Reduce Blood Cholesterol Levels Research Articles

Pengobatan Alternatif Bekam Kering terhadap Kadar Kolesterol Darah

This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of dry cupping alternative treatment on blood cholesterol levels. The research method in this study used a pre-experimental design with a two-group pre-and post-test design. The results showed that most of the blood cholesterol levels before cupping were nine people (30.0%) with worrying blood cholesterol levels (200-239). Most of the blood cholesterol levels before 13-point cupping were 11 people (36.7%) with High Blood Cholesterol Levels (>240), then after 13-point cupping, 11 people (36.7%) had Worrying Blood Cholesterol Levels (200-239). In conclusion, groups 9 and 13 cupping points affect reducing blood cholesterol levels.
 
 Keywords: Cupping, Cholesterol, Alternative Medicine

Red Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus Polyrhizus) to Reduce Cholesterol Level in People With Excessive Nutritional Status

Background: Nutritional status is closely related to high cholesterol levels. High cholesterol levels as atrigger for other metabolic diseases. Fruits high in fiber and vitamin C can be used to keep blood cholesterollevels regularly.Aim: To determine the effect of red dragon fruit on blood cholesterol levels in people with excessivenutritional status.Methods: Research used an experimental approach with a pretest and post-test control group design. Thesample consisted of 2 groups, namely the control group and the intervention group, with 50 respondents ineach group. The sample was taken using purposive sampling. The intervention group got red dragon fruitjuice for seven days. Blood cholesterol levels are measured by laboratory tested using intravenous blood.The statistical test used the Paired T-Test and Independent T-Test.Results: The difference mean posttest-pretest control group and intervention groups were 13.56 mmHg and-13.06 mmHg. The analysis of pretest-posttest blood cholesterol levels among the control and interventiongroups were p=0.514 and p=0.035. The difference between the control group and the intervention group was0.022.Conclusion: Red dragon fruit is effective in reducing blood cholesterol levels in people with excessivenutritional status.

In vivo activity of Phaseolus vulgaris as an anti-hypercholesterolemic

Introduction: Hyperlipidemia occurs due to increased levels of lipids and cholesterol in the blood. Phytosterols, such as stigmasterol in Phaseolus vulgaris, can reduce blood cholesterol levels. Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine the activity of P. vulgarisin hypercholesterolemic rats. Methods: Nine groups underwent the anti-hypercholesterolemia test: control group, negative group, positive group, 150 mg/kg body weight (bw) and 300 mg/kg bw n-hexane extract groups, 150 mg/kg bw and 300 mg/kg bw ethyl acetate extract groups, and 150 mg/kg bw and 300 mg/kg bw ethanol extract groups. Results: All groups, except the control group, were given a high cholesterol diet to induce hypercholesterolemia (until the total cholesterol levels were higher than 200 mg/dL), followed by testing for ten days. The results showed that the 300 mg/kg bw ethyl acetate extract group had the best activity in reducing total cholesterol.

Characterization of Latilactobacillus curvatus MS2 isolated from Korean traditional fermented seafood and cholesterol reduction effect as synbiotics with isomalto-oligosaccharide in BALB/c mice

This study investigated the properties of Latilactobacillus curvatus MS2 isolated from Korean traditional fermented seafood as probiotics and the effect of reducing cholesterol as a synbiotic with isomalto-oligosaccharide (IMO) in BALB/c mice. The isolated strain showed high resistance to acids and bile acids and exhibited a high DPPH scavenging capacity of 72.27 ± 0.38 %. In the intestinal adhesion test using HT-29 cells, the adhesion rate of MS2 was 17.10 ± 1.78 %, which was higher than the adhesion rate of the other investigated probiotics. MS2 showed good antimicrobial activity against food-borne pathogens, especially Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, Escherichia coli, and Vibrio vulnificus. This strain had high availability for IMO among the prebiotics of fructo-oligosaccharide, inulin and IMO. Oral administration of MS2 and IMO to BALB/c mice for 5 weeks resulted in a significant reduction in blood cholesterol levels by regulating liver lipid metabolism. These results suggest that the combination of MS2 and IMO has potential for application in functional foods.

Production of γ- Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) by Monascus Purpureus isolated from Angkak, a mold isolated from Angkak in Semarang, Indonesia

Angkak is a rice fermented product that has red colour because of the presence of Monascus sp. This product has long been used as a food colouring and traditional medicine, especially in Asian countries including Indonesia. Angkak is also commercialized in Semarang and used as a medicine for dengue fever. Monascus purpureus is a common mold obtained from Angkak marketed in Semarang. In addition to producing pigments for food, Monascus sp. can synthesize lovastatin or monacolin-K which could reduce blood cholesterol levels also produce γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) which has physiological functions, such as neurotransmitters. This study aimed to determine the production of GABA produced by Monascus purpureus isolated from commercial Angkak in Semarang. M. purpureus was grown in broth medium (Potato Dextrose Broth) for 14 days in 28°C, and regularly measured the pigment concentration and GABA content every 6 days. The mould was also cultivated in rice solid medium (IR42) for 30 days to measure GABA concentration. The result showed that extracellular pigments were yellow and red with concentration for about 37,358 U/g and 2.6545 U/g, respectively. While intracellular pigment stored in mycelia, the yellow pigment had the highest concentration (30.176 U/g) followed by yellow pigment (7.1475 U/g). GABA content obtained from a broth culture of M. purpureus, Angkak from M. purpureus and commercial Angkak were 0.0796 mg/mL, 0.0332 mg/mL and 0.0203 mg/mL, respectively.

Yellow Pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima D.) Extract As Anti-Hypercolesterolemia

Hyperlipidemia is a risk factor for various diseases, which is still a big problem in Indonesia. Yellow pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima D.) is a plant containing flavonoids and terpenoids, which can be used as an anti-hypercholesterolemic agent. This study aims to analyze the activity and dosage of yellow pumpkin extract, which can be used as an anti-hypercholesterolemic agent to reduce total cholesterol levels comparable to simvastatin by 1.8mg/kg BW/day. This research is pure experimental research with a pre and post-test group design approach. The number of samples was 25 male Wistar rats induced by high-fat feed, quail egg yolk: pork oil (2:1) by 5 ml/200 gramBW/day for 7 days. The extract dosage range was 200, 400, 600 mg/kg BW/ day for 7 days. Data were analyzed using One Way ANOVA. The results showed that the administration of yellow pumpkin extract could reduce rats' total blood cholesterol levels with a dose of 600 mg/kg BW/day, comparable to simvastatin 1.8 mg/kg BW/day. The secondary metabolites of the extract were flavonoids and terpenoids. Extract of yellow pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima D.) could reduce total blood cholesterol levels of rats. The dose of 600 mg/kg BW/day could reduce blood cholesterol levels in rats comparable to simvastatin 1.8 mg/kg BW / day.

The Effect of Supplementation of Avocado Seed Flour (Persea americana Mill.) in Feed on Blood Lipids Profile and Egg Yolk Cholesterol of Japanese Quail (Corturnix-corturnix japonica)

The purpose of this research is to determine the effect of avocado seed flour (ASF) supplementation in feed on blood lipids and quail egg yolk cholesterol. The materials were 100 female quails aged 4 weeks old with ration ingredients consist of corn, bran, paddy, soybean meal, fish flour, avocado seed flour, palm oil, CaCO3, premix, lysine, and methionine. The research conducted an experiment with 4 treatments of ASF supplementation levels incorporated into basal feed, namely 0% ASF (R0), 3% ASF (R1), 6% ASF (R2), and 9% ASF (R3). The observed variables included blood cholesterol, High Density Lipoprotein (HDL), Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL), triglyceride, and egg yolk cholesterol. The data were subjected to the one-way Analysis of variance (ANOVA) in a completely randomized design, followed by HSD test when differences between treatments were observed. The result showed that ASF supplementation significantly reduced blood cholesterol levels and the egg yolk cholesterol, did not significantly affect LDL and triglyceride levels. The HDL levels and egg yolk cholesterol tend to decrease as the level of ASF increased. It is concluded that avocado seed flour (ASF) supplementation up to 9% is safe for quail feed supplementation.

Formulation and Characterization of Phytostanol Ester Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for the Management of Hypercholesterolemia: An ex vivo Study.

BackgroundPhytostanols are naturally occurring compounds that reduce blood cholesterol levels significantly. However, their aqueous insolubility poses formulation challenges.AimTo formulate and characterize solid lipid nanoparticle carriers for phytostanol esters to enhance the bioavailability of phytostanols.MethodsPhytostanol ester solid lipid nanoparticles were formulated by the microemulsion method. They were characterized for particle size distribution, polydispersity index, shape, surface charge, entrapment efficiency, stability, chemical structure, and thermal properties. The uptake of the formulation by cell lines, HepG2 and HT-29, and its effect on cell viability were evaluated.ResultsThe formulation of solid lipid nanoparticles was successfully optimised by varying the type of lipids and their concentration relative to that of surfactants in the present study. The optimised formulation had an average diameter of (171 ± 9) nm, a negative surface charge of (−23.0 ± 0.8) mV and was generally spherical in shape. We report high levels of drug entrapment at (89 ± 5)% in amorphous form, drug loading of (9.1 ± 0.5)%, nanoparticle yield of (67 ± 4)% and drug excipient compatibility. The biological safety and uptake of the formulations were demonstrated on hepatic and intestinal cell lines.ConclusionPhytostanol ester solid lipid nanoparticles were successfully formulated and characterized. The formulation has the potential to provide an innovative drug delivery system for phytostanols which reduce cholesterol and have a potentially ideal safety profile. This can contribute to better management of one of the main risk factors of cardiovascular diseases.

Resveratrol enhances trans-intestinal cholesterol excretion through selective activation of intestinal liver X receptor alpha

Resveratrol (RSV) is a dietary polyphenol with well-documented cardio-protective activity, but its effects on blood cholesterol levels remain to be established. Due to its poor bioavailability, tissue accumulation of RSV is extremely low except for that in the small intestine. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the dose-dependent effects of RSV on blood cholesterol levels and the involvement of small intestine in the cholesterol-lowering impacts of RSV. Mice were administrated with RSV at various doses with high-fat diet (HFD) or high-fat and high-cholesterol diet (HCD) for 12 weeks. The fecal neutral sterol contents were analyzed, and intestinal perfusion test was performed. An enteric barrier model using Caco-2 cells was established. We observed that RSV reduced blood cholesterol levels in a dose-dependent manner in mice fed with HFD or HCD. Further investigation revealed that RSV administration increased the bile acid pool size but did not affect cholesterol consumption or de novo cholesterol synthesis. Interestingly, RSV promoted trans-intestinal cholesterol excretion (TICE) by 2-fold in the intestinal perfusion test. In addition, RSV upregulated the expressions of ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 5 or 8 (Abcg5/8) and ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1a or 1b (Abcb1a/b) by up to 8 times in the duodenum mucosa but not in the liver. RSV also significantly downregulated the expression of intestinal Niemann-Pick C1-Like 1 (Npc1l1). Knock-down of liver X receptor alpha (LXRα) but not Sirt1 by siRNA significantly blocked RSV-induced cholesterol excretion in Caco-2 cells. In conclusion, RSV could decrease circulating cholesterol levels through enhancing TICE and limiting cholesterol absorption via selective activation of intestinal LXRα.

Swimming training on moderate intensity significantly reduces total cholesterol and bodyweight on hypercholesterolemic rat model

It is well established that regular exercise has many positive benefits on health. Exercise at the appropriate intensity and level has been shown to improve lipid profile and reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. This study investigates the effect of swimming training on total cholesterol levels and body weight in male Wistar rats. Thirty rats weighing 150-200 grams were randomly divided into one control (C) and two treatment groups (ST=swimming training, SED=sedentary activity). Rats in control (C) group were fed a standard diet, while rats in both treatment groups were fed high-fat diet-induced hypercholesterolemia for three weeks. Rats in ST were then swim-trained at moderate intensity for 30 minutes/day, six days a week for three weeks, and rats in SED were left without exercise stimuli. Body weight was measured weekly. At the end of the experimental period, intracardiac blood samples were drawn to measure the total cholesterol level. Findings revealed that rats’ bodyweight (p=0,045) and blood cholesterol (p=0,034) in ST group were significantly lower compared to SED. It indicates that swimming exercise is shown to be effective in weight loss and reducing blood cholesterol level in hypercholesterolemic rats.

Organoleptic and physico-chemical characteristics of olive oil obtained in the conditions of the Southern Coast of the Crimea

Olive oil is a vegetable oil obtained from the fruits of the European olive (Olea europaea L.). In terms of fatty acid composition, it is a mixture of triglycerides of fatty acids with a very high content of oleic acid esters. It has a color from brownish-yellow to greenish-yellow and has a slight bitterness aftertaste. The beneficial properties of olive oil determined by the content of oleic acid, which ensures low oxidizability of the product and helps to reduce blood cholesterol levels. The quality of the oil and its compliance with GOST requirements are important. The purpose of this report is to study the organoleptic and physicochemical characteristics of olive oil from different manufacturers, including that obtained by the Nikitsky Botanical Gardens - National Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, their compliance with the approved norms of Russian and European standards and requirements, regulations, as well as determining the class produced oil. The work uses generally accepted methods of organoleptic, physicochemical, and other research. The analysis of existing systems of olive oil classification is given. The chemical indicators of the composition of olive oils from NBG and leading manufacturers on the Russian market are presented. The issues of the organoleptic assessment of the oil and its physical and chemical indicators are highlighted, the composition of fatty acids of olive oil obtained in the conditions of the Southern Coast of the Crimea is analyzed and its comparative analysis with olive oil from other manufacturers, as well as the norms of compliance with stand ards, codes and technical regulations. It has been proven that the NBG’s oil, due to the natural and climatic conditions of olive growth, is of high quality and meets the required Extra Virgin oil standards.

PENINGKATAN LIFE SKILL PADA IBU-IBU LPKK DI DUSUN PAJANGAN BERBAH MELALUI PELATIHAN BROWNIES BEKATUL

Increased life skills for mothers in Pajangan sub-village through rice bran training. The purpose of the training is to improve life skills in the Pajangan sub-village, especially in food products using local bran ingredients. Rice bran has a variety of nutrients including antioxidants containing tocopherol, vitamin E and vitamin B15. These compounds play a role to reduce blood cholesterol levels, prevent cancer and facilitate hormonal secretions. Besides rice, rice husks or rice bran are not only sold to feed livestock, but are developed to make quality and quality products, but also can increase income and improve the living standards of LPKK women in Pajangan Berbah Hamlet, Sleman. The kinds of products we make are wet brownies and dry brownies. Abdimas is held in the Pajangan hamlet hall, Berbah Sleman. This activity was carried out for two days, namely the preparation phase on the first day and the implementation and socialization on the second day with a total of twelve hours of activity time. The target of this activity is LPKK women in the Pajangan Berbah Sleman. This activity is carried out using lecture, demonstration, training and practice methods. The resulting output is an increase in life skills through the skills to make bran brownies is a weekly newpepper.

Effect of humic acid as an organic additive on growth performance, carcass traits and selected blood parameters of Japanese quails

The supplementation of different organic sources to diet have become an inherent practice in poultry production to improve the growth and quality of meat. Therefore evaluation of the effects of humic acids (HA) on the final body weight, carcass traits and the changes in selected blood parameters of Japanese quails was the major concern in this study. A total of 72 one day old unsexed Japanese quail chicks from line Pharaoh fed a commercial diet were randomly divided into one control and two experimental groups (n=24) with two replications (12 and 12 per pen), and fattened for 52 days. The dietary treatments consisted of the basal or control diet without supplementation and the diet supplemented with 0.5% and 1.0% of humic acids (HA1 group at 5g•kg-1 and HA2 group at 10g•kg-1) from the 1st day finally to 52 days of fattening in HA1 and HA2 group, respectively. The results showed that quails weight and carcass yields of breast and thigh meat after 52 days of fattening did not show any alterations between monitored groups. The 1% addition of HA had a positive impact on the reduction of blood cholesterol level, which can contribute to the use of HA in the feed for the production of quality meat with low-fat content

IDENTIFIKASI FITOSTEROL MELALUI KROMATOGRAFI GAS – SPEKTROFOTOMETER MASSA PADA EKSTRAK KLOROFORM BIJI BUAH ATUNG (Parinarium glaberimum Hassk) ASAL KABUPATEN SBB, MALUKU

Five main compounds have been identified in the chloroform extract of Atung fruit seeds (Parinarium glaberimum Hassk) which are linoleic acid (8.88%); stearic acid (8.23%); stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol,(3β,22E) or stigmasterol (10.37%); stigmast-5-en-3-ol,(3β) or β-sitosterol (19.59%); and stigmast-5-en-3-ol, (3β, 24S) or γ-sitosterol ( 33.74%) through gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy by analyzing the similarity of molecular weight and positive ion mass/charge fragments and based on the comparison of the GC-MS retention time of phytosterols. This study is the first to report the presence of stigmasterol, β-sitosterol and γ-sitosterol in the chloroform extract of Atung fruit seeds (Parinarium glaberimum Hassk). γ -Sitosterol, the epimer of β-sitosterol, has the greatest abundance in the chloroform extract of Atung fruit seeds. Phytosterol compounds namely stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, and γ-sitosterol have been reported to have many benefits such as reducing blood cholesterol levels, antioxidants, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer.

Hypolipidemic Effect of Avocado Peel (Persea americana Mill.) Extract in Rats with Dyslipidemia

Dyslipidemia is a disorder of lipid metabolism and one of the modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease. The prevalence of dyslipidemia based on raised total cholesterol in the world was 39%, of which 37% for men and 40% for women. Cholesterol-lowering drugs have been reported to have many side effects. One alternative medicine in reducing blood cholesterol levels by utilizing the potential of the avocado peel. This research was experimental with a pre-posttest control group design. This research was used 30 Sprague Dawley male rats divided into 6 groups, namely the normal control group (CG1), negative control (CG2), positive control (CG3) and 3 treatment groups (TG) who received avocado peel extract (APE) at 75, 150, and 300 mg/200gr bodyweight rats. Data were tested using a one-way ANOVA. The results showed that APE significantly reduced the levels of LDL-C (P<0.05) was 17.82±2.62, 29.62±2.00, and 36.33±4.47 mg/dl (TG1, TG2, TG3). Decreased triglycerides levels (P<0.05) of 1.62±4.17, 14.05±5.16, and 29.67±5.79 mg/dl (TG1, TG2, TG3). The increased levels of HDL-C (P<0.05) were 29.67±5.79, 22.63±4.82, and 34.35±2.72 mg/dl (TG1, TG2, TG3). Avocado peel (Persea americana Mill.) extract showed a hypolipidemic effect by reducing LDL-C, triglycerides, and increasing HDL-C levels in rats with dyslipidemia.

PCSK9 and LRP5 in macrophage lipid internalization and inflammation

Atherosclerosis, the leading cause of cardiovascular diseases, is driven by high blood cholesterol levels and chronic inflammation. Low-density lipoprotein receptors (LDLR) play a critical role in regulating blood cholesterol levels by binding to and clearing LDLs from the circulation. The disruption of the interaction between proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 9 (PCSK9) and LDLR reduces blood cholesterol levels. It is not well known whether other members of the LDLR superfamily may be targets of PCSK9. The aim of this work was to determine if LDLR-related protein 5 (LRP5) is a PCSK9 target and to study the role of PCSK9 and LRP5 in foam cell formation and lipid accumulation. Primary cultures of human inflammatory cells (monocytes and macrophages) were silenced for LRP5 or PCSK9 and challenged with LDLs. We first show that LRP5 is needed for macrophage lipid uptake since LRP5-silenced macrophages show less intracellular CE accumulation. In macrophages, internalization of LRP5-bound LDL is already highly evident after 5 h of LDL incubation and lasts up to 24 h; however, in the absence of both LRP5 and PCSK9, there is a strong reduction of CE accumulation indicating a role for both proteins in lipid uptake. Immunoprecipitation experiments show that LRP5 forms a complex with PCSK9 in lipid-loaded macrophages. Finally, PCSK9 participates in TLR4/NFkB signalling; a decreased TLR4 protein expression levels and a decreased nuclear translocation of NFκB were detected in PCSK9 silenced cells after lipid loading, indicating a downregulation of the TLR4/NFκB pathway. Our results show that both LRP5 and PCSK9 participate in lipid uptake in macrophages. In the absence of LRP5, there is a reduced release of PCSK9 indicating that LRP5 also participates in the mechanism of release of soluble PCSK9. Furthermore, PCSK9 up-regulates TLR4/NFκB favouring inflammation.

Retention of primary bile salts by dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) during in vitro digestion: Role of bean components and effect of food processing

The positive effect of common beans on reducing blood cholesterol levels has been linked to their ability to sequester bile salts (BS) and prevent their recycling. We have examined the preferences of major bean components (soluble/insoluble fiber, starch and proteins) to retain BS, and the role played by the bean matrix. Additionally, the kinetics of BS-release were evaluated in bean flours generated by a combination of hydrothermal or high-hydrostatic pressure (HHP), and mechanical treatments. An in vitro digestion model combined with dialysis was used to evaluate separately the retention of primary individual BS. Soluble fiber retained a significant proportion of BS mainly due to an increased digesta viscosity; however, the protein fraction exhibited the greatest BS retention without affecting viscosity. The thermal properties of proteins and starch were more significantly affected in presence of tauro-chenodeoxycholate, which correlated to the affinity of both fractions to retain more hydrophobic BS during digestion. Glyco-chenodeoxycholate and tauro-cholate were the most and least effectively retained BS by bean flours, respectively. Neither of the processing treatments had an impact on the binding preferences of bean flours to the primary BS; however, the largest BS retention was caused by HHP at 600 MPa. Bean materials preferentially delayed the release of chenodeoxycholate BS, which is probably related to BS micelle formation. These findings demonstrate that a combination of viscosity, molecular and compositional factors is triggering the BS-retention capacity of beans, and indicate the importance of evaluating contribution of individual bean components and as whole system.

Effect Of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Fraction In Reducing Total Blood Cholesterol Levels and Triglyceride in Mice (Mus muscullus L.)

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) will be examined by looking at the ability between pomegranate extracts or fractions, which are more effective in lowering total blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels in mice. This study aims to determine the active pomegranate fraction that can reduce the total cholesterol levels and triglyceride in mice. The research method used was an experimental method with a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) which was divided into 6 treatment groups, and test animals divided into 6 treatment groups namely negative control given aquades, positive control fed a high-fat diet, given simvastatin, given 25 mg/grBB of pomegranate methanol fraction, given 50 mg/grBB of pomegranate methanol fraction, given 100 mg/grBB of pomegranate methanol fraction, each treatment group will be divided into 4 male mice.Based on the results of this study that the active fraction that has an effect in reducing blood cholesterol levels and mice triglycerides is the treatment given 100mg/grBB of pomegranate water methanol fraction.

Efektivitas Ekstrak Daun Kelor ( Moringa Oleifera) terhadap Penurunan Kadar Kolesterol Total pada Tikus Putih ( Rattus Novergicus)

Introduction: The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia in Indonesia is estimated to increased continously. One of the traditional medicines used to reduce blood cholesterol levels is Moringa oleifera Lam, After using the extract of Moringa leaves, the cholesterol levels slowly reduced, it because by the active substance component on Moringa leaves such as flavanoid, tannin saponin and β-sitosterol.&#x0D; Objective : To determine the effect of Moringa leaf extract on reduce total cholesterol levels.&#x0D; Methods : The research is an analytical research, using pre-experimental design with one group pre-test method post-test approach. By comparing treatment groups and control groups where the treatment group was treated on the form of Moringa leaf extract.&#x0D; Results: The Paired T test showed that in the treatment group using Moringa leaf extract obtained before intervention the average cholesterol level was 307.40 mg/dl and after the interval was 209.00 mg/dl. Statistical test results obtained p value (0.00041) &lt;0.05 which means that there is a difference of the mean cholesterol level between before and after treatment. Besides, the group using simvastatin was obtained before the intervention of the average cholesterol level was 271.20 mg/dl and after the interval was 127.40 mg/dl. Statistical test results obtained p value (0.009) &lt;0.05 which means that there is a difference of the mean cholesterol level between before and after treatment. &#x0D; Conclusion: There wasn’t any significant differences between the Moringa leaves and simvastatin use to reduce the total blood cholesterol levels.

A sustainable approach for the extraction of cholesterol-lowering compounds from an olive by-product based on CO2-expanded ethyl acetate

Olive (Olea europaea) processing results in large amounts of by-products that contain valuable molecules such as phenolic compounds and phytosterols. These molecules have demonstrated to reduce blood cholesterol levels. This work proposes the development of a method to obtain simultaneously phenolic compounds and phytosterols from the olive stone using CO2-expanded liquid extraction. Hansen solubility parameters were employed for the theoretical prediction of the most suitable bio-based solvent to extract target compounds. The Box–Behnken experimental design was employed to select the optimal conditions of pressure (8–25 MPa), the molar fraction of CO2 in ethyl acetate (0.15–0.55), and the temperature (40–80 °C). Extracts showing the highest and the lowest reductions of micellar cholesterol solubility capacity were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry to find out the compounds responsible for this activity. Different phenolic compounds, free fatty acids, and phytosterols were identified in the extracts. β-Sitosterol and, especially, tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol were the compounds that primarily contributed to the reduction of micellar cholesterol solubility capacity.