restorative justice, namely restoration back to its original state, The position of the Law Enforcement Apparatus is only to declare from what has been agreed upon by the Victim and Perpetrator so that the termination of prosecution based on Restorative Justice can be achieved. This study uses a juridical sisiological method to analyze the problem. Researchers found Riau There are differences of opinion in understanding the Instructions for the Implementation of the Prosecutor's Office of the Republic of Indonesia Number 15 of 2020 concerning Termination of Prosecution Based on Restorative Justice. Concepts and Efforts to Overcome Internal ProblemsApplication of Restorative Justice to Termination of Prosecution in the Legal Area of the Riau High Prosecutor's Office It has been running as the regulation was issued with the aim of promoting justice in the community

Links between crime and economic development: EU classification

Research background: Although some authors propose that economic growth should reduce crime rates as wider opportunities to earn money in a legal way diminish the incentives to commit illegal activities and lead to rising costs of the latter, the results of many studies indicate that an increase in crime rates is also possible under the conditions of economic growth. There are also differing views on the relationship between various economic indicators and crime rates as well as the nature of the relationship between the above-mentioned phenomena in the long and short run. Purpose of the article: After classifying the EU member states by their crime and economic indicators, the main objective of the article is to assess the relationship between the crime and economic development and identify the causes of this relationship. Methods: Systematic and comparative literature analysis, the Promethee and Entropy methods, Spearman?s correlation coefficient. Findings & value added: The Promethee method, together with the Entropy method, were used to estimate the weights of the EU member states with respect to their crime and economic development indicators. The most pronounced differences were recorded in Portugal, Spain, and the Slovak Republic. The rankings estimated for the EU member states revealed that although economic situation affects crime rate, it can also be affected by the differences in cultural and political development. Scientific novelty lies in complementing the theory of the shadow economy with the results showing that compared to other crimes, corruption has the greatest weight when examining the relationship between economic development and crime. The practical significance of the research lies in classifying the EU member states into 4 groups with consideration of the relationship between crime and economic development, which may help public authorities to devise the target measures for the effective fight against crime given the nature of the relationship between crime and economic development.

SARIMA: A Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average Model for Crime Analysis in Saudi Arabia

Crimes have clearly had a detrimental impact on a nation’s development, prosperity, reputation, and economy. The issue of crime has become one of the most pressing concerns in societies, thus reducing the crime rate has become an increasingly critical task. Recently, several studies have been proposed to identify the causes and occurrences of crime in order to identify ways to reduce crime rates. However, few studies have been conducted in Saudi Arabia technological solutions based on crime analysis. The analysis of crime can help governments identify hotspots of crime and monitor crime distribution. This study aims to investigate which Saudi Arabian areas will experience increased crime rates in the coming years. This research helps law enforcement agencies to effectively utilize available resources in order to reduce crime rates. This paper proposes SARIMA model which focuses on identifying factors that affect crimes in Saudi Arabia, estimating a reasonable crime rate, and identifying the likelihood of crime distribution based on various locations. The dataset used in this study is obtained from Saudi Arabian official government channels. There is detailed information related to time and place along with crime statistics pertaining to different types of crimes. Furthermore, the new proposed method performs better than other traditional classifiers such as Linear Regression, XGB, and Random Forest. Finally, SARIMA model has an MAE score of 0.066559, which is higher than the other models.

Urban surveillance and crime governance in Bogotá

This paper analyses how recent changes on crime governance strategies in Bogotá have carried a modification on how surveillance is put into practice in the city. We argue that the reduction of the violence linked to the armed conflict along with the implementation of transnational forms of governing security led surveillance practices to be focused on public spaces instead of individuals. For public spaces to be surveilled, a classification between secure and insecure spaces has been created, which rests upon an esthetic ideal of how those spaces (should) look like. This shift from biographical surveillance to geographical surveillance implies that individuals stop being the main target of classification and control. In their stead, public space is the main object of surveillance. Yet, the fact that individuals are not the core of this governance technology does not mean that they do not experience the consequences of it. The meanings that are arranged around the esthetics of public spaces indorse practices of self-surveillance in which citizens should watch over the city, and protect themselves from crime. • The concern to reduce crime rates has shaped a form of surveillance that is structured on the theatricalization of public spaces. • Biographical surveillance was replaced by a technology of geographical surveillance . • The line between those who watch and those who are watched in public spaces blurs, and gives rise to a new type of individual. • Social control techniques less visible than biographical surveillance and the punitive system are created. • Individuals stop being the main target of surveillance. Instead, public space is the main object.

Do air quality and green space reduce propensity to crime?: an empirical investigation of OECD countries

PurposeThis study investigates the impacts of green space and air quality on crime rates for Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries over the 2003–2017 period.Design/methodology/approachBy building an international data set, including both green space and air pollution at the same time in the model, and considering the potential endogeneities between variables, the study brings some novelties to the existing literature. Using the United Nations Crime Trends Survey and World Development Indicators databases, a panel data set of 37 OECD countries for 2003–2017 period was collected. To avoid the potential endogenous relationships between variables, the system-Generalized Method of Moments (system-GMM) method was applied.FindingsThe findings suggest that increases in green space reduce the crime rate, while increases in air pollution raise it. Additionally, the estimated control variables show that there are many statistically significant factors that determine the crime rate. In all the additional models, the effects of green space and air pollution were estimated consistently, which can be taken as a sign that the findings are robust.Originality/valueThe evidence of the study explicitly reveals that environmentally friendly policies provide benefits in terms of reducing crime rates as well as other known benefits. On the other hand, to represent the environmental dimension, this is the first study which uses a cross-country data set including both green space and air pollution in the model at the same time. Second, the issue has not been previously dealt with for OECD countries. Thirdly, the study considered the potential endogeneity between variables, and to check the robustness of the findings, some prominent factors affecting the crime rate were used as control variables.

Extreme climate and crime: Empirical evidence based on 129 prefecture-level cities in China

Climate change is having profound effects on natural and socio-economic systems, especially via extreme climate events. Using panel data from 129 prefectural-level cities in China from 2013 to 2019, this paper explores the effects of extreme climate on crime rates based on a climate index and manual collection of crime data. The results showed that extreme climate has a significant positive effect on crime rates, increasing by 0.035% for every 1% increase in the extreme climate index. This occurs through two mechanistic pathways: reduced agricultural output and lower employment income. The heterogeneity analysis shows that extreme climate has a greater impact on crime rates in eastern areas which are economically developed and have high levels of immigration. This study provides new perspectives on the impact of extreme climate on the economy and society, in which governments can actively participate in climate governance through environmental protection, energy conservation and emission reduction, and technological innovation to reduce crime rates by reducing the occurrence of extreme climate.

A meta-analysis of the impact of community policing on crime reduction

Over the last few decades, many studies have been conducted to understand whether community policing (CP) has an impact on reducing crime rates. Yet there is still substantial controversy surrounding the question of the impact of CP on crime rates. Despite the broad understanding of CP, various types of measurement of crime statistics have led research- ers to conduct meta-analyses of the phenomenon. This study combines two previous meta-analyses of CP and Turkish and English online searches. We used the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA 3.0) statistical program to calculate the effect sizes of previous studies. We employed odds ratio (OR) as the effect size, since it is one of the most appropriate methods for proportions. We found no evidence suggesting that CP has an impact on reducing disorders, drug sales, or property crime, but it does have an impact on reducing crimes such as burglary, gun use, drug use, Part I crimes, and robbery, as well as fear of crime. Depending on crime type, CP can be a promising policing strategy to reduce crimes. und a statistically significant, positive impact of CP, despite the limitations of including only Turkish- and English-language studies.

PolRoute-DS: a Crime Dataset for Optimization-based Police Patrol Routing

It is a well-known fact that criminality is an open, yet important, issue in most urban centers worldwide. Especially in Brazil, creating solutions to reduce crime rates is a top priority. To reduce crime rates, many cities are adopting predictive policing techniques. Predictive policing techniques are highly based on extracting valuable knowledge from a massive dataset that contains information about times, locations, and types of past crimes. The extracted knowledge is then used to provide insights to police departments to define where the police must maintain its presence. These datasets may also be used for a critical predictive policing task: defining where police patrols should patrol. Such patrols are commonly defined to cover a series of crime hot spots (areas that present high criminality levels) and have some restrictions to be considered (number of available police officers, cars, etc). Thus, defining the route for each police vehicle is a complex optimization problem, since in most cases, there are many hot spots and the existing resources are scarce, i.e., the amount of vehicles and police available is much smaller than necessary. Unfortunately, high-quality crime rates data are not easy to obtain. Aiming to tackle this problem, this article proposes the PolRoute-DS dataset, a dataset designed to foster the development and evaluation of police routing approaches in large urban centers. The PolRoute-DS combines the spatial structure of the city of interest (in the context of this article, the city of São Paulo) represented as a connected and directed graph of street segments with criminal data obtained from public sources. PolRoute-DS is available for public use under the Creative Commons By Attribution 4.0 International license (CSV and PostgreSQL versions) and can be downloaded at https://osf.io/mxrgu/.

The impact of transformational leadership on risk management and Dubai police performance

Abstract Effective leadership is essential to manage potential risks facing the mission of law enforcement and improve the performance of police departments. While risk management by itself does not provide an adequate guarantee for an effective police operation, transformational leaders motivate, and inspire police officers to display high performance. Hence, the absence of effective risk management and transformational leadership may weaken police performance and potentially increase the risk to the work of police officers. Accordingly, this research aims to inspect the direct relationships between transformational leadership on risk management and police performance. Quantitative methods have been used to measure the strength of associations between these variables, simple random sampling has been adopted for the survey on a sample consisting of 307 police officers in the Dubai police department. The outcomes of the study showed that transformational leadership has a substantial effect on risk management and police performance, while age (moderator) has a significant impact on the choice of transformational leadership by the leader. These outcomes show the significance of the transformational leadership approach in the work of policing and explain why many law enforcement organizations increasingly rely on transformational leaders to reduce crime rates and improve the performance of the police.

Indonesia Vs China: A Comparative Of The Execution Of Death Penalty In Corruption

Indonesia and China are some of the countries that still adhere to the death penalty in their Criminal Code. One of the crimes punishable by death is the Corruption Crime because it is considered an extraordinary crime and is believed to reduce crime rates. This research examines material differences regarding the death penalty law, especially in cases of corruption in Indonesia and China. The type of research used in this research is normative or doctrinal research with statutory, conceptual, and legal comparative approaches. Sources and types of legal materials consist of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. Primary legal materials are in the form of legislation, secondary legal materials in the form of expert opinions, previous research, text books, scientific journals, and news on the internet, while tertiary legal materials include Indonesian language dictionaries, English dictionaries, and legal dictionaries. The results of this study reveal that there are differences and similarities in determining the death penalty for the crime of corruption for corruptors between Indonesia and China. The similarities are that they both assume that corruption is a crime that can be sentenced to death and has a special institution in handling it. The difference lies in the regulation, if in Indonesia the crime of corruption is regulated in a special law (outside the Criminal Code) while in China it is regulated in their Criminal Code. A further difference lies in the additional penalties where China has a political disenfranchisement. Regarding the implementation of the death penalty for corruptors, in Indonesia it applies if certain things occur (disasters and monetary crises) in China, calculated based on the amount of corruption. Meanwhile, according to the method of execution, in Indonesia it uses shooting to death, in China it uses shooting and death injections.

Exploring business strategies for assuring compliance to changes in employment laws

Noncompliance with employment and labor laws can result in compensatory and punitive damages, adversely impacting business profitability. Human Resources (HR) personnel who lack strategies to anticipate and react to changes in employment laws risk penalties for noncompliance, resulting in reduced profitability. Grounded in the top-down model of adaptation and political risk management, the purpose of this qualitative multiple case study was to explore strategies some HR personnel use to anticipate and react to changes in employment laws, to avoid compensatory and punitive damages. The participants included nine HR personnel from nine organizations located in the District of Columbia, Maryland, and Virginia tristate area who implemented successful strategies to align with mandated legislation and other existing and new employment laws. Data were collected using semistructured interviews and review of company documents related to applicable labor laws. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. Three themes emerged: (a) strategies to anticipate and react to changes in employment laws; (b) strategies to anticipate and react to changes in “ban the box” legislation; and (c) obtaining feedback on reacting to changes in employment laws. Key recommendations include: (a) providing employment law compliance education and training programs for all supervisors and HR staff; (b) changing the company culture and values, beginning with upper management; and (c) collaborating with the legal team to ensure compliance. The implication for positive social change includes increased employment among marginalized members of society, including persons with criminal histories, which may reduce crime rates, recidivism, and reliance on government assistance programs.