Reduction Of Sintering Temperature Research Articles

Glass-ceramic binder of cordierite composition for low-temperature sintering of high-strength ceramic materials based on oxygen-free silicon compounds

The mechanical properties of composite ceramic materials obtained based on oxygen-free silicon compounds are largely determined by the properties of the glass binder. This paper presents the results of studies aimed at determining the most fusible glass in the pseudo-binary system 2MgO2Al2O35SiO2–2MnO2Al2O35SiO2 with a high tendency to crystallize as a glass-ceramic binder for low-temperature sintering of high-strength ceramic materials based on oxygen-free silicon compounds. The crystallization tendency of the experimental melts decreases with an increase in in the content of manganese cordierite, as confirmed by X-ray and infrared spectroscopic studies. Based on experimental studies, a melting diagram was constructed, which was used to determine the ratio between magnesium cordierite and manganese cordierite (50:50 wt.%), ensuring a minimum melt temperature of 12750C. The melting point of the glass of the specified composition is 14500C. The synthesized glass is characterized by a softening point of 8000C and crystallizes intensively at 10300C. The The thermal coefficient of linear expansion of the crystallized glass samples is 20.810–7 0C–1. X-ray diffraction and electron microscopic studies have shown that the developed glass is almost completely crystallized during heat treatment for 2 hours, forming a cordierite solid solution 2(Mg,Mn)O2Al2O35SiO2. The size of the cordierite phase crystals ranges from 0.5 to 3.0 m. Due to its fusibility and high crystallization tendency, the developed glass, can be proposed as a promising glass-ceramic binder for the production of high-strength ceramic materials (wear and impact resistant) based on SiC and Si3N4 with reduced sintering temperatures.

Low Sintering Temperature Effect on Crystal Structure and Dielectric Properties of Lead-Free Piezoelectric Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3-NaFeTiO4

Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3 (BNT) emerges as a promising ferroelectric and piezoelectric lead-free candidate to substitute the contaminant Pb[TixZr1−x]O3 (PZT). However, to obtain optimal ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties, BNT must be sintered at high temperatures. In this work, the reduction of sintering temperature by using iron added to BNT is demonstrated, without significant detriment to the dielectric properties. BNT-xFe with iron from x = 0 to 0.1 mol (∆x = 0.025) were synthesized using high-energy ball milling followed by sintering at 900 °C. XRD analysis confirmed the presence of rhombohedral BNT together with a new phase of NaFeTiO4 (NFT), which was also corroborated using optical and electronic microscopy. The relative permittivity, in the range of 400 to 500 across all the frequencies, demonstrated the stabilization effect of the iron in BNT. Additionally, the presence of iron elevates the transition from ferroelectric to paraelectric structure, increasing it from 330 °C in the iron-free sample to 370 °C in the sample with the maximum iron concentration (0.1 mol). The dielectric losses maintain constant values lower than 0.1. In this case, low dielectric loss values are ideal for ferroelectric and piezoelectric materials, as they ensure minimal energy dissipation. Likewise, the electrical conductivity maintains a semiconductor behavior across a range of 50 Hz to 1 × 106 Hz, indicating the potential of these materials for applications at different frequencies. Additionally, the piezoelectric constant (d33) values decrease slightly when low concentrations of iron are added, maintaining values between 30 and 48 pC/N for BNT-0.025Fe and BNT-0.05Fe, respectively.

Flash sintering of UO2 pellets for nuclear fuel and wasteform applications

Flash sintering (FS) has been shown to enhance the sintering kinetics in UO2. Using a bespoke AC-FS furnace, high density UO2 pellets, >95 % theoretical density (TD) have been produced followed by scale up and Gd2O3 doping trials. Increasing furnace temperature during FS increases pellet density to a plateau, however, increasing hold time and maximum current both increased the density of UO2 samples to >95 % TD and grain size to ∼4 µm, close to conventional sintering (CS). The optimised FS program reduced sintering temperature and cycle time by ∼50 % compared to CS. Scale up trials showed >96 %TD pellets could be achieved for 11.3 and 14.125 mm diameter green bodies, demonstrating typical fuel pellet diameters are feasible with FS. Gd doping experiments showed with 1 wt% Gd2O3 addition, a ∼92 %TD pellet with ∼2 µm grain size was obtainable, highlighting further optimisation is required for mixed oxide (MOx) materials.

The synergistic effect of cold sintering and reaction sintering on BST tape casting sheets

In this paper, the tape casting method was used to prepare BST (Barium Strontium Titanate) thin films and the effect of combining cold sintering and reaction sintering processes on the properties of BST sheets was explored. A comparison was made between cold sintering and direct BST sintering combined. The combined process yielded high-density BST sheets with significantly improved dielectric properties (the resulting BST sheets displayed a low dielectric loss of less than 0.02 with a dielectric constant of 720) at a reduced sintering temperature of 950 °C. The underlying mechanisms for this enhanced performance are explored through structural and sintering analysis.

Effects of Sm2O3 and TiO2 on the performance of MgAl2O4-Si3N4 ceramics for solar thermal absorber in concentrating solar power

Aiming to further improve the properties of novel MgAl2O4-Si3N4 ceramic used as solar thermal absorbing material in concentrating solar power, effects of Sm2O3 and TiO2 on performance of the composites were investigated especially the mechanisms of different additives on microstructure and high temperature stability. The results show that both additives can accelerate sintering, reduce sintering temperature, improve the density and high temperature stability via liquid phase sintering mechanism. Besides, TiO2 can form displacement solid solution with Al2O3 to promote the sintering process. Sm2O3 is more conducive to improving the bending strength due to its function of increasing the length diameter ratio of β-Si3N4. TiO2 is more favorable for improving solar absorption owing to the distinctive absorption spectrum and large number of cation vacancy caused by substitution of Al3+ by Ti4+. MgAl2O4-Si3N4 composites with Sm2O3 and TiO2 additives have better performance than MgAl2O4-Si3N4, Si3N4 and SiC ceramics prepared via the same procedure, which makes it a certain choice for solar thermal absorbing material.

Tribological behavior of medium entropy boride (Ta,Zr,Ti)B2 densified at a relatively low temperature of 1600 °C

Medium and High entropy borides with high hardness and corrosion resistance are promising wear resistant materials. High temperature (>2000 °C) is always necessary for the densification of medium and high entropy borides. Using a mixture of 10 vol% metallic cobalt and 20 vol% SiC as additives, medium entropy (Ti,Zr,Ta)B2 ceramics were prepared at a relatively low temperature of 1600 °C by SPS. The reduced sintering temperature is attributed to the synergistic effect of Co and SiC that wet the grain boundary and promote the interdiffusion. The prepared (Ti,Zr,Ta)B2 obtains the microhardness of 22.54 ± 0.92 GPa, comparable with other medium entropy boride ceramics prepared at 2000 °C. The tribo-tests results of (Ti,Zr,Ta)B2 sliding against steel suggests that the tribological performance are load dependent. As the load increases, the friction coefficient first rises and then falls at a load of 10 N, which is associated with the chemical differences of the tribofilm. The tribofilm is primarily composed of O and Fe, along with Zr, Ti and Ta oxides. The iron oxide in the tribofilm will deteriorate the tribological performance. Abrasive wear is the main wear mechanism at lower load of 1 N, while adhesive wear is the predominant wear mechanism at 10 N.

Effect of Nb2O5 doping on low-temperature sintering of TiO2-Al2O3 ceramics

This study investigates the effects of Nb2O5 as a dopant in TiO2–Al2O3 ceramics to lower sintering temperature and enhance performance, including the physical, mechanical, and dielectric properties of the ceramics at sintering temperatures 1250 °C–1350 °C. Specifically, TiO2–Al2O3 ceramics doped with 1.5 wt% Nb2O5 and sintered at 1350 °C exhibit remarkable density 94 %, compressive strength 1372 MPa, and abrasion resistance 1.36 × 10−4 mm3/N·m, surpassing those of pure alumina ceramics. This improvement is attributed to enhanced grain boundary diffusion and strain energy resulting from Nb5+ cation substitution. The incorporation of Nb2O5 in TiO2–Al2O3 ceramics reduce sintering temperatures by 150–200 °C. The dielectric constant of TiO2–Al2O3 ceramics doped with 1.5 wt% Nb2O5 sintered at 1350 °C is found to be 13.4, with a dielectric loss of 2.56 × 10−2 and insulation resistance 7.3 × 1012 Ω. Nb2O5 is an effective additive for reducing sintering temperatures in Al2O3 based ceramic.

Recycling coal overburden waste to fabricate functionally graded SiC foam with gradient microstructure via one step thermo-foaming process

An economical and efficient thermo-foaming method, coupled with an in-situ reaction bonding technique, was employed to produce mullite-bonded functionally graded silicon carbide (SiC) foams with gradient microstructures using coal mine overburden waste (CMW). The foaming process utilized sucrose dehydration with sulphuric acid, allowing for tailored porosity in SiC foams. Mullite bonding material was in situ developed during sintering, facilitated by silica and alumina from CMW, promoting mullite phase formation. Alumina incorporation further enhanced mullitization. The use of CMW as a low-cost precursor for mullite conversion facilitated SiC particle bonding through mullite, reducing sintering temperature and overall production cost. Varied sucrose content and sintering temperature influenced foaming behavior, porosity, microstructural gradient, and mechanical properties. Mullitization process, reaction bonding behavior, and mechanical properties were analyzed based on CMW and alumina content, and sintering temperature. The resulting SiC foams exhibited bulk density and porosity in the range of 0.6–1.2 g/cm3, 60–80 % respectively. This study introduces an eco-friendly approach for repurposing CMW waste and cost reduction in SiC foam manufacturing.

Microwave dielectric properties of V2O5/CeO2 doped (Mg0.95Ca0.05)TiO3‐MgO and their application to a dielectric filter

AbstractThe phase composition, microstructure, sintering characteristics, and microwave dielectric properties of nonstoichiometric MgTiO3‐CaTiO3 ceramics containing an additional 0.2 mol MgO, compositely doped with various amounts of V2O5 and CeO2 additives, were studied. The results revealed that adding an optimum amount of V2O5 and CeO2 could effectively impede second‐phase formation in Mg0.95Ca0.05TiO3‐MgO. High amounts of Mg2+ can react with MgTi2O5 to reduce the content of the secondary phase. The addition facilitated the densification of the microstructure and reduction of sintering temperature. Moreover, the dielectric performances of the material were significantly influenced by V2O5 and CeO2. Mg0.95Ca0.05TiO3‐MgO doped with 0.75 wt% CeO2 exhibited excellent frequency and temperature stabilities. In particular, when co‐doped with 0.5 wt% V2O5 and 0.75 wt% CeO2, Mg0.95Ca0.05TiO3‐MgO exhibited optimum properties after sintering at 1300°C for 2 h; a dielectric constant εr ∼ 19.92 (7 GHz),a Q×f value ∼ 65,236 GHz, and a τf value ∼ −2.03 ppm/°C. This indicates the potential of the material for microwave communication applications. Finally, a dielectric filter with a center frequency of 11.55 GHz was successfully designed and fabricated using a Mg0.95Ca0.05TiO3‐MgO sample co‐doped with 0.5 wt% V2O5 and 0.75 wt% CeO2.The filter exhibited excellent performance with a bandwidth of less than 1.5 is about 40 MHz, the loss at the center frequency point was 0.7 dB, and the 3‐dB bandwidth exceeded 200 MHz, which holds a significant practical value.

MgAl2O4 spinel with transmittance approaching theoretical value at reduced sintering temperatures

Magnesium aluminate spinel is known to be a material with a good combination of mechanical properties, resistance against chemical attack and a high melting point, being thus a very promising material for application as a transparent material in harsh, high-temperature environments where glass fails. To improve the control over the microstructural evolution during sintering, Eu3+, Y3+ Mg2+ and their combinations were introduced as doping elements. The goal of the study was to optimize processing of fine spinel powder and investigate the potential for enhancing MgAl2O4 spinel density and in-line transmittance by using elements segregating to grain boundaries. The total and in-line transmittance were measured, and the characteristic pore size for transparent samples calculated based on the Rayleigh scattering approximation. Eu-doping proved to be effective in lowering the residual pore size and thus achieving in-line transmittance approaching the theoretical value at relatively low sintering temperatures (1400 °C).

Ceramic Embedding of SiC-Semiconductor Using Cofiring Technology

The presented work demonstrates our current state in embedding of SiC power electronic dies using Ceramic Multilayer Technology. The novelty of the approach presented includes the cofiring of a semiconductor element with ceramic base material, which demands for a reduced sintering temperature of ceramics (using LTCC or ULTCC based ceramics) in combination with an increased temperature stability of the semiconductor.

Design and manufacturing by fused filament technique of novel YSZ porous grafts infiltrated with PCL/PVA/AgNPs for large bone defects repairing

Addressing large bone segmental defects remains a profound challenge in orthopaedic surgery, demanding graft designs that mirror patient-specific defects while ensuring vascularization, osteoconduction, and structural integrity. Conventional approaches fall short in achieving this level of customization and functionality. This work leverages fuse filament fabrication (FFF) to fabricate innovative yttria stabilize zirconia graft designs that combine several strategies to tackle these multifaceted challenges. Graft designs ingeniously incorporate dense and porous structures mimicking the intricate architecture of natural bone for improved structural integrity and different ridges and protrusions to enhance the fixation. Additionally, these grafts undergo infiltration with PCL/PVA/AgNPs composite polymers, enriching biocompatibility, structural integrity, and antibacterial properties, fostering conducive conditions for optimal bone growth. Attaining printable filaments with YSZ powders below 50 nm and loads reaching 50 vol% marks a pioneering advancement in bone graft fabrication via Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF). This enabled high densification and low grain size at reduced sintering temperatures, imperative to achieve high mechanical performance. The biodegradation capacity of biopolymers in PBS and their role in the mechanical behaviour of grafts have been assessed, demonstrating the beneficial potential of the multicomponent graft proposed reaching strength values of 90–105 MPa.

Improving energy storage performance of barium titanate-based ceramics by doping MnO2

MnO2 was used as a sintering additive to reduce sintering temperature of the 0.92(Ba0.94Li0.02La0.04)(Mg0.04Ti0.96)O3-0.08Bi(Zn1/2Ti1/2)O3 (0.92BLLMT-0.08BZT) ceramic thick film and promote sintering process. At the same time, MnO2 doping is beneficial for reducing dielectric loss and leakage current, and improving insulation performance, thus, breakdown field strength (BDS) of ceramics is increased. In addition, MnO2 doping introduces defect energy levels, and increases lattice distortion and polarization intensity, thereby changing the crystal structure and microstructure morphology, and improving energy storage density and thermal stability. The BDS reaches 650 kV/cm electric field with 0.5 mol% MnO2 doping, where the ceramic thick film achieves a discharge density (Wdis) of 5.51 J/cm3, ultra-high power density (PD = 443.87 MW/cm3) and current density (CD = 1365.74 A/cm2). The ceramic thick film exhibits good thermal stability with Wdis change rate of only 16.47 % within room temperature to 170 °C under 200 kV/cm. Such excellent comprehensive performance can be attributed to the decrease of grain size, defect concentration, and leakage current, and the formation of polar nano regions in the BT-based ceramics caused by MnO2 doping and cations substitution at A-site and B-site of the perovskite structure. This study provides valuable insights for the research of lead-free dielectric ceramic capacitors, and the 0.92BLLMT-0.08BZT-0.5 mol% Mn ceramic thick film presents good development prospect in high-power pulse energy storage system.

Fabrication of fine‐grained Li2TiO3 ceramic with enhanced performance using high‐energy ball milling

AbstractNumerous efforts have been made to fabricate Li2TiO3 tritium breeding ceramics with satisfactory density and mechanical strength while maintaining a fine grain structure. In this study, high‐energy ball milling was performed to promote grain refinement and amorphization of TiO2 and Li2CO3 powders, thereby preparing Li2TiO3 ceramic at a reduced sintering temperature. In the presence of high‐energy ball milling, powder mixtures with particle sizes of 24–29 nm were obtained, and the formation of β‐Li2TiO3 occurred at 400°C. The relative density and crushing load of Li2TiO3 ceramic pebbles improved as the ball‐to‐powder ratio and milling time increased. The Li2TiO3 ceramic pebbles sintered at 900°C exhibited a tiny grain size, satisfactory relative density (89%), and excellent crushing load (121 ± 13 N). The results also demonstrated that Li2TiO3 ceramic possessed the maximum thermal conductivity and ionic conductivity under the conditions of a 20:1 ball‐to‐powder ratio and 20 h milling time, that is, 5.028 W/m·K and 1.87×10−2 S/m at room temperature. Overall, the high‐energy ball milling process has shown advantages in the fabrication of tritium breeding ceramics with fine‐grained structure and excellent comprehensive performance.

Hybrid low‐temperature sintering processes of electro‐ceramics

AbstractCold sintering process (CSP) developed recently has attracted much attention due to the ultralow sintering temperatures and high efficiencies with the assist of transient liquid phase (TLP). Based on CSP, we have further established a protocol for low‐temperature sintering processes by combining TLP with other sintering technologies, including hybrid sintering process with microwave and TLP (MW‐TLP), and hybrid sintering process with spark plasma sintering and TLP (SPS‐TLP). Three typical electro‐ceramics (TiO2, CaWO4, and ZnO) are selected, which are highly densified (>97%) with excellent electrical properties at reduced sintering temperatures, applied pressures or holding times, demonstrating the feasibility of MW‐TLP and SPS‐TLP in fabricating electro‐ceramics. Especially, the Q × f value of TiO2 ceramics (38,020 GHz) prepared by MW‐TLP at 1000°C is 46.2% and 23.4% higher than that of microwave and spark plasma sintered samples, respectively, and comparable to traditional thermal sintered (TTS) samples at 1300–1400°C. The dielectric properties of MW‐TLP CaWO4 ceramics sintered at 900°C for 2 h are comparable to TTS samples sintered at 1000–1300°C for 2–5 h. ZnO ceramics can be highly densified (∼98%) by SPS‐TLP with mild sintering conditions (200–300°C and 3.8–50 MPa) compared to SPS (>500°C) and CSP (>100 MPa). The frameworks of fundamental mechanisms are outlined together with the experimental data. It is expected that this work will provide promising sintering methods to fabricate electro‐ceramics and offer inspirations on sintering combinations to develop low‐temperature sintering processes with high efficiencies.

Modified (Ba,Sr)(Sn,Ti)O3 via hydrothermal synthesis for electrocaloric application

Electrocaloric cooling systems require components with large entropy change at the desired working temperature, high electric breakdown strength and low dielectric losses. We here report on hydrothermal synthesis (HTS) route for preparation of lead-free electrocaloric (EC) material Ba0.82Sr0.18Sn0.065Ti0.935O3 (BSSnT-18-6.5) with a median particle size of d50 = 150 nm. Influence of molar ratio (Ba,Sr):(Sn,Ti) on the purity and particle size of hydrothermally synthesized powders is investigated. The sintering behavior and the resulting microstructure of bulk ceramic samples prepared with HTS powders as well as their dielectric, ferroelectric, and electrocaloric properties are analyzed and discussed in detail. By using HTS powders we could significantly reduce sintering temperature from 1400 °C to 1275 °C. Samples prepared with a molar ratio (Ba,Sr):(Sn,Ti) of 1.6 show a maximum EC temperature change |ΔTEC| of 0.59 K around 30 °C with a broad peak of |ΔTEC| > 0.3 K in the temperature range from 5 °C to 65 °C under an applied electric field change of 5 V μm−1. Our results show that hydrothermal synthesis is well suited to produce starting powders of lead-free electrocaloric materials for future fabrication of multilayer ceramic (MLC) components.

Antiferroelectric ceramic capacitors with high energy-storage densities and reduced sintering temperature

Field-driven transition from antiferroelectric (AFE) to ferroelectric (FE) states has gained extensive attention for microelectronics and energy storage applications. High dielectric-breakdown-strength (DBDS) for a given material is a necessity to attain full capacity of electrical energy storage. An approach to increasing energy performances is to modulate the related materials to own a higher phase transition electric field (EFE-AFE) using elemental dopants. In this case, Cd2+ was selected as the dopant at A-site in the Pb0.97La0.02Zr0.50Sn0.45Ti0.05O3 ceramics to tailor this EFE-AFE value due to the ionic difference enhanced antiferroelectricity. Surprisingly, the doped ceramics increased EFE-AFE by half, DBDS by 16 %, and maintained energy storage efficiency η of over 85 %, providing a way to improve energy storage density. It is worth mentioning that while the performance has been improved, the sintering temperature has been reduced by 170 °C. At the same time, the ceramics maintain good temperature stability, extremely fast discharging speed and discharging energy storage density, indicative of a promising choice in pulse power devices.

Sintering energy conservation in extrusion-based 3D printing of porcelain ceramics blended with copper and allied alloys: A sustainable approach

This study investigates the use of copper particles in porcelain ceramics for reduced sintering temperature effort as a part of a sustainable environment. Porcelain powder is mixed with 10 wt% copper powder, 25.3 wt% water, and 12.6 wt% ethanol, and the rheological characterization is made. The rheological characterization of the initial slurry and the phases that evolved during sintering at various temperatures were studied. With suitable rheology of slurry, prototype parts are manufactured by 3D printing. The length-to-diameter ratio of the nozzle, stand-off distance, and type of underlying substrates are also observed to influence the printability. The sintering is performed in the temperature range of 500 °C–1200 °C. The sintered parts were characterized for various phases in the selected temperature range. In addition, a study was conducted to find sintering temperature variation with the percentage of copper addition made by mixing brass and bronze with multiple compositions of zinc and tin, respectively. Once the standards are established with copper in a research-based printer, porcelain with other elements is printed on a bulk printer, ensuring repeatability. The retention of natural binder kaolinite at various temperatures is also verified. This study also opens a new dimension for sustainable multi-material ceramic 3D printing with increased solid loading at ease with required customization. The results showed that adding copper particles to the porcelain powder reduced the sintering temperature by up to 200 °C. The study concluded that adding copper particles to porcelain is a promising method for sustainable 3D printing of ceramics.

Densification and microstructure of a ZrO2–SiO2 glass-ceramic prepared by using mesoporous particles as raw powder

Ceramic sintering is an energy-consuming process. Reducing sintering temperature and shortening dwelling time are significant to the reduction of carbon footprint. It has been reported that utilizing mesoporous particles as raw powder for sintering is a promising strategy to achieve the above goal. The goal of this study is to verify if this strategy also works for the sintering of ZrO2–SiO2 glass-ceramics. We synthesized mesoporous particles through a micelle-assisted co-precipitation process, followed by sintering by fast hot pressing (FHP) and pressureless sintering (PS) to obtain ZrO2–SiO2 glass-ceramics. For comparison, solid particles without mesopores were synthesized by a sol-gel method and consolidated by the two sintering techniques. The densification behaviors of the two types of particles were comparatively investigated. Results showed that the mesopores collapsed at ∼850 °C during FHP due to the applied pressure, which resulted in a peak densification rate during the whole sintering process. The mesoporous particles (∼820 °C) had a lower densification starting temperature than that of the solid particles (∼910 °C). However, the mesoporous particles showed a longer densification process and a lower average densification rate than those of the solid particles. The samples sintered from mesoporous particles showed a heterogeneous microstructure, predominately consisting of ZrO2 nanocrystallites embedded in a SiO2 matrix, but in some regions ZrO2 sub-microcrystallites were connected with each other by grain boundaries, without the presence of SiO2 matrix. During PS, there was not significant differences in the densification between the mesoporous particles and the solid ones. These results demonstrated that the mesoporous particles did not show significant advantages over solid ones, in terms of the densification of ZrO2–SiO2 glass-ceramics.

Achieving high relative density and low resistivity in indium tin oxide targets via Bi2O3-CeO2 additive

Indium tin oxide (ITO) target, an important raw material of ITO films, is difficultly prepared by traditional sintering due to the volatilization and partial dissociation at high sintering temperature. In this work, the high-density and low-resistivity ITO targets were prepared with Bi2O3-CeO2 additive at low sintering temperature. The effects of Bi2O3-CeO2 content and sintering temperature on the densification, phase composition, microstructure, mechanical properties and electrical resistivity of ITO targets were systematically investigated. The results revealed that the Bi2O3-CeO2 addition reduced sintering temperature by 50 ℃, and the ITO target with 1.0 wt% Bi2O3-1.0 wt% CeO2 had the maximum relative density of 99.57%, surpassing additive-free ITO target. The dense microstructure at low sintering temperature was attributed that Bi2O3 could convert solid phase sintering into liquid phase sintering. Notably, the ITO target with 1.0 wt% Bi2O3-1.0 wt% CeO2 also had the minimum resistivity of 1.82 × 10−4 Ω·cm, which was due to more free electrons generated by CeO2 doping and the dense microstructure. In addition, the grain growth kinetics was applied to calculate corresponding diffusion data, namely, the grain growth exponent (n = 7.4), growth rate constant (k = 4.211 × 1023) and growth activation energy (Q = 394.79 kJ/mol). This work provides a strategy to prepare high-quality ITO targets and presents great potential for the low-temperature sintering on other ceramic materials.