Redistributive Effects Research Articles

Governance in mitigating the effect of oil wealth on wealth inequality: A cross-country analysis of policy thresholds

The study assesses the role of governance in modulating the effect of oil wealth on wealth inequality in 45 developed and developing countries. The empirical evidence is based on the system generalised method of moments. The findings show that oil rents unconditionally increase wealth inequality while govenance dyanmics (in terms of rule of law, corruption-control, government effectiveness, regulatory quality) moderate oil rents for an overall net negative effect on wealth inequality. Good governance thresholds at which the unconditional or non-interactive effect of oil rents on the wealth inequality changes from positive to negative are computed and discussed. It follows that while governance is a necessary condition for improving the redistributive effects of oil wealth, it becomes a sufficient condition for net positive improvements in wealth distribution only when some critical levels of good governance have been reached. Other policy implications are discussed.

Crime and social expenditure: A political economic approach

High-income and less unequal societies are associated with both lower rates of economic crimes and larger public programs to deter crime. This paper suggests that redistributive effects generated by a crime-control program help to explain these facts. Retirees and honest individuals are beneficiaries of the system because they do not offend. Despite paying more taxes, high-income dishonest agents become net receivers, as they devote relatively less time to criminal activities than poorer agents; thus, a regressive intra-generational redistributive effect arises. Consequently, a crime-control program may be politically supported by a coalition of retirees, honest individuals and high-income dishonest young agents.

How does fiscal austerity impact on poverty and inequality? The Spanish case

The aim of this paper is contributing to fill the gap between the macroeconomic effects of policy reforms and the microeconomic and social ones, considering simultaneously both kind of impacts. Regarding fiscal adjustments, concern about the sustainability of public deficit and debt resulting from the Great Recession led governments to adopt austerity measures in most European countries. Our analysis considers the redistributive effects of such adjustments for the Spanish economy by simulating a hypothetical reduction of public deficit and distinguishing between spending cuts and tax hikes. In terms of analytical approach, a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model and a microsimulation model are integrated to include the general equilibrium effects of these measures as well as the effects on income distribution. The results contribute to the growing but limited literature on the distributional effects of fiscal consolidations by showing that policymakers have to choose between more inequality or more poverty.

Redistributive Effect and the Progressivity of Taxes and Benefits: Evidence for the UK, 1977-2018

Redistributive Effect and the Progressivity of Taxes and Benefits: Evidence for the UK, 1977-2018

Taxing Households Energy Consumption in the EU: The Tax Burden and its Redistributive Effect

Taxing Households Energy Consumption in the EU: The Tax Burden and its Redistributive Effect

Evaluating the Redistributive Effect of Social Security Programs in China over the Past 30 Years

AbstractChina has improved its social security system in recent decades, with the aim of achieving universal coverage and improving the equity of income distribution. Based on data from the five rounds of Chinese Household Income Project surveys from 1988 to 2018, this paper examines the long‐term redistributive effects of social security programs in China. Our results show that social security programs have reduced income inequality consistently, and the positive redistributive effects have been improving for the past 30 years. Social security transfers have had an increasingly essential role in rural areas, especially after 2002 when China started to establish a comprehensive rural social safety net and expanded the coverage of the social security program. The redistributive efficiency of the social security system has also increased recently.

Overview of effect of residual stress, elastic follow-up & stress redistribution using whole structure approach

Structural integrity assessments of components require accurate predication of failure of components. One of the major challenges while doing structural integrity assessment is to understand whether the presence of residual stresses in the component acts a major part in the failure of complete structure or not. Residual stresses may arise during manufacturing, fabrication or can also get induced during service and with addition of applied load promote failure at much below safe design loads. In general, residual stresses are considered as secondary stresses but in cases where they doesn’t self-equilibrate in the structure, leads to plastic collapse, they should be treated as primary stresses. Whether residual stresses contribute to failure or not depend upon the overall elastic follow-up of the structure which will affect the residual force distribution during the process of crack extension and plastic deformation and applied load the structure is subjected to. In this paper, an overview of importance of elastic follow-up in the structure’s integrity analysis and the benchmark models are presented to study the outcome of stress redistribution, elastic follow-up and residual stresses.

The Effects of Land Redistribution on Agricultural Development: Evidence from Colonial and South Korea

The Effects of Land Redistribution on Agricultural Development: Evidence from Colonial and South Korea

Environmental, Redistributive and Revenue Effects of Policies Promoting Fuel Efficient and Electric Vehicles

Environmental, Redistributive and Revenue Effects of Policies Promoting Fuel Efficient and Electric Vehicles

Environmental consequences of policies in construction sector: combining economic simulation with consequential LCA

Consequential Life Cycle Assessment (CLCA) can be particularly relevant for studying the changes proposed by new policies since they may result in important displacements of environmental, social and economic impacts. For example, the financial aids for encouraging the use of new technologies may increase the demand for some materials of which production is constrained and the marginal suppliers may be more impacting than the average ones. The goal of this project was to propose a method for calculating the potential environmental burdens and benefits from new policies in the construction sector. Consequential Life Cycle Inventory must include all processes that are actually affected by the studied changes, considering the market effects. The economic models can be helpful on this matter. The proposed method couples a Stock-Flow Consistent (SFC) to the CLCA methodology to obtain the flows and stocks that are affected by the new policy. The model goes further in order to obtain the second-order effects, i.e., the monetary redistribution effects resulting from an economic perturbation. The main result is a novel method that couples an SFC model to CLCA. It is tested in a case study where the evolution of carbon tax in France (economic shock) leads to an increase in thermal retrofitting works in the French existing built stock. These results may help the construction sector to anticipate important rebound effects that are not usually included in the current studies used for decision and policy-making.

Synchrotron radiation photoemission study of the electronic structure of the ultrathin K/AlN interface

The electronic structure of the clean AlN surface and the ultrathin K/AlN interface has been studied in situ by synchrotron-based photoelectron spectroscopy using the photon energies in the range of 100-650 eV. The effect of K adsorption was studied. Changes in the valence band and in the Al 2p, N 1s, and K 3p core levels spectra have been investigated using K submonolayer deposition. Modification of the surface electronic structure of the AlN caused by K adsorption is found to originate from the local interaction of N surface atoms and K adatoms. As a results the suppression of intrinsic surface state and appearance of a new induced state are observed. It was found the K-induced electron redistribution effect that causes the positive energy shift of N 1s surface peak and increasing N-ionicity. Keywords: III-nitrides, electronic structure, surface states, metal-III-nitride interfaces, photoelectron spectroscopy.

Synchrotron radiation photoemission study of the electronic structure of the ultrathin K/AlN interface

The electronic structure of the clean AlN surface and the ultrathin K/AlN interface has been studied in situ by synchrotron-based photoelectron spectroscopy using the photon energies in the range of 100-650 eV. The effect of K adsorption was studied. Changes in the valence band and in the Al 2p, N 1s, and K 3p core levels spectra have been investigated using K submonolayer deposition. Modification of the surface electronic structure of the AlN caused by K adsorption is found to originate from the local interaction of N surface atoms and K adatoms. As a results the suppression of intrinsic surface state and appearance of a new induced state are observed. It was found the K-induced electron redistribution effect that causes the positive energy shift of N 1s surface peak and increasing N-ionicity. Keywords: III-nitrides, electronic structure, surface states, metal-III-nitride interfaces, photoelectron spectroscopy.

Hydrogen bond redistribution effects in mixtures of protic ionic liquids sharing the same cation: non-ideal mixing with large negative mixing enthalpies.

We report a joint experimental and theoretical study characterising the hydrogen bond (HB) redistribution in mixtures of two different protic ionic liquids (PILs) sharing the same cation: triethylammonium-methanesulfonate ([TEA][OMs]) and triethylammonium-trifluoromethanesulfonate ([TEA][OTf]). The mixing behaviour deviates strongly from ideality, exhibiting large negative energies of mixing. In the PIL, the [TEA] cation acts as a HB donor, being able to donate a single HB. Both, the [OMs] and the [OTf] anions can act as HB acceptors, which can accept multiple HBs via their respective SO3-groups. We use a combination of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, calorimetry, and 1H-NMR chemical shift measurements to determine the difference in HB strength between the two species to be about 13 kJ mol-1, favouring the [TEA]-[OMs] interaction. Based on our MD simulations we are able to formulate a lattice model, discriminating between HB and nonspecific intermolecular interactions. We demonstrate that, due to the ordered structure of the PILs, mostly the HB interactions contribute to the mixing energy. This allows to us to connect the equilibrium of HBs to each of the two anion species with the mixing energies by a simple relation, which is obeyed by both, MD-simulation as well as experimental calorimetry and 1H-NMR chemical shift data.

Income Redistribution Effect of a Shift from Income Deduction to Tax Credit -Discrete Choice Model-Based Simulation Incorporating Labor Supply-

As of 2017, debate is ongoing with respect to the revision of the income deduction as part of the income tax reform. One option under consideration is shifting from the income deduction to a tax credit program.The objective of this shift would be enhancing the income redistribution function of the income tax system by strengthening its progressiveness. In relation to the debate on this matter, although some past research papers discussed how the income redistribution function may be affected by a shift from the income deduction to tax credit, no previous analysis has explicitly taken into consideration changes in labor supply that may be caused by the shift. Therefore, in this paper, we conduct simulation concerning the impact of a shift to tax credit on the income redistribution effect in consideration of labor supply and examine how much the shift is expected to contribute to the enhancement of the income redistribution function. The analysis results suggest the possibility that when fixed cost is a determinant factor as to whether or not individual households supply labor, a shift to tax credit may promote labor supply, especially in view of extensive margin, through the income effect although this effect depends on the size of the tax credit amount. However, it should be kept in mind that in this analysis, we were unable to exclude the income effect due to a tax revenue decline. A shift to transferrable basic deduction under debate at the Tax Commission may also be similar in effect to a shift to tax credit. However, when a spouse fs income is close to zero, the deduction is transferred to the other spouse. As a result, the spouse whose income is close to zero receives no income effect, so this measure fs effect of promoting labor market participation is limited. With all those factors considered, a shift to tax credit may be effective in promoting income redistribution not only through a tax system change itself but also through a change in income distribution due to its effect of promoting labor market participation. However, this paper fs analysis is conducted under various preconditions, such as taking dynamic behavior out of consideration for the convenience of simulation conducted within the limitations of data constraints. Therefore, the conclusion arrived at through the analysis should be looked at with some reservations.

Izvozne performanse i konkurentnost perifernih članica Evrozone

This paper examines the impact of the selected factors on the real exports of goods and services in the several Euro area (the eurozone) peripheral economies. There are five countries in the sample (Italy, Spain, Portugal, Ireland, and Greece). The time period from 2000 to 2019 is considered. The research is aimed at providing robust estimates of the long-term relationship between the real exports of these countries and the selected explanatory variables using panel data analysis. The coefficients of the cointegration export equation were estimated using the FMOLS and DOLS estimators. Using the FMOLS estimator, the estimated coefficient of the real effective exchange rate is negative (-0.80) and of the variable foreign demand is positive (2.25). The coefficient of the real effective exchange rate confirms the fact that, from the point of view of the eurozone peripheral members, the overestimated real value of the Euro has a disincentive effect on their real exports. The estimated coefficient of foreign demand suggests that the real export of goods and services (volumes) of the eurozone peripheral members increases by 2.25% when the real GDP of the EU increases by 1%. The real export elasticity of the eurozone periphery countries is higher for foreign demand (income elasticity) than for relative price changes (price elasticity). Reductions in wages and prices in peripheral countries have led to redistributive effects in favor of the core.

Radiation hardening by process technology for high voltage nMOSFET in 180 nm embeded flash process

Radiation-hardened embedded flash technology is widely used in aerospace field. The high voltage nMOSFET is the key device to be hardened as it is the most sensitive device to total ionizing dose (TID) effect. In this study, the shallow tench isolation (STI) sidewall implantation method is used to harden 5 V nMOSFET for 180 nm eFlash process. Through the study of the TID response of the device, two problems emerge in this hardening technology. Firstly, the hardening ions are implanted after STI trench etching, the doping profile is influenced by the following thermal process, resulting in lower doping concentration at STI edge. The device fails to work due to high leakage current after 1×10<sup>5</sup> rad (1 rad = 10<sup>–2</sup> Gy) (Si) radiation. Secondly, the hardening ions that are implanted in drain region reduce the breakdown voltage of PN junction on the drain side. Device cannot satisfy the actual requirement in the circuit. To solve these problems, we propose a new device hardening method called partial channel ion implantation. Comparing with previous method, in order to reduce the doping redistribution effect, we adjust the hardening ion implantation to an extent after the oxidation of gate oxide. Moreover, an extra mask is introduced to determine the hardening implantation region to avoid ion implantation on the drain side of the device. Therefore, the drain breakdown voltage will not be influenced by hardening implantation. By using this new hardening technology for high voltage NMOS, the device can maintain the typical design of strip-type gate. The hardening method is compatible with general process technology and does not influence the electrical parameters of the device obviously. The results show that with the partial channel ion implantation method, the drain leakage of the device is kept at a pico-ampere level after 1.5×10<sup>5</sup> rad (Si) radiation. That is five orders of magnitude lower than that obtained by using previous STI implantation hardening technology.

Lattice Matching and Halogen Regulation for Synergistically Induced Uniform Zinc Electrodeposition by Halogenated Ti3C2 MXenes

Dendrite growth and low Coulombic efficiency caused by uneven diffusion and electrodeposition of Zn2+ ions have emerged as a barrier to exploit the Zn metal anode. In this work, we demonstrate the stoichiometric halogenated MXenes (Ti3C2Cl2, Ti3C2Br2, and Ti3C2I2) as an artificial layer that can induce the uniform Zn deposition. The efficient redistribution effect results from the coherent heterogeneous interface reconstruction and regulated ion tiling by halogen surficial termination. The synergetic effects of high lattice matching (90%) between the adopted MXenes and Zn, as well as the positive halogen regulation, Zn2+ ions are guided to nucleate uniformly on the most extensive (000l) crystal plane of the MXene matrix and grow in a planar manner. In terms of Zn ion regulation, Cl termination is found to be more effective than O/F, Br, and I due to its moderate adsorption and diffusion coefficiency for Zn2+ ions. The Ti3C2Cl2-Zn anode achieves a life extension of over 12 times (840 h at 2 mA cm-2//1 mAh cm-2) over that of the bare Zn anode and serves more than 9000 cycles in a battery with a Ti3C2I2 cathode at a high rate of 3 A g-1. Given the abundance of lattice parameters and terminations of MXene materials, the developed strategy is expected to be extended to other metal anode systems.

The political economy of inflation

For the last 40 years, macroeconomics has been dominated by Milton Friedman’s view that inflation occurs when the supply of money rises more quickly than economic output – ‘too much money chasing too few goods’, as the saying goes. If inflation is always due to an imbalance of money supply and output, central banks alone determine the path of inflation, and fiscal policy merely has a redistributive function. This paper draws on historical and empirical evidence as well as recent theoretical literature to show that this view is mistaken. Monetary policy has redistributive effects, and fiscal policy affects the money supply. It is therefore impossible to separate them in practice. Both fiscal and monetary policy have inflationary consequences, and because their distributional effects are different, monetary policy cannot fully offset fiscal decisions. Fiscal and monetary policy are influenced by political decisions and are themselves political in nature. Since inflation reflects spending and saving patterns which are affected by political choices, it is fundamentally a political phenomenon.

Third order effect of postionization population redistribution in strong field

In strong field ionization, the pump pulse not only photoionizes the molecule, but also drives efficient population exchanges between its ionic ground and excited states. In this study, we investigate the population dynamics after strong field molecular photoionization, using angular distribution of dissociative fragments. Our results reveal that the first and third order processes of the post-ionization population redistribution mechanism (PPRM) in the ion can be disentangled and classified by its angle-resolved kinetic energy release (KER) spectra. We demonstrate that the imprints of PPRM in the KER spectra can be used to determine the branching ratio of the population exchange pathways of different orders, by exploiting the pump-intensity-dependent variation of the spectra.

Do public and internal debt cause income inequality? Evidence from Kenya

PurposeThis study aims to determine whether there is an effect of internal and public debt on income inequality in Kenya for the period 1970–2018.Design/methodology/approachThe relationship is examined by using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model by Pesaran et al. (2001) and Toda Yamamoto causality by Toda and Yamamoto (1995).FindingsOur findings suggest that both internal and public debt harm inequality in Kenya in the long term. Furthermore, a one-way causality from internal debt to income inequality is also obtained while no causality relationship is found to exist between public debt and income inequality. Based on these findings, the study recommends that to reduce income inequality levels in Kenya, other methods of financing other than debt financing should be preferred because debt financing is not pro-poor.Originality/valueThis study is unique based on the fact that no previous paper has analysed the debt and inequality relationship in Kenya. To the best of our knowledge, this will be the first study to analyse the applicability of redistribution effect of debt in Kenya. The study is also different in that it provides separate analysis for public debt and internal debt on their effects on income inequality.