Reduce Design Cost Research Articles

РАСЧЕТНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ УДАРНЫХ ВОЗДЕЙСТВИЙ ПРИ ПРОЕКТИРОВАНИИ ОСНАСТКИ ДЛЯ ИСПЫТАНИЙ ОБОРУДОВАНИЯ

Described are state-of-the-art approaches to solving the problems associated with impact testing of the equipment under development at the design stage. A brief description is provided of an experimental facility that models in different directions the impact loads equivalent to the effect of a blast wave originated near the object. The topicality is emphasized of developing - based upon the calculational mathematical analysis - the safe process tooling that prevents any possibility of accident consequences. The capabilities of ANSYS/LS-DYNA, a state-of-the-art computing system, are elucidated in brief. In ANSYS/LS-DYNA, full-scale mathematical 3D-modeling is implemented that enables a sufficiently deep and detailed analysis of dynamic processes through the use of a finite element method. Described are analytical and experimental methods of studying the deformation models of structural materials under static and dynamic loads, and determined are parameters of the mathematical models (Jonson-Cook models, Allen model, Rule & Jones, Cowper-Symonds model) from the LS-DYNA library. With account of the safety requirements in the regulatory documents, the deformation criteria are employed to assess the dynamic strength of the structural materials used to manufacture the tooling. Following the results of the mathematical analysis of the impact action, the tooling has been designed that enables successful testing at a safe level. The specified parameters have been reached that are in the technical requirements for the developed equipment - the obtained accelerations are maximally close to the calculated ones. Thanks to the integrated approach to the computational analysis that covered the engineering-and-design, physical-mechanical, mathematical and regulatory aspects, an opportunity has come to abandon the excessive conservatism and thus to fit well into the specified overall dimensions of the item and to reduce the specific metal content of the final product. Abandoning the multivariate progressive approximations in the analysis of the tooling at the design stage resulted also in the shortened design time and in the reduced design cost.

Byzantine-Tolerant Inference in Distributed Deep Intelligent System: Challenges and Opportunities

Cyber-physical systems in the Internet-of-Things (IoT) era increasingly need responses that are not only timely, but also intelligent. To that end, decentralized Deep Neural Network (DNN) systems have been studied for near-sensor processing to enable localized inference and global network partition in a given, limited power budget. In the real world, however, such systems are fundamentally heterogeneous in per-node information quality, since each virtually or physically dispersed sensor captures only part of the observable environment. Recent work in collective DNN systems has leveraged this variation in information quality across nodes in a network hierarchy to improve accuracy and reduce design cost. Unfortunately, in noisy or dynamic environments, there are clear optimization challenges in properly measuring information quality or its proxies, which can make such systems even more sensitive to noise than a quality-agnostic design. This implies that the unequal weighting in an information-quality exploiting distributed DNN will likely present new opportunities to subvert collective decision making. Inspired by the classical fault models of distributed systems, specifically those designed to endure coordinated node failure ( Byzantine failure ), this article explores interactions between collaborative DNN models, their reliance on information quality metrics in various fault scenarios, and the corresponding system design costs for achieving reasonable accuracy and reliability. As a proof-of-concept, we perform a case study on a distributed multi-view camera system operating under faults introduced both by environmental noise and adversarial inputs, and present results on inference robustness supported by consensus mechanisms in Byzantine settings.

On the Practical Design of a Two-Terminal Active Capacitor

A two-terminal active capacitor concept has been proposed recently based on an active power electronic circuit with a voltage control method and self-power scheme. It retains the convenience of use as a passive capacitor with two power terminals only without any additional required connections and has the potential to either increase power density or reduce design cost depending on the applications. Based on the previously proof-of-concept study, this paper addresses the design constraints, impedance modeling, and start-up solutions of two-terminal active capacitors. A design method for functionality, efficiency, lifetime, and cost-constraint applications is applied to size the active components and passive elements. A voltage feedforward control scheme is implemented to improve its dynamic response. Two start-up solutions are proposed to overcome the issues brought by the self-power scheme. A case study of an active capacitor for the dc link of a single-phase full-bridge rectifier is presented to demonstrate the theoretical analyses.

Low Cost Functional Obfuscation of Reusable IP Cores Used in CE Hardware Through Robust Locking

Intellectual property (IP) cores used in consumer electronics devices mandate protection against reverse engineering (RE) attacks. Functional obfuscation protects the design functionality by enhancing the complexity of RE attacks. This paper proposes a novel low cost (based on power-delay tradeoff) functional obfuscation methodology through employment of robust IP locking technique. In the proposed obfuscation methodology, several strong multipairwise secure IP locking block designs are presented that can only be actuated through application of valid serial key bits. As demonstration, this paper also shows a practical example of a functional obfuscated netlist structure of FIR filter. Proposed obfuscation on comparison with a recent approach for several DSP cores yielded a power reduction of ~10%, design cost reduction ~ 6.5% and security enhancement (strength of obfuscation) of $>\,\,4.29\,\,{e+9}$ times.

Statistical shape model-based prediction of tibiofemoral cartilage

Computed tomography is used more routinely to design patient-specific instrumentation for knee replacement surgery. Its moderate imaging cost and simplified segmentation reduce design costs compared with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, but it cannot provide the necessary cartilage information. Our method based on statistical shape modelling proved to be successful in predicting tibiofemoral cartilage in leave-one-out experiments. The obtained accuracy of 0.54 mm for femur and 0.49 mm for tibia outperforms the average cartilage thickness distribution and reported inter-observer MR segmentation variability. These results suggest that shape modelling is able to predict tibiofemoral cartilage with sufficient accuracy to design patient-specific instrumentation.

A Co-Simulation Analysis Method for Improving PCB EMC Performance

Based on the principle of the combination of field and circuit, the co-simulation method of the PCB EMC for switching power supply is carried out in this paper. We used the frequency variable source as the simulation excitation, which is closer to the actual work situation of PCB than the traditional sweep source. According to the distribution of the E and H near field, the EMC performance of PCB can be predicted, and we improved the structure of PCB by reducing the number of vias and increasing the trace width. The EMC performance of the switching power supply PCB is improved, and this method also has the advantages of reducing design costs and shortening the development cycle.

Real-time analysis of priority-preemptive NoCs with arbitrary buffer sizes and router delays

Nowadays available multiprocessor platforms predominantly use a network-on-chip (NoC) architecture as an interconnect medium, due to its good scalability and performance. During the last decade, NoCs received a significant amount of attention from the real-time community. One promising category of approaches suggests to employ already existing hardware features called virtual channels, and dedicate them, exclusively, to individual communication traffic flows. In this way, NoCs become more amenable to the real-time analysis, which is an essential requirement for providing both safe and tight worst-case analysis methods, and consequently deriving real-time guarantees. In this manuscript, we present the approach which falls in the aforementioned category. Specifically, we propose a novel method for the worst-case analysis of the NoC traffic, assuming the existence of per-flow dedicated virtual channels. Compared to the state-of-the-art techniques, our approach yields substantially tighter upper-bounds on the worst-case traversal times (WCTTs) of communication traffic flows. By employing the proposed method, resource over-provisioning can be mitigated to a large extent, and significant design-cost reductions can be achieved. Moreover, we implemented a cycle-accurate simulator of the assumed NoC architecture, and used it to assess the tightness of derived WCTT bounds. Finally, we reached an interesting conclusion that bigger virtual channel buffers do not necessarily lead to better results, and in many cases can be counter-productive, which is a very important finding for system designers.

Spatial and Temporal Redundancy for Transient Fault-Tolerant Datapath

In application specific integrated circuits used in aircraft control systems the effects of transient fault, both in temporal and spatial domain emanating from a single particle strike, cannot be ignored anymore. This is due to scaling of device geometry and surge in frequency. This paper presents novel fault-tolerant high-level synthesis methodology against temporal and spatial impacts of transient at reduced design cost (avg. ∼ 25%) and power (avg. ∼ 48%) than a recent approach.

A BIM-based automation of design and drafting for manufacturing of wood panels for modular residential buildings

ABSTRACTDesign and drafting requirements associated with modular construction exceed those of the traditional stick-built method. Man-made errors, design assumptions and onsite interpretations of the shop drawings cannot be tolerated. Therefore, building information modelling (BIM) is needed to facilitate the automation of design and drafting for manufacturing. However, high initial cost, required expertise and limitations of currently available software prevent BIM from realizing its full potentials. This research introduces a systematic methodology for automating the drafting and design for manufacturing of wood-framed panels for modular residential buildings. It utilizes 2D computer-aided design (CAD) drawings to automatically generate BIM and construction manufacturing BIM; subsequently, shop drawings for the wood-framed panels are developed according to the platform framing method. The proposed framework is incorporated into a computer application called MCMPro, which is developed using visual basic application within CAD environment. Reduced design cost, improved layout accuracy and enhanced productivity are expected advances of MCMPro.

Design and Simulation of a Tunable Stripline Wideband Coupler

The basic theory of coupler is introduced, and a tunable strip-line wideband coupler is designed by using radio-frequency/microwave software which is named ADS on the basis of theoretical calculations and analysis. The broadband coupler can be adjusted appropriately in different frequency regions by using a tunable band line. It has a wide bandwidth of 2G~4G, excellent return loss of (>30.5) dB, stable coupling coefficient of (9.85~10.81) dB, and high isolation of (>20.08) dB, the straight-through pass-band transmission coefficient of (0.41~0.62) dB. The coupler has high power tolerance and small size. It can reduce design costs by used in communication systems.

Low-cost multiband compact branch-line coupler design using response features and automated EM model fidelity adjustment

Design closure of compact microwave components is a challenging problem because of significant electromagnetic (EM) cross-couplings in densely arranged layouts. A separate issue is a large number of designable parameters resulting from replacement of conventional transmission line sections by compact microstrip resonant cells. This increases complexity of the design optimization problem and requires employment of expensive high-fidelity EM analysis for reliable performance evaluation of the structure at hand. Consequently, neither conventional numerical optimization algorithms nor interactive approaches (e.g., experience-driven parameters sweeps) are capable of identifying optimum designs in reasonable timeframes. Here, we discuss application of feature-based optimization for fast design optimization of dual- and multiband compact couplers. On one hand, design of such components is difficult because of multiple objectives (achieving equal power split and good matching and port isolation for all frequency bands of interest). On the other hand, because of well-defined shapes of the S-parameter responses for this class of components, feature-based optimization seems to be well suited to control multiple figures of interest as demonstrated in this work. Two-level EM modeling is used for further design cost reduction. More importantly, we develop a procedure for automated determination of the low-fidelity EM model coarseness that allows us to find the fastest possible model that still ensures sufficient correlation with its high-fidelity counterpart, which is critical for robustness of the optimization process. Our approach is illustrated using two dual-band compact couplers. Experimental validation is also provided.

Rapid prototyping eddy current sensors using 3D printing

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the process of rapid prototyping eddy current sensors using 3D printing technology. Making full use of the advantages of 3D printing, the authors study on a new method for fabrication of an eddy current sensor.Design/methodology/approachIn this paper, the authors establish a 3D model using SolidWorks. And the eddy current sensor is printed by the fused deposition modeling method.FindingsMeasurement results show that the 3D printing eddy current sensor has a wider linear measurement range and better linearity than the traditional manufacturing sensor. Compared to traditional eddy current sensor fabrication method, this 3D printed sensor can be fabricated at a lower cost, and the fabrication process is more convenient and faster.Practical implicationsThis demonstrated 3D printing process can be applied to the 3D printing of sensors of more sophisticated structures that are difficult to fabricate using conventional techniques.Originality/valueIn this work, the process of rapid prototyping eddy current sensors using 3D printing is presented. Sensors fabricated with the 3D printing possess lots of merits than traditional manufactures. 3D printed sensors can be customized according to the configuration of the overall system, thus reducing the demand of sensor's rigid mounting interfaces. The 3D printing also reduce design costs as well as shortens the development cycle. This allows for quick translation of a design from concept to a useful device.

Association rule mining and cognitive pairwise rating based portfolio analysis for product family design

Changing customer needs coupled with rapid technology advances has boosted stronger requirements for a greater variety of consumer electronics. This trend has forced global companies to reconsider their product-positioning strategies. To reduce design cost and shorten the time to market, portfolio analysis for product family design is usually adopted to acquire diverse but related market applications. This study presents a novel framework to implement product differentiation and product configuration. Initially, association rule mining is used to capture user perceptions to identify the significant portfolios of hedonic attributes. Secondly, cognitive pairwise rating is conducted to elicit user preferences for utilitarian attributes (UAs). Finally, the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution is used to prioritize the optimal portfolios of UAs. Experiment results show that “keyboard interface”, “body material”, and “screen size” are the most concerned HAs for differentiating the product family while “CPU performance” is the most important UA for configuring padbooks, ultrabooks and notebooks. In summary, this research allows companies to effectively and efficiently incorporate user perceptions or preferences into the entire decision-making process.

Low cost fault tolerance against kc-cycle and km-unit transient for loop based control data flow graphs during physically aware high level synthesis

Recent literatures have proved that current technologies pose grave reliability concern for digital devices due to possibility of multiple (km)-unit transient fault (MTF) and multi (kc)-cycle transient fault (MCT) emanating from particle strike with moderate linear energy transfer (LET). This has arisen due to massive scaling in device dimensions and surge in device frequency happening so far. In the literature solutions for fault tolerant design, that can address MTF and MCT simultaneously during high level synthesis (HLS) for both loop based and non-loop based applications, does not exist. This paper presents the following novel contributions: (a) novel fault tolerant HLS methodology for simultaneously providing multi-cycle (control step) and multi-unit transient fault tolerance for loop based control data flow graphs (b) novel HLS methodology for low cost design solution through exploration of fault tolerant hardware configuration and loop unrolling factor. Results of the proposed approach on standard benchmarks yielded fault tolerant solutions with significantly reduced design cost (average~27%) and power consumption (average~61%) when compared to a recent similar approach.

A seismic-network mission proposal as an example for modular robotic lunar exploration missions

In this paper it is intended to discuss an approach to reduce design costs for subsequent missions by introducing modularity, commonality and multi-mission capability and thereby reuse of mission individual investments into the design of lunar exploration infrastructural systems. The presented approach has been developed within the German Helmholtz-Alliance on Robotic Exploration of Extreme Environments (ROBEX), a research alliance bringing together deep-sea and space research to jointly develop technologies and investigate problems for the exploration of highly inaccessible terrain – be it in the deep sea and polar regions or on the Moon and other planets. Although overall costs are much smaller for deep sea missions as compared to lunar missions, a lot can be learned from modularity approaches in deep sea research infrastructure design, which allows a high operational flexibility in the planning phase of a mission as well as during its implementation. The research presented here is based on a review of existing modular solutions in Earth orbiting satellites as well as science and exploration systems. This is followed by an investigation of lunar exploration scenarios from which we derive requirements for a multi-mission modular architecture. After analyzing possible options, an approach using a bus modular architecture for dedicated subsystems is presented. The approach is based on exchangeable modules e.g. incorporating instruments, which are added to the baseline system platform according to the demands of the specific scenario. It will be described in more detail, including arising problems e.g. in the power or thermal domain. Finally, technological building blocks to put the architecture into practical use will be described more in detail.

“Mixer-Dresser” Hybrid Device

Objectives: The article is devoted to experimental research on the possibilities and the need for a flexible hybrid model mixing-dresser development. Methods: The purpose of the device creation is the intensification of mixing and etching (improving the quality and productivity of the process), the exclusion of the harmful effects of etching compounds on service staff at the simplification and design cost reduction without any additional power. Finding: The experimental studies confirmed the hypothesis that the use of membranes as mixing devices made of elastic materials, considerably reduces the time of homogeneous mixture preparation due to the ability to accumulate a potential energy and transfer it to a loose body in the form of kinetic motion energy for the mixed particles Conclusion: The hybrid elastic mixersdressers may be used in agricultural enterprises involved in the issues of multi-component granular mixtures production and dressing.

“Mixer-Dresser” Hybrid Device

Objectives: The article is devoted to experimental research on the possibilities and the need for a flexible hybrid model mixing-dresser development. Methods: The purpose of the device creation is the intensification of mixing and etching (improving the quality and productivity of the process), the exclusion of the harmful effects of etching compounds on service staff at the simplification and design cost reduction without any additional power. Finding: The experimental studies confirmed the hypothesis that the use of membranes as mixing devices made of elastic materials, considerably reduces the time of homogeneous mixture preparation due to the ability to accumulate a potential energy and transfer it to a loose body in the form of kinetic motion energy for the mixed particles Conclusion: The hybrid elastic mixersdressers may be used in agricultural enterprises involved in the issues of multi-component granular mixtures production and dressing. Keywords: Cyclical Fluctuations, Dresser, Multi Component Loose Mixture, The Mixer With Flexible Working Bodies, The Mixer With Hard Working Elements

基于Geomagic spark的手扶式插秧机变速箱箱体重构

变速箱是插秧机的核心部件之一。本文针对插秧机变速箱箱体改造，应用逆向工程软件Geomagic spark来重构变速箱箱体，并对其进行优化设计。首先，利用手持式激光扫描仪对变速箱箱体进行扫描，获取三维点云数据；再利用正逆向混合软件Geomagic spark对扫描得到的点云数据进行三角形网格模型重建；依据三角形网格数据重构变速箱箱体的三维几何模型。根据得到的三维几何模型对模型进行优化，最后在SolidWorks Simulation中进行有限元分析，为箱体的优化设计提供了理论基础。利用逆向工程技术对插秧机变速箱箱体进行优化，可以缩短设计周期，降低设计成本。 The gearbox is one of the core components of the transplanter. In this paper, according to the transformation of the gearbox body, Geomagic spark, a reverse engineering software, is applied to reconstruct the gearbox body, and then the optimization design is made on it. Firstly, the gearbox is scanned by hand-held laser scanner, and the 3D point cloud data is obtained. Then, the point cloud is reconstructed by using the Geomagic spark software. The three dimensional geometric model of transmission box is reconstructed by using the triangular mesh data. According to the obtained three dimensional geometric models, the model is optimized. Finally, the finite element analysis is carried out in Solid-Works Simulation, which provides a theoretical basis for the optimization design of the box. Using reverse engineering technology to optimize the transplanter gearbox, it can shorten the design cycle and reduce design costs.

Rapid Microwave Design Optimization in Frequency Domain Using Adaptive Response Scaling

In this paper, a novel methodology for cost-efficient microwave design optimization in the frequency domain is proposed. Our technique, referred to as adaptive response scaling (ARS), has been developed for constructing a fast replacement model (surrogate) of the high-fidelity electromagnetic-simulated model of the microwave structure under design using its equivalent circuit (low-fidelity model). The basic principle of ARS is a nonlinear frequency and amplitude response scaling aimed at accommodating the discrepancies between the low- and high-fidelity models at the reference design and, subsequently, at tracking the low-fidelity model changes that occur during the optimization run. The surrogate model prediction is obtained by applying appropriately composed scaling functions to the high-fidelity model at the reference design. ARS is a parameterless and simple-to-implement method that can be applied to a wide range of microwave structures. The ARS surrogate features excellent generalization capability that translates into improved reliability and reduced design cost. It is demonstrated using an eighth-order microstrip bandpass filter and a miniaturized rat-race coupler. Comparison with several space mapping algorithms is provided. The numerical results are supplemented by measurements of the fabricated optimum designs of the considered structures.

Implementation of object-oriented programming in study of electrical race car

The paper covers issue of conducting advanced research of electrical race car participating in international competition called Sileverline Corporate Challenge. Process of designing race cars in Silesian Greenpower team is aided by a professional engine test stand built particularly in purpose of this research. Phase of testing and simulation is an important part of the implementation of new technologies. Properly developed solutions and test procedures are able to significantly shorten development time and reduce design costs. Testing process must be controlled by a modular and flexible application, easy to modify and ensuring safety. This paper describes the concept of object-oriented programming in LabVIEW and exemplary architecture of object-oriented control application designed to control engine test stand of the electrical race car. Eventually, the task of application will be to steer the electromagnetic brake and the engine load torque to perform according to data from the actual race track. During the designing process of the car, minimizing energy losses and maximizing powertrain efficiency are the main aspects taken into consideration. One of the crucial issues to accomplish these goals is to maintain optimal performance of the motor by applying effective cooling. The paper covers the research verifying the effectiveness of the cooling system.