Particle Size Reduction Research Articles

Development of piperine nanoparticles stabilized by OSA modified starch through wet-media milling technique with enhanced anti-adipogenic effect in 3T3-L1 adipocytes

Piperine (PIP) has been known for its pharmacological activities with low water solubility and poor dissolution, which limits its nutritional application. The purpose of this research was to enhance PIP stability, dispersibility and biological activity by preparing PIP nanoparticles using the wet-media milling approach combined with nanosuspension solidification methods of spray/freeze drying. Octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA)-modified waxy maize starch was applied as the stabilizer to suppress aggregation of PIP nanoparticles. The particle size, redispersibility, storage stability and in vitro release behavior of PIP nanoparticles were measured. The regulating effect on adipocyte differentiation was evaluated using 3T3-L1 cell model. Results showed that PIP nanoparticles had a reduced particle size of 60 ± 1 nm, increased release rate in the simulated gastric (SGF) and intestinal fluids (SIF) and enhanced inhibition effect on adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells compared with free PIP, indicating that PIP-loaded nanoparticles with improved stability and anti-adipogenic property were developed successfully by combining wet-media milling and drying methods.

Solar-matched S-scheme ZnO/g-C3N4 for visible light-driven paracetamol degradation

In pursuit of an efficient visible light driven photocatalyst for paracetamol degradation in wastewater, we have fabricated the ZnO/g-C3N4 S-Scheme photocatalysts and explored the optimal percentage to form a composite of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) with zinc oxide (ZnO) for enhanced performance. Our study aimed to address the urgent need for a catalyst capable of environmentally friendly degradation of paracetamol, a common pharmaceutical pollutant, using visible light conditions. Here, we tailored the band gap of a photocatalyst to match solar radiation as a transformative advancement in environmental catalysis. Notably, the optimized composite, containing 10 wt.% g-C3N4 with ZnO, demonstrated outstanding paracetamol degradation efficiency of 95% within a mere 60-min exposure to visible light. This marked enhancement represented a 2.24-fold increase in the reaction rate compared to lower wt. percentage composites (3 wt.% g-C3N4) and pristine g-C3N4. The exceptional photocatalytic activity of the optimized composite can be attributed to the band gap narrowing that closely matched the maximum solar radiation spectrum. This, coupled with efficient charge transfer mechanisms through S-scheme heterojunction formation and an abundance of active sites due to increased surface area and reduced particle size, contributed to the remarkable performance. Trapping experiments identified hydroxyl radicals as the primary reactive species responsible for paracetamol photoreduction. Furthermore, the synthesized ZnO/g-C3N4 composite exhibited exceptional photostability and reusability, underscoring its practical applicability. Thus, this research marks a significant stride towards the development of an effective and sustainable visible light photocatalyst for the removal of pharmaceutical contaminants from aquatic environments.

Comparative study on dynamic in vitro digestion characteristics of lotus seed starch-EGCG complex prepared by different processing methods

To study the effect of starch-polyphenol interaction induced by different processing methods on digestion characteristics, a dynamic in vitro human gastrointestinal system was employed to investigate the digestive characteristics of lotus seed starch–epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) complex (LS–EGCG) prepared by different processing methods. Digestion altered crystal structure, particle size, morphology, pH, starch hydrolysis, and EGCG content. Processing broke physical barriers, reducing particle size by enzyme erosion. Enzymatic hydrolysis gradually exposed EGCG, indicated by green fluorescence. Heat and high pressure treatments enhanced starch dissolution, increasing sugar accumulation and hydrolysis. However, ultrasonic-microwave and high pressure microfluidization treatments formed dense structures, decreasing hydrolysis rates. Overall, the complex formed by high pressure microfluidization showed better enzyme resistance. The results provide a scientific basis for the development of food with quality and functional properties.

Effect ratio of stearic acid and oleic acid on characteristics of diclofenac sodium nanostructured lipid carrier

Background: Osteoarthritis treatment generally involves using a Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug (NSAID), and the most common is Diclofenac sodium. The oral use of diclofenac sodium presents some adverse effects on the gastrointestinal tract. Trans-dermal diclofenac sodium's biological efficacy can be affected by factors including its log P value of 1.13. Nanostructured Lipid Carrier (NLC) may solve these concerns. Objective: This study examined how stearic and oleic acid concentrations customise diclofenac sodium NLC's physicochemical properties. Method: High shear homogenisation was used to compare stearic acid and oleic acid at 6:4, 7:3, and 8:2. Furthermore, the physicochemical properties of diclofenac sodium NLC were assessed, such as organoleptic, particle size and poly-dispersity index, pH, viscosity, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, profiles of FTIR and DSC. Result: This study found that particle size ranged from 333.60 ± 144.29 to 791.77 ± 85.57, and entrapment efficiency was 89.38 ± 3.69 to 76.96 ± 3.29. Increasing the content of oleic acid as a liquid lipid reduces particle size and improves diclofenac sodium NLC entrapment. According to One-Way ANOVA, the dependent variable was not significantly affected by any independent variables (p-value > 0.05) except for particle size and entrapment efficiency. Conclusion: Stearic acid-oleic acid concentration ratios affect diclofenac sodium NLC's physicochemical properties.

Specific surface area of mannitol rather than particle size dominant the dissolution rate of poorly water-soluble drug tablets: A study of binary mixture

The dissolution behavior of tablets, particularly those containing poorly water-soluble drugs, is a critical factor in determining their absorption and therapeutic efficacy. Traditionally, the particle size of excipients has been considered a key property affecting tablet dissolution. However, lurasidone hydrochloride (LH) tablets prepared by similar particle size mannitol, namely M200 (D90 = 209.68 ± 1.42 μm) and 160C (D90 = 195.38 ± 6.87 μm), exhibiting significant differences in their dissolution behavior. In order to find the fundamental influential factors of mannitol influencing the dissolution of LH tablets, the properties (particle size, water content, true density, bulk density, tapped density, specific surface area, circularity, surface free energy, mechanical properties and flowability) of five grades mannitol including M200 and 160C were investigated. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to establish a relationship between mannitol properties and the dissolution behavior of LH. The results demonstrated that specific surface area (SSA) emerged as the key property influencing the dissolution of LH tablets. Moreover, our investigation based on the percolation theory provided further insights that the SSA of mannitol influences the probability of LH-LH bonding and LH infinite cluster formation, resulting in the different percolation threshold states, then led to different dissolution behaviors. Importantly, it is worth noting that these findings do not invalidate previous conclusions, as reducing particle size generally increases SSA, thereby affecting the percolation threshold and dissolution behavior of LH. Instead, this study provides a deeper understanding of the underlying role played by excipient SSA in the dissolution of drug tablets. This study provides valuable guidance for the development of novel excipients aimed at improving drug dissolution functionality.

Unveiling the potential of micronized dehulled sunflower press‐cake: a breakthrough in sustainable plant‐based protein‐rich sport beverages

SummaryIn the sports protein beverage market, the demand for plant‐based substitutes is rising. Sunflower press‐cake, a protein‐rich by‐product, offers a compelling alternative to traditional options like soy, pea, or rice proteins. With its natural allergen‐free composition, sunflower proteins are suitable for individuals with soy or nut allergies, broadening the market of allergen‐free protein products. This study focuses on the characterisation of micronized dehulled sunflower press‐cake (DSPC) and preliminary explores its valorization in a protein‐rich beverage. Micronization treatment was applied to the DSPC, since the reduction in particle size positively influences sensory attributes. The comprehensive analysis of micronized industrial DSPC revealed a high protein content (44.35 g/100 gDB), elevated polyphenol levels (33.75 mgGAE/gDB) and positive outcomes in water and oil holding capacities. However, proteins showed low in vitro digestibility (42.82%) and poor solubility (~10%). Additionally, the high phytate content (5.00 g/100 g) prompted consideration for nutritional implications, whether positive or negative. From the analysis of the volatile profile, the diverse array of compounds revealed the absence of off‐odours typically formed during autoxidation. In view of the potential application within a functional beverage formulation intended for athletes, four aqueous dispersions, featuring two different percentages of micronized DSPC (25% and 16% w/v) and pH levels (6.5 and 3.5), were prepared and tested for rheological properties.

Modulating hydrogen spillover effect to boost ultradeep hydrodesulfurization of 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene over Pt-Ni2P/Al2O3

The design and development of hydrodesulfurization (HDS) catalysts with superior catalytic activity has been highly desirable. Herein, a series of platinum (Pt)-triggered Ni2P/Al2O3 catalysts were fabricated and examined for 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene (4,6-DMDBT) HDS. The loading of Pt strengthened the interaction between the Pt and Ni2P and promoted the hydrogen atoms overflowing to the Ni2P surface, thereby enhancing the number of Lewis and Brønsted acid sites and facilitating the prehydrogenation and isomerization pathways, thereafter boosting the HDS performances of Pt-Ni2P/Al2O3 catalysts. Therein, 5%Pt-Ni2P/Al2O3 exhibited the optimal HDS performance with 97.1% 4,6-DMDBT conversion, remarkably higher than that of Ni2P/Al2O3 (25.6%) and the-state-of-the-art catalysts reported in literature due to its moderate acidity, temperate interaction between Pt and Ni2P, and excellent reducibility. Further increasing the Pt loading to 10% induced the serious aggregation of Pt particles, resulting in the sharp increase in particle size and subsequent reduction of Pt dispersion, thereby leading to the weakening of interaction between Pt and Ni2P and considerable decrease of the Brønsted acid number, which in turn inhibited the HDS performance of 10%Pt-Ni2P/Al2O3 catalyst. This work present a promising candidate for the ultradeep HDS of heavy oil and may contribute to the understanding of the hydrogen spillover effect in this reaction.

Research on pear residue dietary fiber and Monascus pigments extracted through liquid fermentation.

Pear residue, a byproduct of pear juice extraction, is rich in soluble sugar, vitamins, minerals, and cellulose. This study utilized Monascus anka in liquid fermentation to extract dietary fiber (DF) from pear residue, and the structural and functional characteristics of the DF were analyzed. Soluble DF (SDF) content was increased from 7.9/100g to 12.6g/100g, with a reduction of average particle size from 532.4 to 383.0nm by fermenting with M. anka. Scanning electron microscopy and infrared spectroscopic analysis revealed more porous and looser structures in Monascus pear residue DF (MPDF). Water-, oil-holding, and swelling capacities of MPDF were also enhanced. UV-visible spectral analysis showed that the yield of yellow pigment in Monascus pear residue fermentation broth (MPFB) was slightly higher than that in the Monascus blank control fermentation broth. The citrinin content in MPFB and M. anka seed broth was 0.90 and 0.98ug/mL, respectively. Therefore, liquid fermentation with M. anka improved the structural and functional properties of MPDF, suggesting its potential as a functional ingredient in food.

How particle size reduction improves pectin extraction efficiency in carrot pomace

Particle size reduction of raw materials is suggested to improve the extraction efficiency of pectin. However, conflicting reports have been published in literature, questioning to what extent particle size reduction is beneficial. This study investigated the role of reduced particle size and altered microstructure on the extraction efficiency and structure of pectin obtained from carrot pomace. High shear mixing and high pressure homogenization at different pressure levels (5–100 MPa) resulted in samples with a median particle diameter between 563 μm and 68 μm. Particle size reduction was shown to increase the pectin extraction yield. High shear mixing followed by high pressure homogenization, more specifically, resulted in a 50% increase of the pectin yield, resulting in the extraction of 62% of the pectin content. Interestingly, the extent to which the extraction yield was improved was more related to changes in the microstructure than to the particle size as such, with tissue disruption leading to more outspoken changes in pectin extractability than further disintegration of cell fragments. The additional fraction of extracted pectin is thought to originate from the middle lamella rather than the primary cell wall. Overall, particle size reduction did not alter the molecular structure of the extracted pectin.

Effects of Particle Size Reduction on the Pore Structure and Accessibility in Natural Porous Materials

Effects of Particle Size Reduction on the Pore Structure and Accessibility in Natural Porous Materials

Efficiency of dye adsorption of modified biochar: A comparison between chemical modification and ball milling assisted treatment

Ball milling technology was employed to increase the adsorption capacity of biochar with respect to methylene blue as a model pollutant. Comparative studies on the adsorption ability were conducted on ball-milled biochar and biochar chemically modified by oxidation and alkaline treatment, showing that ball milling produces higher performances since increases available active sites. The particle size reduction, with the consequence of an increase in the surface area was hypothesized to be responsible for the high removal efficiency. The adsorption kinetics follows a pseudo-second-order model, implying that the process is affected by chemisorption. Moreover, the Langmuir model proved that the maximum monolayer adsorption capacity increased to 185.18 mg/g. Design of experiments allowed for evaluating the pH and initial concentration values, which maximized the removal efficiency. The milled biochar was also regenerated and reused over six times, resulting in a drop of only 1 %.

Study of graphene incorporation into ZnO-PVA nanocomposites modified electrode for sensitive detection of cadmium

The presence of heavy metals often causes significant health risks, particularly cadmium, which is known for its high toxicity. In this study, a glassy carbon electrode was successfully modified by incorporating ZnO-PVA-Graphene nanocomposite, leveraging the excellent electrical properties and electron mobility of the material. Comprehensive material analysis, including XRD, confirmed that ZnO maintained its hexagonal wurtzite crystal structure despite the addition of graphene. Moreover, FESEM analysis showed that increasing graphene concentration led to a reduction in ZnO particle size by 85, 68, and 52 nm, respectively, accompanied by a decrease in band gap energy, as verified by UV–Vis measurements. Photoluminescence tests were also conducted and the result showed a noticeable blue shift in ZnO-PVA-Graphene nanocomposites compared to ZnO-PVA, specifically in the near band-edge (NBE) UV emission within the 374–379 nm wavelength range. Through I–V characterization, the optimal graphene concentration for cadmium detection was identified as 1.5 wt% in ZnO-PVA-Graphene nanocomposites, showing an approximate ohmic response. Meanwhile, square-wave voltammetry analysis of cadmium concentrations ranging from 0 to 80 ppm produced a coefficient of determination of 0.98926 and a Limit of Detection (LOD) of 9.88 ppm. These results showed the significant potential of ZnO-PVA-Graphene nanocomposites as a promising material for further development as an effective electrode modifier, enhancing the sensitivity of detection systems.

Nanosuspensions: A Novel Drug Delivery System

The current article cites the importance of the emerging and promising future of new age dosage form, ‘nano suspensions’. Particle size reduction, particularly nanonization, is a non-specific, universal approach to improve the bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. The article emphasizes importance in the preparation, evaluation and the research work going on with various drugs and their appropriate applications. Nano suspensions have emerged as a promising strategy for the efficient delivery of hydrophobic drugs because of their versatile features and unique advantages. Techniques such as media milling and high-pressure homogenization have been used commercially for producing nano suspensions. The unique features of nano suspensions have enabled their use in various dosage forms, including specialized delivery systems such as mucoadhesive hydrogels. Rapid strides have been made in the delivery of nano suspensions by parenteral, peroral, ocular and pulmonary routes. Currently, efforts are being directed to extending their applications in site-specific drug delivery.

Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum fermentation on the structure, physicochemical properties, and digestibility of foxtail millet starches

This study investigated the effects of Lactobacillus plantarum fermentation on the structural, physicochemical, and digestive properties of foxtail millet starches. The fermented starch granules formed a structure with honeycomb-like dents, uneven pores, and reduced particle size. As the fermentation time extended, the amylose content of waxy (0.88 %) and non-waxy (33.71 %) foxtail millet starches decreased to the minimum value at 24 h (0.59 % and 29.19 %, respectively), and then increased to 0.85 % and 31.87 % at 72 h, respectively. Both native and fermented foxtail millet starches exhibited an A-type crystal structure. Compared with native samples, the fermented samples performed enhanced proportion of short-branched chain, crystallinity, and short-range ordered degree. After fermentation for 24 h, the solubility, adsorption capacity, and pasting viscosity of foxtail millet starches improved, whereas the swelling power, pasting temperature, breakdown, setback, and degree of retrogradation reduced. Additionally, fermentation increased the transition temperatures, enthalpy, and digestibility. Overall, Lactobacillus plantarum fermentation is considered a competent choice to regulate the characteristics of foxtail millet starch.

Preparation of lithium ferromanganese phosphate by non-stoichiometric strategy

LixFexMn1-xPO4 exhibits low production costs, environmental friendliness, high energy density, thermal stability, and cycling stability in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), presenting broad application prospects. Furthermore, studies have shown that adopting a non-stoichiometric ratio strategy can reduce particle size, decrease anti-site defects, and generate a conductive impurity phase on the material surface. This leads to an enhancement in the electrochemical performance of the material, making it an effective approach to achieving high-performance olivine-type cathode materials. In this study, three materials were successfully prepared using the solid-phase method: Li1.05Fe0.5Mn0.475PO4/C, Li1.05Fe0.5Mn0.5PO4/C, and Li1.05Fe0.475Mn0.5PO4/C. The physical properties of the materials were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The electrochemical performance including specific capacity, rate performance, and cycling performance were studied through charge-discharge tests, with Li1.05Fe0.5Mn0.475PO4/C exhibiting the best specific capacity at all rates. At rates of 0.1 C, 0.5 C, 1 C, 2 C, and 5 C, its average reversible specific capacities were 143.5, 129.5, 122.1, 112.8, and 97.3 mAh·g−1, respectively. Furthermore, differences in electrochemical performance of three materials were discussed in detail through cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS).

Strategies to Improve the Quality of Goat Yogurt: Whey Protein Supplementation and Milk Pre-Treatment with High Shear Dispersion Assisted by Ultrasound

This work investigated the fermentation kinetics and characteristics of goat yogurt supplemented with bovine whey protein isolate (WPI) (0%, 2.5% and 5.0%) subjected to high shear dispersion (HSD) assisted by ultrasound (US). Protein supplementation and the physical processes increased the electronegativity of the zeta potential (≤60%), whereas particle size reduction was observed only with physical processes (≤42%). The addition of 2.5% WPI reduced yogurt fermentation time by 30 min. After 24 h of storage at 7 °C, lactic acid bacteria counts did not differ between samples (≥8 log CFU/mL), and the supplementation was sufficient to increase the apparent viscosity (≤5.65 times) and water-holding capacity (WHC) of the yogurt (≤35% increase). However, supplementation combined with physical processes promoted greater improvements in these parameters (6.41 times in apparent viscosity and 48% in WHC) (p < 0.05), as confirmed by the denser and better-organized protein clusters observed in microscopic evaluation. Thus, both approaches proved to be promising alternatives to improve goat yogurt quality. Therefore, the decision to adopt these strategies, either independently or in combination, should consider cost implications, the product quality, and market demand.

High internal phase emulsions stabilized by physically modified mung bean protein isolates under different pHs

This research explored the impact of modified mung bean protein isolates (MBPIs) on the physicochemical, rheological, and structural properties of 70% oil-containing high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs). MBPIs (4% protein concentration) were subjected to heating (90 °C for 2 h) or sequential heating/ultrasonication (20 kHz, 120 W for 10 min) at different pHs (2, 7, and 10). Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of modified MBPIs confirmed heat treatment at pH 2 hydrolyzed MBPI, unlike MBPIs heated at pH 7 and 10. Sequential heating/ultrasonication significantly reduced particle size, improved solubility and surface hydrophobicity of MBPIs, resulting in smaller droplet size and enhanced gel-like properties of HIPEs. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that sequentially heated/ultrasonicated MBPIs in the oil–water interface existed in a fibrillar or randomly aggregated structure at pH 2, a randomly aggregated structure at pH 7, and a particulate aggregated structure at pH 10. Overall, these structural modifications at varied pH conditions influenced MBPI adsorption at the HIPE droplet interface, impacting rheological features and promoting the potential use of protein-stabilized HIPEs across diverse applications.

Effect of pH and Shear on Heat-Induced Changes in Milk Protein Concentrate Suspensions.

The effect of shear on heat-induced changes in milk protein concentrate suspensions was examined at different pH levels, revealing novel insights into micellar dissociation and protein aggregation dynamics. Milk protein concentrate suspensions, adjusted to pH of 6.1, 6.4, 6.8, or 7.5, underwent combined heat (90 °C for 5 min or 121 °C for 2.6 min) and shear (0, 100, or 1000 s-1) treatment. The fragmentation of protein aggregates induced by shear was evident in the control MPC suspensions at pH 6.8, irrespective of the temperature. At pH 7.5, shear increased the heat-induced micellar dissociation. This effect was particularly pronounced at 121 °C and 1000 s-1, resulting in reduced particle size and an elevated concentration of κ-casein (κ-CN) in the non-sedimentable phase. At pH 6.1 or 6.4, shear effects were dependent on sample pH, thereby modifying electrostatic interactions and the extent of whey protein association with the micelles. At pH 6.1, shear promoted heat-induced aggregation, evidenced by an increase in particle size and a significant decline in both whey proteins and caseins in the non-sedimentable phase. At pH 6.4, shear-induced fragmentation of aggregates was observed, prominently due to comparatively higher electrostatic repulsions and fewer protein interactions. The influence of shear on heat-induced changes was considerably impacted by initial pH.

Experimental and dynamic molecular study of zinc extraction from sphalerite concentrate in ternary deep eutectic solvent

The utilization of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as a novel class of solvents in metal production offers a promising alternative to aqueous solutions due to their biocompatibility and non-aqueous nature. This study investigated the leaching of sphalerite concentrate using a ternary stable DES composed of choline chloride (ChCl), p-toluene sulfonic acid (PTSA), and ethylene glycol (EG) (at a molar ratio of 1:1:1). The effects of time, temperature, and milling time on zinc recovery were examined within specific ranges (20–1440 min, 40–100 °C, and 0–24 h, respectively). The study revealed the significant influence of time and temperature on zinc dissolution efficiency within ChCl:PTSA:EG. Higher temperatures and longer leaching times were found to improve efficiency substantially. The research emphasized the crucial role of milling time, demonstrating that longer durations enhanced zinc efficiency by introducing more defects on the sphalerite surface and reducing particle size. Under optimized conditions, including a temperature of 100 °C, 24 h of ball milling, and 1440 min of leaching, a zinc recovery of 99.7% was achieved. Infrared analysis confirmed the chemical stability of the solvents during the leaching process. The sphalerite leaching process involved the formation of zinc chloride ion complexes and evolution H2S gas. An unexpected finding is the presence of lead sulfate in the leach residue, which may be attributed to sulfide oxidation to sulfate species. The Avrami kinetic model provided an excellent fit with the sphalerite dissolution data in ChCl:PTSA:EG DES, indicating that the rate-controlling step was primarily influenced by the diffusion process. R2 values for kinetics fitting data were in the range of 0.87–0.97 for temperature of 40–100 °C. The molecular dynamic (MD) simulation findings indicated robust electrostatic interactions between the metal ions Zn2+ and Fe2+ and the Cl− ions of the ChCl molecules. Additionally, the MD calculations showed that the metal ions formed complexes with some O-S-O atoms within the PTSA molecule.

Impregnated LSM-YSZ electrodes with RuO2/SDC nanocomposites for solid oxide cells

La0.8Sr0.2MnO3-δ-Y0.16Zr0.84O2-δ (LSM-YSZ) composites have been widely used as the oxygen electrodes in solid oxide cells (SOCs), however, their poor activities for oxygen reduction and evolution reactions result in relatively low cell performance. A common method to promote electrocatalytic activities of LSM-YSZ composites is to tailor the microstructure by impregnation. In this study, nanocomposite catalysts are developed by one-pot infiltration, where nano scale particles of RuO2 and Ce0.8Sm0.2O2-δ (SDC) are highly dispersed to achieve a uniform distribution with reduced particle sizes. Impedance measurements of symmetrical oxygen electrode cells reveal that modifying LSM-YSZ electrodes with SDC and RuO2/SDC can substantially promote their activities for oxygen reduction reactions (ORR). The measured polarization resistances at 750°C in air are 2.23, 0.24 and 0.14 Ω cm2 for the blank, SDC and RuO2/SDC modified LSM-YSZ electrodes, respectively. Compared to pure SDC, RuO2/SDC composites show higher ORR promotion, which can be correlated with their more surface oxygen vacancies. Solid oxide cells with thin YSZ electrolytes, RuO2/SDC impregnated LSM-YSZ oxygen electrode substrates and thin fuel electrodes of La0.3Sr1.55Fe1.5Ni0.1Mo0.4O6 achieve a peak power density of 0.7 W cm−2 at 750°C in the fuel cell mode and a steam electrolysis current density of 2.31 A cm−2 at 1.3 V and 800°C in the electrolysis mode.