Radar Cross Section Reduction Research Articles

Ultra-wide band and high efficient Polarization converting metasurface employing Bell-shaped unit cell for RCS reduction

Polarization is a dominant parameter regarding communication systems in recent times. The standard polarization techniques can be used only to a certain extent because of their huge size and limited bandwidth constraints. A design of bell-shaped polarization converting metasurface (PCMS) is presented in this paper which is highly efficient for Radar cross section (RCS reduction) and also operates in ultra-wideband. The designed PCMS attains a polarization conversion ratio of more than 90% by demonstrating the transformation of the linear polarization wave to its orthogonal counterpart. The PCMS is arranged in a triangular chessboard configuration to reduce the RCS. RCS reduction is obtained by achieving destructive interference, accomplished by two unit cells. The two unit cells, PCMS and its mirror will have a phase difference of 180 ± 37°. The phase cancellation is obtained by rotating and arranging the proposed PCMS at 90°, 180° and 270°. RCS reduction is obtained in a frequency range from 4 GHz to 24.8 GHz with 144% FBW. This PCMS is verified experimentally. A good agreement is found between the simulation and the experimental results.

Efficient polarization conversion metasurface for scattered beam control and RCS reduction

This study proposes and experimentally validates a multifunctional, ultra-wideband polarization conversion metasurface. The design integrates polarization conversion and electromagnetic scattering functions into a single structure, enabling applications in polarization conversion, beam control, and effective reduction of the radar cross-section (RCS). The metasurface achieves linear-to-circular polarization conversion with an axial ratio (AR) of less than 3 dB across dual-band ranges of 14.6–26.8 GHz and 31–33.5 GHz. Additionally, by adjusting metallic resonant rings within the unit structure, cross-polarization conversion with a polarization conversion ratio (PCR) greater than 0.9 is realized in the 13.6–29.8 GHz frequency range, maintaining excellent stability even at oblique incidence angles up to 50°. Leveraging the phase cancellation principle, various coding arrays are designed to precisely control the scattered beams, reducing the RCS by more than 10 dB. The comparison of simulation and experimental results further validates the wide application potential of this polarization converter in fields such as wireless communication, antenna engineering, and radar stealth.

Rare earth doped magnetoelectric composites for enhanced electromagnetic wave absorption

Magnetoelectric electromagnetic wave absorption materials (EWAMs) with multiple loss mechanisms have shown remarkable results in solving electromagnetic (EM) interference and radar stealth. However, due to the Snoek limit, the magnetic properties are affected to some extent. Hence, based on low-cost two-dimensional graphite nanosheets and magnetic ferrite, a rare-earth doping strategy is innovatively proposed, aiming to develop a high-efficiency EWAM. Specifically, taking advantage of the significant differences in magnetic moments and dimensions between Gd and Fe ion, the modified ferrite owns unusual magnetic properties and dielectric capacity. Further, direct control of the EM parameters is achieved by finely tuning the component ratio, which in turn optimizes the response characteristics of EM wave absorption. Experimental results show a maximum reflection loss of −64.04 dB and a wide effective absorption bandwidth covering 4.88 GHz, corresponding to the absorption efficiency of −42.7 dB/mm and 3.25 GHz/mm, respectively. The outstanding performance is related to the synergistic effect of multiple loss management and impedance matching, and further confirmed by the radar cross section (RCS) reduction of 29.15 dBsm. Thus, the novel way opens a new horizon for the next magnetic-based EWAMs.

Enhanced microwave absorption using multiple heterostructures derived from in-situ grown Sn-metal-organic framework on La-doped Fe3O4

As a representative magnetic oxide absorber, Fe3O4 has attracted considerable research attention owing to its remarkable magnetic saturation strength as well as semiconducting properties. Doping Fe3O4 with La3+ leads to 3d-4f magnetic coupling and ion distribution changes due to the unique electron configuration and large ionic radius of La3+, thereby greatly enhancing the magnetic performance. However, high density, low dielectric loss, and low permeability at high frequencies inhibit the electromagnetic wave absorption (EMWA) performance of ferrites. In this study, stick-shaped Sn metal-organic framework (MOF) is in-situ grown on La3+-doped Fe3O4 using a surfactant. After high-temperature annealing, the SnO2/porous carbon composites derived from Sn-MOF wrap the ferrite, forming a core-shell heterostructure, which not only prevents oxidation but also enhances the EMWA performance. Among the prepared LaxFe3-xO4/SnO2/C (LFSC) samples, LFSC-2 (with LaxFe3-xO4 to Sn-MOF ratio of 1:2) exhibits strong absorption performance with a minimum reflection loss (RLmin) of −44.1 dB. Furthermore, the gradient metamaterial based on LFSC-3 shows ultra-broadband EMWA with an effective absorption bandwidth (RLmin ≤ −10 dB) of 13.17 GHz. In addition, the LFSC-2 sample demonstrates excellent radar stealth capability in the radar cross section (RCS) far-field response, achieving an RCS reduction value of 20.4 dB·m2.

Low-profile, wideband RCS-reduction antenna array based on a metal–ink hybrid metasurface

In this study, a highly flexible metal–ink hybrid metasurface that can be integrated with planar structures is proposed. The metasurface achieves wideband absorption performance while maintaining an efficient transmission window. Based on equivalent circuit model analysis, an aperture-coupled antenna array was integrated with the metasurface, enabling simultaneous wideband radar cross-section (RCS) reduction and high-performance radiation. The integration of the metasurface and antenna array allowed the overall structure to maintain a low profile. Simulation results show that the proposed array achieves a 10 dB RCS reduction against a metal plate of the same size over the [2.03, 8.11] GHz range, with a fractional bandwidth of 119.9% under x-polarized wave incidence. Under y-polarized wave incidence, a 10 dB RCS reduction is achieved at both [2.12, 5.1] GHz and [6.1, 8.06] GHz, with fractional bandwidths of 82.5% and 27.6%, respectively. Moreover, the array maintains a peak gain of 26.3 dBi and sidelobe levels less than -18 dB. The experimental results align well with the simulated results. The proposed low-RCS antenna array offers potential advancements in planar antenna technology, enhancing stealth capabilities.

Bamboo-Based Carbon/Co/CoO Heterojunction Structures Based on a Multi-Layer Periodic Matrix Array Can Be Used for Efficient Electromagnetic Attenuation

With the popularization of wireless communication, radar, and electronic devices, the hidden harm of electromagnetic radiation is becoming increasingly serious. The design of green biomass carbon-based interface heterojunctions based on lightweight porous materials can effectively protect against electromagnetic radiation hazards. In this work, we constructed an anisotropic heterojunction interface with magnetic and dielectric coupling based on a honeycomb-like periodic matrix multi-layer array repeating unit. The removal of lignin components from bamboo through oxidation enriches the impregnation pores and uniform adsorption sites of the magnetic medium. Further, in situ pyrolysis promotes the formation of a large number of electric dipoles at the interface between the magnetic medium and dielectric coupling inside the periodic cell carbon skeleton, enhancing interface polarization and relaxation. Local carrier traps and uneven electromagnetic density enhance dielectric and hysteresis losses, resulting in excellent impedance matching. Therefore, the obtained bamboo-based carbon multiphase composite absorbent has satisfactory electromagnetic loss characteristics. At a thickness of 1.55 mm, the effective absorption bandwidth reaches 5.1 GHz, and the minimum reflection loss (RL) value reaches −54.7 dB. In addition, the far-field radar simulation results show that the sample has an excellent RCS (radar cross-section) reduction of 33.3 dB·m2. This work provides new directions for the diversified development of green biomass and the optimization of the design of magnetic and dielectric coupling in periodic array structures.

Broadband 3-bit coding metasurface antenna with integrated radiation and scattering performance

This paper presents the design of an integrated metasurface antenna, which combines a central radiating patch with a quadru-arc (QAS) structure. The metasurface antenna simultaneously achieves high-gain radiation and complex scattering functionality. The modulation of the radiation function is primarily achieved through phase manipulation of the power division feed network, while modulation of the X-polarization scattering function is mainly accomplished by adjusting the arc of the QAS. The effectiveness of this design is verified by designing two metasurface antennas with distinct functionalities. The feed network phases are arranged in a checkerboard pattern in the first approach, resulting in four-beam radiation with a gain of 16 dBi per beam. Additionally, the scattering component utilizes eight scattering structures with a phase difference of 45 degrees to form a 3-bit coding, enabling vortex beam scattering. The second configuration arranges the feed network in phase with the deflected beam, resulting in a deflected beam radiation pattern characterized by a gain of 22.3 dBi. The scattering function is optimized using a simulated annealing-genetic algorithm for phase alignment, resulting in the achievement of RCS reduction across a wide bandwidth range of 8-24 GHz. The proposed metasurface antenna is ultimately fabricated and subjected to rigorous measurements.

Gradient metasurface covered with water-based channels for reconfigurable RCS reduction

A gradient metasurface covered with water-based channels (GMWC) is proposed for RCS (radar cross section) reduction reconfiguration. The amplitude and phase response of the metasurface unit covered by the water-based channel (WC) is altered, which results in a change in the monostatic scattering of the GMWC. Under the normal incidence of X-polarized plane waves, the RCS reduction of GMWC shows different levels when different water channels are activated. The simulated results show that the average RCS reduction of GMWC increases from 5 dB to 20 dB in 5 dB steps in the 6 GHz to 8.2 GHz frequency band under four different reconstruction states (10000;01000;00100;00001). Besides, GMWC has an average RCS reduction of 10 dB within UWB (4–18 GHz) under state 10000. Finally, GMWC is fabricated and measured, and the measured results are in agreement with the simulated results. The RCS reduction reconfiguration characteristic of GMWC has potential application in target camouflage.

Anisotropic hypocycloid inspired 3-bit digital coding metasurface for radar cross section reduction

Abstract Recently, researchers have realized various exotic electromagnetic (EM) control devices using the coded metasurfaces, sparking a broad investigation into the phase or amplitude-based encoding method, as well as their combination, in the field of metasurface design. In this paper, to evaluate the influence of random mutual coupling between the adjacent element on the scattering performance of metasurface, and also to minimize the backward radar cross section (RCS) of metal plate targets, a novel encoding approach combining the reflection phase and element-form has been proposed. During the implementation process, an anisotropic hypocycloid inspired 3-bit digital coding metasurface was designed. It consists of 9 different element-forms, with each capable of providing 7 phase states. Simulation results demonstrate that the random mutual coupling introduced by the proposed elements does not significantly affect the RCS performance of the metasurface. With a good polarization insensitivity property for both linearly and circularly polarized waves, the designed 3-bit digital coding metasurface can achieve more than 20 dB RCS reduction at 10 GHz, while simultaneously transmitting additional information by encoding the element forms. The good consistency between theoretical simulation and sample testing unequivocally validates the precision of the design, this paper may serve as a useful reference for expanding the design methods of metasurfaces.

A Hybrid Mechanism Metasurface Based on Absorption and Phase Cancellation for Ultra‐Wideband RCS Reduction

AbstractThis paper proposes a hybrid mechanism based on phase cancellation and absorption to design a metasurface with ultra‐wideband 10 dB radar cross‐section (RCS) reduction from 6 to 64.7 GHz (171%). At high frequencies of 15–64.7 GHz, 10 dB RCS reduction is achieved by a phase cancellation mechanism, which is realized by arranging a perfect electric conductor (PEC) to form an arrayed structure with varying heights. At low frequencies of 6–15 GHz, 10 dB RCS reduction is achieved by the absorption mechanism, which is realized by designing a rotationally symmetric dual‐pattern absorber. The coupled mode theory (CMT) is used to explain the absorption mechanism. Additionally, it is found that a 180° phase difference is obtained by two different patterns to enhance RCS reduction in the high‐frequency band of 28–35 GHz. Finally, the phase cancellation and absorption mechanisms are combined to achieve an ultra‐wideband 10 dB RCS reduction from 6 to 64.7 GHz, which is realized by integrating the absorber into the arrayed structure to form the ultra‐wideband RCS reduction metasurface. The designed metasurface has a compact size (subwavelength), and a thin profile with 0.105λL.

Wide-angle low-scattering transmitarray antenna based on transmit-reflect selective metasurface

Abstract A high-gain transmitarray antenna with low radar cross section (RCS) properties is presented in this paper. Compared with conventional high-profile multilayer designs, we introduce a transmit-reflect selective metasurface integrated with high-gain transmission and random scattering functions, achieving a reduced thickness of 0.13 λ 0 (where λ 0 is the wavelength at the center frequency). For the meta-atom design, we combine geometric rotation and dimension optimization to realize 1-bit independent transmit and reflection phase modulation, respectively. Moreover, in metasurface coding strategy, we employ an initial phase optimization method and a simulated annealing algorithm to determine the optimal coding matrices. The experimental results demonstrate high-performance radiation characterized by the peak gain of 23.6 dB, maximum aperture efficiency of 28.5%, and 3 dB gain bandwidth of 18.4%. For x-polarization, measured 10 dB RCS reduction bandwidth under transverse magnetic (TM) 0°-45° and transverse electric (TE) 0°-20° incidence are 9.02–11.36 GHz. For y-polarization, 10 dB RCS reduction bandwidth under TM 0–60° and TE 0–30° incidence is 8.82–10.96 GHz.

3D printed PEEK/CF nanocomposites metamaterial for enhanced resonances toward microwave absorption and compatible camouflage

The stealth materials for future weapons and equipment need to operate within the radar working band, be lightweight, easy to process, and compatible with infrared stealth. Integrating all these characteristics poses a significant challenge. This work utilizes poly (ether-ether-ketone)/carbon fibers (PEEK/CF) composite materials and employed reverse-guided manufacturing through simulation design. Incorporating a grid structure within the pyramid metamaterial enables electromagnetic wave reflecting multiple times in various directions. By optimizing the important interaction between dielectric properties of the materials structures，the Pyramid Grid Filled Metamaterial enables broadband electromagnetic wave absorption (<-10 dB, 8–18 GHz), weak angular dependence (5- 45o incidence), polarization insensitivity, radar cross section (RCS) reduction (reduction over 10 dB between θ = −60° and 60°), and infrared camouflage performance. The PGF metamaterial of 180◊180 mm2, weighs only 103.1 g at a thickness of 9 mm. This work paves a way for the design the radar infrared compatible composite metamaterials.

Design of Optically Transparent Coded Metamaterial Based on an Indium Tin Oxide Film Using Deep Learning for Radar Cross-Section Reduction

Design of Optically Transparent Coded Metamaterial Based on an Indium Tin Oxide Film Using Deep Learning for Radar Cross-Section Reduction

Biomimetic Multi-Interface Design of Raspberry-like Absorbent: Gd-doped FeNi3@Covalent Organic Framework Derivatives for Efficient Electromagnetic Attenuation.

Structural design and interface regulation are useful strategies for achieving strong electromagnetic wave absorption (EMWA) and broad effective absorption bandwidth (EAB). Herein, a monomer-mediated strategy is employed to control the growth of covalent organic framework (COF) wrapping flower-shaped Gd-doped FeNi3 (GFN), and a novel raspberry-like absorbent based on biomimetic design is fabricated by thermal catalysis. Further, a unique dielectric-magnetic synergistic system is constructed by utilizing the COF-derived nitrogen-doped porous carbon (NPC) as the shell and anisotropic GFN as the core. The electromagnetic parameters of the GFN@NPC composites can be tuned by adjusting the proportions of GFN and NPC. Off-axis electron holography results further clarify the interface polarization and microscale magnetic interactions affecting the EMW loss mechanism. As a result, the GFN@NPC samples exhibit broad EMWA performance. The EAB values of all GFN@NPC composites reach up to 6.0 GHz, with the GFN@NPC-2 sample showing a minimum reflection loss (RLmin) of -69.6 dB at 1.68 mm. In addition, GFN@NPC-2 achieves a maximum radar cross-section (RCS) reduction of 29.75 dB·m2. A multi-layer gradient structure is also constructed using metamaterial simulation to achieve an ultra-wide EAB of 12.24 GHz. Overall, this work provides a novel bio-inspired design strategy to develop high-performance EMWA materials.

Broadband low radar cross section frequency selective surface radome based on phase cancellation and spatial filtering

AbstractThis letter introduces a novel design approach for broadband radar cross section (RCS) reduction of frequency selective surface (FSS) radomes. The approach integrates the principles of phase cancellation and spatial filtering together through a hybrid design method. The phase cancellation is obtained through the checkerboard arrangement of units, and the spatial filtering characteristics is achieved by the slot etched on the ground plane. Experimental and simulation results demonstrate that etching slots on the ground plane maintains broadband in‐phase reflection and bandpass characteristics, thereby extending the bandwidth of RCS reduction through a combination of two operation bands. Theoretical analysis of the working mechanism is also provided using equivalent circuit models. In comparison to the conventional radomes, the proposed FSS radome achieves significant bandwidth improvement for RCS reduction, indicating that it has promising prospects in future low‐RCS radome applications.

A novel broadband low backscattering antenna array based on integration of absorptive and coding metasurface

AbstractThis paper presents a low‐scattering 1 × 2 patch array antenna combining resistive and coding metasurfaces (MSs) for the reduction of wideband‐backscatter. An artificial magnetic conductor technology is used to validate the proposed technique, which is fundamentally based on scattering, phase cancellation, and absorptive property of the MS. By integration of coding MS elements and an absorbent unit cell, three different array blocks are utilized to significantly reduce the monostatic and bistatic backscattered energy level from 6.5 to 16.5 GHz, as well as overall reduction from 5 to 22 GHz. Under the incidence of plane waves, various reflection phases have been observed. The diffusion of the scattering energy from the surface can be achieved by carefully choosing the phase distributions for the reflected waves. Additionally, the bistatic backscattered energy level of the prototype is realized at various frequency points. This technique is validated using artificial magnetic conductors, which uniquely combine the effects of scattering, phase cancellation, and absorption in the MS's hybrid unit cells. Further, antenna array parameters are optimized for frequency, polarization, and angular diversity, S‐parameters, radiating efficiency, reducing radar cross section (RCS) in the wideband range and ensuring robust performance. The experimental results were substantiated by simulations of the reference and proposed prototypes suggesting that the proposed prototype can be a good candidate for applications that require a low monostatic and bistatic RCS platform.

An ultra-broadband low profile modified chessboard metasurface with improved backscattering reduction

Building upon the concepts of polarization conversion and the mechanism of destructive interference, a single-layered ultra-broadband metasurface for radar cross-section (RCS) or backscattering reduction is proposed in this work. A diffusion-assisted checkerboard metasurface with re-tailored unit cells at the center leads to a significant improvement in the stealth characteristics. For this, a low profile and less complex unit cell is proposed, comprising a long metallic strip along the diagonal and two thin horizontal stubs at the edges. This unique arrangement exhibits more than 90% polarization conversion efficiency from 13.2 to 38.2 GHz. Modifying the geometry of central elements in a conventional checkerboard metasurface achieves a minimum of 15 dB RCS reduction from 10 to 38 GHz. Also, as we ascend the frequency spectrum, the beams are scattered in unintended directions with reduced signal strength. Notably, there is no beam in the boresight direction, as opposed to the conventional chessboard configurations. For off-normal incidences, the metasurface exhibits good angular stability, and a minimum of 10 dB backscattering reduction is maintained up to an incidence angle variation of 60°. The final optimized fabricated prototype exhibits measurement results that agree with the simulation results for normal and wide-angle incidences.

A Broadband RCS Reduction Metasurface With Dual Transmission Windows

A Broadband RCS Reduction Metasurface With Dual Transmission Windows

Metasurface with two-dimensional gradient-index phase distribution constructed by rotation ellipse elements for backward RCS reduction

ABSTRACT In this letter, the realization of minimizing the scattering of the Ku band is investigated by designing a two-dimensional gradient-index metasurface to control the propagation of the incident waves. Through the gradient phase design, the maximum RCS reduction was observed at 14 GHz, the x-polarized plane wave exhibits an RCS reduction of 15.43 dB, while the y-polarized plane wave shows an RCS reduction of 13.13 dB compared to the same size of PEC. The proposed metasurface with low backward RCS shows the capability to scatter the incident plane wave in different directions at both normal and oblique incidence. According to equation 2, by calculating the variable phase distribution of large-scale arrays at different frequencies, the maximum reduction of RCS can be obtained at any frequencies. Therefore, this work effectively designs and suggests the research of low RCS metasurface at different frequencies.

Pixelated slot-based dual-broadband tunable graphene metasurface absorber design through excitation of coupled modes in terahertz regime

This work presents a dual-broadband metasurface absorber (DBMSA) design inspired by the pixel-based slot patterning of the top graphene sheet (Gpat). Complimentary design procedure using slots ensures an inbuilt DC connection among graphene patterns, which makes tuning of chemical potential μc highly practical. A DBMSA provides an absorptivity (Af) ≥ 90 % from 4.46 to 5.6 THz (22.66 %) in the lower band and from 7.52 to 8.68 THz (14.32 %) in the upper band. At the same time, variation in μc (Top) from 0.5 to 1 eV leads to the coverage of an ultra-wideband (UWB) terahertz (THz) spectrum from 3.62 to 9.1 THz with Af≥ 90 % due to the overlapping of bands. The absorber is polarization-insensitive due to the symmetricity in the design of the unit cell and provides stable Af for incidence angle ≤ 60° under both transverse magnetic and electric polarization. The DBMSA is compact and ultra-thin, having periodicity and thickness of λ0/6.72 and λ0/26.9, respectively. The developed ECM model closely predicts the working principle of the metasurface. In conclusion, the proposed DBMSA can be used for several applications in the THz gap regime, such as THz shielding, radar cross-section (RCS) reduction, sensing, imaging, etc.