Principles Of Redistribution Research Articles

The Moral Economy of Intergenerational Redistribution in an Ageing Society: A Qualitative Analysis of Young Adults' Beliefs in the United States

AbstractIn the USA, the largest generation, the Baby Boomers, is currently retiring and increasingly drawing from Old Age Social Security. In this context, young generations are said to be disadvantaged: they have to support a growing number of pensioners while expecting much lower pensions themselves. Drawing on 14 original semi‐structured interviews with young US citizens aged 20–36, this study analyzes the moral economy of intergenerational redistribution – defined as normative beliefs and justifications of a just distribution of contributions and benefits between generations. The qualitative content analysis resorts to the four constituent institutional principles of intergenerational redistribution: deservingness (being qualified to receive support), reciprocity (mutual support between generations), equity (relation between in‐ and outputs for one generation) and equality (corresponding conditions for different generations). The first main finding is that the young hold multiple normative beliefs in favour of intergenerational redistribution. The second main finding is that different normative beliefs and justifications can compensate for feelings of injustice attributable to the consequences of an ageing society. The qualitative findings' contributions to the field of study that is dominated by quantitative studies are concluded. Implications for public support for intergenerational redistribution in the ageing society of the USA and other countries are discussed.

Global Justice and Natural Resource Taxation

Proposals for resource taxes and associated transfers have played a very prominent role in contemporary debates about global justice, from Beitz’s ‘resource redistribution principle,’ to Steiner’s Global Fund, to Pogge’s Global Resources Dividend. But such proposals have also attracted some important criticisms, including the claim that resource taxes are unmotivated, or that their impact would be regressive. This paper responds to these challenges, and at the same time it seeks to clarify the role resource taxes should play in an egalitarian project. Still, when we evaluate their potential impact much may turn out to hang on just which resources should be taxed, and which of the ways in which we engage with resources – owning them, extracting them, or consuming them – should render us liable to paying taxes. I will have rather less to say in response to this question, but I shall suggest that in light of the diverse goals which resource taxes are likely to be charged with advancing, a single undifferentiated global tax on natural resources (undifferentiated, that is, either in the sense that it targets all resources, or in the sense that it is exclusively targeted at for instance ownership or consumption) is unlikely to promote justice most effectively. On the assumption that a more fine-grained approach may be desirable, the paper ends with a discussion of several proposals for specific resource taxes.

La gestión tributaria local en España: algunas propuestas solidarias del estado del bienestar ante la crisis global

El gobierno local es un pilar fundamental en el desarrollo del Estado del Bienestar según el principio de máxima cercanía al ciudadano (subsidiariedad). Sin embargo, los municipios se encuentran con múltiples problemas para hacer posible este reto, entre ellos, precisamente su limitada capacidad financiera y el infra municipalismo. Por ello, han tenido que idear nuevas fórmulas administrativas para maximizar la eficacia de su gestión tributaria y recaudación. Estas fórmulas, que incorporan elementos tanto de la Nueva Gestión Pública (NGP) como de la Gobernanza, se han reflejado en distintos modelos que van desde la cooperación inter y supra municipal organizando las competencias desde el ámbito provincial hasta la cesión de gran parte de sus competencias en manos privadas. Con este estudio se pretende explicar las circunstancias de las Haciendas Locales en las que resulta beneficiosa la gestión supramunicipal de los ingresos tributarios para que, en aras de los principios de solidaridad, redistribución y equidad, los municipios puedan maximizar los recursos necesarios para el efectivo desarrollo de sus Políticas Sociales en un Estado del Bienestar que se nos aparece cada vez más incierto.

ПРОБЛЕМЫ РЕАЛИЗАЦИИ СОЦИАЛЬНЫХ ФУНКЦИЙ ОРГАНАМИ ПУБЛИЧНОЙ ВЛАСТИ В РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

The article analyzes the mechanism of consolidation the principle of redistribution of social powers in the Russian legislation, problems and ways to solve some of them. The author pays attention to the fact that some of social powers are referred to the joint jurisdiction of the Federation and the subjects under the Federation Treaty; later legislation continued this trend. However, when transferring the powers at the legislative level, the difference in the social and economic situation of regions and municipalities was not taken into account; subjects were not provided with funding of powers. Tax reform 2005 made municipalities dependent on the regions financially, for which the criteria for the aid amount to municipalities wasn’t indicated. Transfer of the regional tax to local budgets does not eliminate the differentiation, as it is done by the same standards. To resolve problems at the local level some amendments to the 131th Federal Law were adopted in 2014: the powers of the Federation must be transferred to the municipality only with the finances for their implementation, the decision to transfer must be valid for the entire term of the regional parliament, the law on the transfer of it must come into force only from the beginning of the fiscal year.

Hierarchical Proportional Redistribution Principle for Uncertainty Reduction and BBA Approximation

Hierarchical Proportional Redistribution Principle for Uncertainty Reduction and BBA Approximation

Ação Afirmativa no Brasil: Fundamentos e críticas

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Nonprofit Marketing: Negative Case Analysis

The author deconstructs the prevailing controversial conceptualization of nonprofit marketing and concludes it rests on three principles: voluntary exchange, an open system organization, and self-interest motivation. Negative case analysis of these principles revealed that alternative principles were ignored in the social science literature. Based on a qualitative analysis a revised conceptualization of non-profit marketing was suggested which incorporated the principles of redistribution and reciprocity, the features of a closed model of formal organization, and public interest motivation. The critical theory approach to the study used non-empirical procedures that included negative case analysis. The paper presents results of negative case analysis.

Redistribution, Globalisation, and Multi-Level Governance

Global income inequalities are met with increasing calls for direct supranational redistribution. This paper argues that from the perspective of political feasibility, this approach should not be prioritised. We use the example of tax competition to show that supranational regulation that stops short of direct redistribution has better chances of being implemented. Moreover, as the case of tax competition illustrates, such regulation can help to shore up the capacity of nation states to redistribute internally, which indirectly tends to reduce global inequalities, too. Against this background, we formulate the conditional subsidiarity principle of redistribution. It states that when the case for direct supranational redistribution is built on the alleged incapacity of the state to redistribute due to the pressures of globalisation, our first instinct should be regulatory reform in order to restore this capacity. Finally, the paper asks whether two prominent proposals for global taxation – the global resource dividend and the financial transaction tax – pass the test of the conditional subsidiarity principle.

PRINCIPLES OF HUMAN CAPACITY MIGRATION REDISTRIBUTION ON THE MACROLEVEL

Migration redistribution of human capacity (HC) and its consequences for the countries of origin and destination are analyzed in the article. The prevalence of demographic and educational qualification component in the formation of HC is found. On this basis, the main principles of human capacity migration redistribution on the international and national levels are defined.

Redistribution, Globalisation, and Multi-level Governance

Global income inequalities are met with increasing calls for direct supranational redistribution. This article argues that from the perspective of political feasibility, this approach should not be prioritised. We use the example of tax competition to show that supranational regulation that stops short of direct redistribution has better chances of being implemented. Moreover, as the case of tax competition illustrates, such regulation can help to shore up the capacity of nation states to redistribute internally, which indirectly tends to reduce global inequalities, too. Against this background, we formulate the conditional subsidiarity principle of redistribution. It states that when the case for direct supranational redistribution is built on the alleged incapacity of the state to redistribute due to the pressures of globalisation, our first instinct should be regulatory reform in order to restore this capacity. Finally, the article asks whether two prominent proposals for global taxation – the global resource dividend and the financial transaction tax – pass the test of the conditional subsidiarity principle.

Irish Citizens’ Attitudes to Pension Reform and Redistribution

In order to assess people's preferences regarding potential reforms of the Irish state pension system, we surveyed a sample of the Irish adult population about their opinion on a selection of measures and issues related to the redistributive principles and parameters of the pension scheme. Even though very few people are well informed about the pension system, we observe a kind of homogeneity regarding perceptions about the way public pension benefits should be provided. As far as we know, this article represents the first attempt to elicit people's preferences for reforming the state Irish pension system using stated preferences techniques.

Equity, equality, or need? A study of popular preferences for welfare redistribution principles across 24 European countries

Although European welfare states receive high levels of public support, insights into what kind of welfare state individuals prefer – i.e., one based on the redistributive principle of equity, of equality or of need – is scarce and fragmented. Using the 2008 wave of the European Social Survey, we find that most European populations share a preference for applying the equality principle to unemployment benefits, while they are divided over applying equity and equality for pension schemes. Individual determinants of preferences confirm that the ‘haves’ prefer equity over equality, while the ‘have-nots’ prefer the need principle more. At the country level, cross-national variation in redistribution preferences is low for unemployment benefits and cannot be explained by relevant context factors; preferences for pension redistribution depends upon its institutional design and social expenditure: welfare generosity curbs the preference for equity.

Redistribution Based Concept of Marketing for Public Organizations

The author deconstructs the prevailing conceptualization of public sector marketing and concludes it rests on three principles: voluntary exchange, an open system organization, and self-interest motivation. A review of the genesis of these principles revealed that alternative principles were ignored in the social science literature. Based on a qualitative analysis and critical hermeneutic approach a revised conceptualization of public sector marketing was suggested which incorporated the principles of redistribution, the features of a closed system model of formal organizations, and collectivistic interest motivation. A revised definition of public sector marketing is offered based on these principles.

Redistribution and Recognition: Assessing Alternative Frameworks for Aboriginal Policy in Canada

In this paper, we argue that government approaches to addressing the claims of Aboriginal peoples in Canada are insufficient. Historically, these approaches have focused on redistribution. At the same time, these approaches have all but ignored recognition. We argue that a more holistic approach that addresses both redistribution and recognition is necessary. Further, we attempt to show that our approach is consistent with the tenets of liberalism. By conceiving of Aboriginal politics as such, the state may be better able to address claims. We begin by providing a theoretical overview of redistribution and recognition, respectively. Then, we proceed to show how redistribution and recognition must work together in an adequate account of justice with respect to Aboriginal peoples in Canada. Finally, we offer a conception of Aboriginal politics that fulfills this desideratum, and integrates the principle of recognition and redistribution in a way that is within the bounds of liberalism.

A Novel Technology of Hydrogen Measurement Based on Directional Solidification in Molten Aluminum Alloy

Hydrogen is a harmful element in aluminum. How to accurately measure hydrogen content in molten aluminum alloy has been significant for improving the metallurgical qualities of aluminum products. Currently, Reduced Pressure Test (RPT) based on the famous Sievert’ law is the most commonly used method to measure the hydrogen in aluminum. However, due to the changes in solidification morphology of alloys under different solidification conditions, hydrogen will be closed more or less in the sample by the developed dendrites, which results in the dispersion of test results. According to the principle of solute redistribution, an improved reduced pressure technology under directional solidification was proposed in this paper. The solidification interface was pushed on along the single direction by controlling the temperature gradient of solid-liquid interface. Hydrogen is released in front of the solid-liquid interface through the solute redistribution. The result shows that the hydrogen content increases and the mean variance decreases with the increasing of the temperature gradients. The method was proved to be of higher accuracy.

Coercive redistribution and public agreement: re‐evaluating the libertarian challenge of charity

In this article, we evaluate the capacity of liberal egalitarianism to rebut what we call the libertarian challenge of charity. This challenge states that coercive redistributive taxation is neither needed nor justified, since those who endorse redistribution can give charitably, and those who do not endorse redistribution cannot justifiably be coerced. We argue that contemporary developments in liberal political thought render liberalism more vulnerable to this libertarian challenge. Many liberals have, in recent years, sought to recast liberalism such that it is more hospitable to cultural, religious, and ethnic diversity. This move has resulted in increased support for the claim that liberalism should be understood as a political rather than comprehensive doctrine, and that liberal institutions should draw their legitimacy from agreements made among members of an appropriately conceived deliberative community, rather than from controversial liberal principles like individual autonomy. We argue that, while this move may indeed make liberalism more compatible with cultural diversity, it also makes it more vulnerable to the libertarian challenge of charity. Not all versions of liberalism are troubled by the challenge, but those that are troubled by it are increasingly dominant. We also discuss G.A. Cohen's claim that liberal equality requires an ‘egalitarian ethos’ and argue that, if Cohen is right, it is difficult to see how there can be an adequate response to the libertarian challenge of charity. In general, our argument can be summarised as follows: the more that liberalism is concerned accurately to model the actual democratic wishes and motivations of the people it governs, the less it is able to justify coercively imposing redistributive principles of justice.

Transverse earthquake response and design analysis of submerged floating tunnels with various shore connections

The study investigates the seismic response of the Submerged Floating Tunnel (SFT) with different types of connection between the ends of SFT and the shore, including the rigid connection, hinged connection, elastic bearing connection, bi-linear elastic bearing connection, and passive isolation connection. In addition, the influence of various design parameters of the different types of shore bearings on the dynamic behavior of SFT is studied, involving the elastic stiffness of the elastic bearing, the secondary stiffness and turning force of stiffness of the bi-linear elastic bearing, plastic stiffness and yield shear force of the passive isolation bearing. An effective design method for the parameters of the bearing is proposed. The transverse stiffness of the cable which represents the stiffness of the whole structure is introduced as a reference of the bearing design. The seismic response of SFT can be significantly reduced by choosing proper parameters of the bearing based on the principle of redistribution of stiffness.

Charter Schooling and Democratic Justice

As the mixed achievements of charter schools come under more intense political inspection, the conceptual underpinnings of current charter school reform remain largely unexamined. This article focuses on one moral-political concept centrally related to school reform and policy, the concept of justice. Using examples from the state of Ohio, the authors sketch two contrary concepts of justice, tracing their logical trajectory to varied empirical consequences as these relate to charter schooling policy. They contrast these two theories of justice as “libertarian justice” and “democratic justice.” There is ample evidence to suggest that a libertarian sense of justice has pervasively shaped charter policies and minimal evidence to suggest the influence of a democratic sense of justice, based on principles of both recognition and redistribution. The full democratic potential of charter schooling reform cannot be achieved without a democratic conception of justice driving its policies and goals.

Participatory Parity and Self-Realisation

Participatory Parity and Self-Realisation

International Rule of Law and Constitutional Justice in International Investment Law and Arbitration

Judicial administration of justice through reasoned interpretation, application and clarification of legal principles and rules is among the oldest paradigms of constitutional justice. The principles of procedural justice underlying investor-state arbitration remain controversial, especially if confidentiality and party autonomy governing commercial arbitration risk neglecting adversely affected third parties and public interests. There are also concerns that rule-following and formal equality of foreign investors and home states may not ensure substantive justice in the settlement of investment disputes unless arbitrators and courts take more seriously their customary law obligation of settling disputes in conformity with human rights obligations of governments and other principles of justice calling for judicial balancing of all private and public interests affected by the dispute. The constitutional task of judges to apply the law and settle disputes in conformity with principles of justice may require reviewing whether judicial reasoning remains compatible with redistributive principles of case-specific equity, social justice and corrective justice.