Redevelopment Of Areas Research Articles

Legal Perspectives on New Urban Quarters in Germany: Living the Dream of the Compact City?

The ‘leitmotif’ of the compact city has become a widely embraced template for sustainable urban development. Particularly infill and redevelopment areas, as well as many planned new settlements, have been built following the planning principles of urban compaction. Numerous positive effects are attributed to high-density settlements such as more efficient use of infrastructure and less reliance on automobile travel. Planning law and policies, in Germany as well as other countries around the world, regularly strive to advance high-density developments, but it is by no means clear whether the prescribed densities in planning policies actually lead to vibrant and healthy places which fulfill the expectations of their inhabitants with regards to their quality of life. The study aims to analyze the relation between binding land-use plans in Germany and individual perceptions of urban density through a case study-based survey. This paper contributes to providing new information on achieving compact urban form and quality of life in new urban quarters by analyzing the change of densities over the past three decades in ‘large’ urban developments across Germany, by an in-depth assessment of planned and built densities within an archetypal urban extension and finally by contrasting these ‘objective’ figures and findings with the ‘subjective’ feelings of inhabitants. For sources of information, this paper draws from literature, surveys and empirical analyses as well as desktop-studies.

Making room for affordable housing: Project-based negotiations between planning authorities and landowners in Dutch and Swiss densification

The emerging objective to combat urban sprawl has put densification on the political agenda. Simultaneously, the complexity of planning within the existing built environment means that planning increasingly occurs on the project level. Project-based negotiations between planning authorities and landowners, in which agreements between parties are formalized in negotiated land use plans or private law contracts, thus shape the outcomes of densification projects. Considering the potential adverse effects of densification on housing affordability, it is important to understand how this shift towards project-based negotiations affects the ability of planners to secure public benefits such as affordable housing in redevelopment projects. This study uses a neo-institutional framework to analyze the negotiations between landowners and planning authorities and illuminates under which conditions affordable housing is provided. Case studies of six projects in two larger-scale redevelopment areas in the cities of Bern (Switzerland) and Nieuwegein (Netherlands) show this ability is highly dependent on (1) the existence of binding affordable housing targets, (2) landownership by non-profit actors, and (3) the direct involvement of citizens. The cases show a distinction between different types of project negotiations. In the Netherlands, contract-based negotiations can lead to the dilution of affordability targets, while in Switzerland, these targets are implemented more consistently through negotiated land use plans. The findings indicate that a project-based approach to planning may speed up the implementation of densification objectives but comes at the cost of democratic accountability. Instead, to ensure the social sustainability of urban densification projects, the scope of negotiations between planners and developers needs to move beyond cost-benefit considerations to include a broader range of public interests.

A carbon footprint analysis of the redevelopment of former residential areas

The negative impacts of greenhouse gas emissions, particularly CO2 emissions, have garnered widespread attention. Various old residential areas in China, built more than 20 years ago, have been undergoing urgent transformation to improve citizens’ quality of life, which may significantly reduce carbon emissions. This study developed a carbon emissions accounting framework for residential areas to account the emissions impact of residential transformation. The framework addressed the inventory classifications of landscape greening, residential buildings, water resources, solid waste, infrastructure and transportation. The consumption-based calculation model and bottom-up data collection methods were used. The results show that the transformation of two old residential areas achieved considerable carbon reductions of 17.16% and 33.37% in South and North China, respectively. The macro guidance of local policies, specifically those regarding local urban infrastructure construction, significantly aided the carbon emissions reductions. Based on the calculation results, a list of recommended technologies was proposed to reduce carbon emissions, and four measures (adding greening, improving the garbage recovery rate, separating rain and sewage and transforming envelope structures for energy savings in northern China) were recommended to promote low carbon development in residential areas.

EquiCity game: a mathematical serious game for participatory design of spatial configurations

We propose a mathematical framework for developing social-choice games that are designed to mediate decision-making processes for city planning, urban area redevelopment, and architectural configuration of urban housing complexes. The proposed framework features a digital serious gaming approach for participatory design to support transparency and inclusion in the process of decision-making and ensure an equitable balance of sustainable development goals in spatial design outcomes. The mathematical process consists of a Markovian design machine for balancing the design decisions of actors, a massing configurator equipped with fuzzy logic and multi-criteria decision analysis, algebraic graph-theoretical accessibility evaluators, and automated solar-climatic evaluators using geospatial computational geometry. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the framework by implementing a multi-player online game that facilitates a participatory decision-making workshop for forming multi-functional building complexes by providing a generative configurator equipped with automated appraisal/scoring mechanisms for revealing the aggregate impact of alternatives. The EquiCity game empowers a group of decision-makers to reach a fair consensual spatial design by mathematically simulating many rounds of reasonable trade-offs between their decisions, with different levels of interest or control over various types of investments. The novelty of the framework is in its capability to encompass decision-making about the most idiosyncratic aspects of a site related to its heritage status and cultural significance to the most generic aspects such as balancing access to sunlight for the site while respecting ‘the right to sunlight’ of the neighbours of the site, ensuring coherence of the entire configuration with regards to a network of desired closeness ratings, the satisfaction of a programme of requirements, and intricately balancing individual development goals in conjunction with communal goals and environmental design codes.

Enhancing Disaster Resilience for Sustainable Urban Development: Public–Private Partnerships in Japan

A resilient building environment is crucial for securing sustainable development in urban areas, as the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Goal 11 stresses. In developing countries in particular, the risk of disasters is increasing due to the poorly built environment caused by urbanization. However, building disaster resilience in vulnerable urban environments characterized by aging houses, limited public spaces, and complex land rights and tenancy issues poses a major challenge. This study aims to identify critical factors influencing effective disaster-resilient urban development by examining Japan’s experience, with a focus on approaches facilitating public–private partnerships. Driven by disasters like the 1995 Kobe Earthquake, Japan has promoted innovative strategies to improve urban resilience and mitigate disaster impacts. The Disaster Mitigation Zone Implementation Program represents a novel program designed to revitalize densely populated areas with aging wooden structures highly vulnerable to disasters. Through semi-structured interviews, a literature review, and an in-depth case study in Tokyo, this research analyzes the development and effectiveness of this targeted redevelopment approach. Findings underscore the pivotal role of policies promoting public–private collaboration, consensus-building mechanisms among stakeholders, flexibility in project formulation, and financial incentives via government subsidies. Engaging the private sector ensures project feasibility through urban development expertise, while simpler, smaller-scale projects attract greater private investment. Japan’s experience offers valuable insights into collaborative, context-sensitive strategies for enhancing urban disaster resilience through targeted redevelopment of high-risk areas.

Linkages between urban growth and land surface temperature variations in the Seoul metropolitan area: A spatial first-order difference approach

This study investigates the effects of urban development and expansion on Land Surface Temperature (LST) changes from 2000 to 2018, using the Seoul Metropolitan area (SMA) as a case study area. Along with descriptive analysis, this study uses a spatial first-order difference model to statistically analyze the longitudinal relationship between land use features and LST, including impervious surface (IS), enhanced vegetation index (EVI), anthropogenic factors, and urban spatial and topographical factors as well as urban development types as influential factors on LST variations. Our findings support prior research indicating the cooling effects of vegetation and warming effects of imperviousness. We also found a positive association between detached housing units, manufacturing activities and LST changes and a negative relationship between apartment units, urban parks, service activities and LST changes. More importantly, substantial LST reduction was found in the large-scale high-rise apartment complexes redeveloped from the low-rise, detached housing sites in inner-city infill areas, contrasting with significant LST rise in the suburban new town development. We suggest redevelopment of inner-city low-rise compact areas into high-rise but greener blocks as a LST mitigation strategy, equipped with cooling strategies such as green infrastructure and climate-sensitive design considering local microclimate and natural ventilation.

An Entrepreneurial Perspective on the Transition of Lignite Rural Areas to a New Regime within a Suffocating Timeframe

Timetables for energy transition vary across EU Member States. The planning for dealing with the consequences of the transition in affected regions also varies. Under the pressure of the ten-year economic crisis, Greece is one of the few countries that has committed to stop using lignite in electricity generation, achieving 80% by 2023 and definitively by 2028. Apart from its environmental impact, the country assessed using lignite in electricity generation as unprofitable and damaging to the Greek economy. Simultaneously, it formulated a national energy transition plan for the country’s lignite areas. The plan also provides support for existing enterprises and incentives for new enterprises. European and domestic financial instruments accompany the support incentives. The compressed timetable is ambitious and demanding, entailing risks of project failure. As one of the first Member State projects to be completed in 2028, its outcome will shape an ambient atmosphere, positive or negative, for other Member States’ projects as well. Based on the transition plan and the timelines to which Greece has committed, this research examines the reanimation of rural areas involved in lignite mining from the perspective of entrepreneurship and financial support instruments. The findings revealed that while there is strong social consensus around the design that incorporates best practices, the basis for the completion schedule has unrealistic elements that will have potentially negative consequences for the restoration of the areas that the energy transition affects. The present study highlights the risks for entrepreneurship that tight schedules pose in the context of lignite area redevelopment.

How to rapidly map outdoor mean radiation temperatures with high-spatial-resolution from UAV-derived multimodal images: A case study in Guangzhou

Mean radiation temperatures (MRTs) have gained widespread attention due to its close relationship with human health. Notwithstanding the availability of existing methods for evaluating MRT (such as ground-based measurements and numerical simulations), it remains a challenge to rapidly and accurately acquire MRTs with a high spatial resolution. This study thus proposed an efficient methodology for evaluating spatial MRTs of urban spaces on the microscale through multimodal images derived from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Based on UAVs and near-ground measurements, point-cloud data characterizing long- and short-wave irradiance from three-dimensional (3D) surfaces were obtained via photogrammetry and retrieval models. Spatial MRTs were then sampled based on a mapped 3D radiation field and ray-tracing. Comparison of the sampled MRTs with measured MRTs (near the ground) through globe temperatures exhibited a high consistency (R2: 0.980, RMSE: 3.080 °C) and a small difference (almost less than 2.5 °C), demonstrating the applicability and accuracy of our proposed method. In conjunction with near-ground meteorological variables, outdoor thermal comfort (OTC) indicators with a high spatial resolution were derived; further comparisons suggested the SET* and UTCI as ideal indicators to evaluate microscale OTC of hot and humid areas through our method. From the perspective of application, this method can further refine the assessment of the urban thermal environment as well as the human thermal comfort of micro-scale spaces based on simulations or remote sensing observations with lower spatial resolution, which will provide specific suggestions for redesign or redevelopment of the micro-scale areas. Additionally, the thermal mapping with high spatial resolution obtained by this method can also be used as a reference to evaluate the accuracy of related numerical models.

The Spatial–Temporal Characteristics of Land De-Urbanization in Metropolises: A Case Study of the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area

With a series of redevelopment activities, such as land consolidation and urban renewal, many cities in China have experienced land de-urbanization phenomena. These include the conversion of construction land into green spaces (such as parks, forests, and lawns), blue spaces (such as rivers, lakes, and wetlands), and farmland. However, there is currently limited research on diverse land de-urbanization types and pathways. This study focuses on investigating the land de-urbanization in the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) from 2014 to September 2023 using the Continuous Change Detection and Classification (CCDC) method. The results demonstrate that the GBA experienced 72.74 square kilometers of de-urbanization during the study period, primarily through the conversion of construction land to land with low plant coverage, including grassland and farmland. There were significant differences in the quantity and spatial agglomeration of de-urbanization between cities and within individual cities. Temporally, de-urbanization predominantly occurred in the period of 2016 to 2021, with a sharp decline in 2022. The temporal changes were significantly influenced by urban renewal policies and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. In terms of spatial clustering characteristics, the de-urbanization process in the GBA exhibited spatial agglomeration but was primarily characterized by low-level clustering. This study also examines the correlations between de-urbanization and factors including location and the stage of urbanization. The analysis showed that de-urbanization within cities tended to concentrate near the main urban roads within a range of 10–30 km from city centers. The trend of de-urbanization followed a pattern that is consistent with the Northam curve, where de-urbanization tends to increase during the rapid urbanization phase and decline as urbanization reaches a mature stage. Overall, this study provides valuable insights for the redevelopment of construction land within the context of ecological civilization construction. It also offers suggestions for urban land development and redevelopment in metropolitan areas.

정비사업에 의한 주택공급이 인근 아파트 가격에 미치는 영향

Seoul City continues to promote urban development projects to respond to the increasing housing demand due to continued population growth and urbanization. Furthermore, it is establishing related support policies. This study analyzes the impact of housing supply through redevelopment projects, especially on apartment resale prices in the vicinity and provides insights for relevant policy development. Accordingly, the Heukseok 3 redevelopment area was selected as the target site, and apartment complexes within 500 m, 1 km, and 1.5 km of the target site were established as the treatment group, control group 1, and control group 2, respectively, with a total of 10,300 cases in 14 apartment complexes. The analysis used the difference-in-differences method and multilevel modeling. The results obtained at various stages of the project implementation indicated that the prices of the surrounding apartments decreased during the association establishment and completion approval stages, whereas price increases were observed during the project design and property management and disposal planning phases. Moreover, the extent of price increases and decreases varied with distance from the Heukseok 3 zone oriented to the policy. Through this study, we confirmed the impact of housing supply through redevelopment projects in neighboring areas. These findings can serve as valuable evidence for future housing policy development.

재개발 사업기간의 영향요인 분석에 관한 연구

The primary goal of this research is to determine the impact of an amendment to the Urban Improvement Act on the duration of redevelopment projects. Basic statistics analysis results reveal an increased redevelopment project period since the amendment, high number of households and tenants of existing houses, and high ratio of general sales and rental of completed houses. Meanwhile, the results of multiple regression analysis, which uses the period from the establishment of the implementation union as a dependent variable, reveal that the amendment increases the project period, and the project period increases if the key interest rate rises and the GDP growth rate is high. With an increased key interest rate, GDP growth rate, and construction investment, the project period decreases. Meanwhile, when the Seoul land price and price index increase, the project period increases. The amendment has improved public interest by increasing the supply of rental housing, but administrative support for the redevelopment of unviable areas must be strengthened to prevent urban polarization.

도시재생사업의 초기사업비 및 기반시설비용 조달을 위한 조세담보부금융(TIF) 규모 추정에 관한 연구

Tax Increment Financing (TIF) is the process of raising funds through the increase of taxes in future business areas. The local government treasury department finance is built by the increase of future tax revenue due to the real estate price rise in the urban regeneration area, TIF has been used in the US especially today. Because urban regeneration projects can be said to be achieved not only during the project period but also after the end of the project period, in order to finance the local taxation as a collateral, it is necessary to induce the interest of the local residents to be in charge of business management. In this study, We found the possibility of provision for urban regeneration total costs, which are essential for the sustainability and continuity of urban regeneration areas, through the financial simulation for the case region. As compared with urban regeneartion, in the extensive rebuilding apartment houses and residential area redevelopment process, it is difficult for the stakeholder to bear urban regeneration costs additionally, due to the huge land development land and financial donation. This research result will motivate the Tax Increment Financing to proceed smoothly during the urban regeneration project period longer than we expect.

Occupational and Environmental Asbestos Exposure and Survival of Patients with Asbestos-Related Cancer: A Follow-Up Study on Patients with Malignant Mesothelioma and Asbestos-Related Lung Cancer in Korea.

Malignant mesothelioma and asbestos-related lung cancer are typically associated with a poor prognosis. However, it has been observed that some patients with these cancers survive significantly longer than the average survival period. While many preliminary studies have investigated factors influencing patient survival, the specific impact of asbestos exposure has not been thoroughly explored. We followed up with 546 patients with malignant mesothelioma and 902 patients with asbestos-related lung cancer, all identified as asbestos victims between 2009 and 2021. In both malignant mesothelioma and asbestos-related lung cancer, patients with occupational asbestos exposure exhibited not only shorter median survival times but also lower 3- and 5-year survival rates compared to those with environmental exposure. Additionally, a longer duration of occupational exposure and closer proximity to the source of asbestos were linked to shorter survival times and lower survival rates. Among the patients with occupational asbestos exposure, the highest hazard ratios (HRs) were observed in those who worked in the production of asbestos-containing products across both cancer types. In contrast, significant HRs were only noted in mesothelioma patients who lived near asbestos industries, slate houses, and redevelopment areas, within the environmentally exposed group.

Analyzing Socio-economic Diversity in the Population of Urban Redevelopment Areas

Analyzing Socio-economic Diversity in the Population of Urban Redevelopment Areas

Method of Redevelopment of Underground Mining Facilities

Mining is a set of industrial branches engaged in exploration, extraction, primary processing and obtaining the initial semi-finished product of elements related to minerals. Deposits are ore, non-metallic and alluvial. These deposits are mined by open pit and closed pit methods. After the end of underground operations, empty mine fields remain, which on the surface are labeled as exclusion zones. The problem of cave-in zones, under which the waste mine fields of the mining industry are located, has been particularly acute for decades. These mines are located not only under the industrial zones of populated areas, but also under residential and public areas and cause irreversible transformation of the natural environment, which leads to catastrophic consequences. Transformation of underground space is the main task of redevelopment of industrial areas of this kind. It is possible to build underground structures for other purposes in worked-out mines. Due to the fact that these structures will be maintained and operated, the change in the secondary stress fields in the mountain massif will not have such catastrophic consequences as in the case of alienation-collapse zones. Besides, the reuse of worked-out workings is economically more favorable due to the fact that sinking will be minimal. In this paper only underground mining complexes and the possibility of their reuse will be considered.

Quantitative analysis and design countermeasures of space crime prevention in old residential area quarters

ABSTRACT Safety has become the bottom line and fundamental goal of urban renewal with the accelerated urbanization process. Building a safe and stable urban residential environment is a meaningful way to improve cities’ “social-ecological” resilience. Based on the theory of environmental crime prevention and space syntax, taking Tiexinli old residential area in Qinhuangdao City as the research object, using Depth map software to quantitatively analyze the integration degree, synergy degree, connectivity degree, depth value, visual clustering coefficient, and choice value of the residential space, the results show that the accessibility of the spatial system of the old residential area is differentiated. The accessibility of the by-pass road is the lowest and lacks activity support. The spatial layout of the residential area is single and concurrent, and the entrances, exits, and the subsidiary road fail to play a good role in ” access control. ” The environment and landscape of green space between houses and negative space in the residential area are poorly maintained, and the visibility effect is limited. Therefore, the renovation of the old residential area should focus on optimizing the road system, increasing the monitoring of the activities of the people, and enriching the activities of the public space. This research contributes to addressing potential crime issues in urban renewal. It offers feasible and forward-looking approaches to crime prevention and control in the redevelopment of old residential areas in Asian countries. Additionally, this method can be applied in the planning and design of new residential areas to identify and rectify potential crime risks within design schemes, ensuring the safety and living quality of residential communities.

The detection of residential developments in urban areas: Exploring the potentials of deep-learning algorithms

A rich volume of research has detected urban growth by quantifying the land use/land cover (LU/LC) changes based on remote sensing technologies. However, the research has limitations in identifying various formats of urban growth, particularly small-scale urban growth, such as infill development or redevelopment in urban areas, prompted by smart growth and sustainable urban development. This paper aims to design a framework for the accurate detection of residential infill development in the City of Los Angeles by employing a deep-learning method that has been increasingly applied to analyze phenomena in cities. In order to do so, this paper develops six models that reflect the variations of image classification methods, deep-learning algorithms, and estimation types. The results from the models emphasize the potential of the deep-learning models for the detection of micro-urban growth at a city scale. However, there is room for the improvement of estimation accuracy in the cases that detect some new developments and replacements as not developed parcels. The findings suggest that the performance of the models depends primarily on the articulations of the training dataset rather than the types of deep-learning algorithms. Findings from the models provide the city with insights into land use and transportation planning decision-making based on a better understanding of the spatial distribution patterns of urban growth and development.

Sustainable redevelopment of urban areas: Assessment of key barriers for the reconstruction of old residential buildings

AbstractThe deterioration of residential buildings presents challenges to the sustainable development of urban areas, necessitating their reconstruction. Notwithstanding the fundamental importance of reconstructing old residential buildings, their execution is hindered by numerous challenges, resulting in significant time consumption and difficulties. This study aims to establish a model that can be employed to assess the barriers to reconstructing old residential buildings. The proposed model comprises four sustainable groups, including environmental, social, economic, and technical barriers. While the economic barrier showed the highest coefficient in the barrier index equation, the environmental barrier exhibited the lowest coefficient. The suggested model will provide practitioners with a means to quantify the barriers that impede the sustainable development of old residential building reconstruction projects before implementation. Furthermore, the study's outcomes will guide investors in identifying key focus areas to enhance sustainable development through the reconstruction of old residential buildings.

Unveiling the influence of urban revitalization on pedestrian flow and conduct: a case study in New Cairo, Egypt

ABSTRACT Urban pedestrian paths are vital for safe and accessible foot travel, promoting walkability and benefiting individuals and communities. However, these paths face challenges. One major issue is the lack of investment in pedestrian infrastructure, particularly in low-income areas and developing nations. This leads to poor-quality sidewalks, inadequate pedestrian amenities such as lighting and seating, and a lack of shade. Additionally, pedestrian paths often lack connectivity with other transportation modes like public transit and bike-sharing systems, making it difficult for people to access these services, especially those with mobility impairments. Urbanization also leads to increased traffic and higher speeds on roads, posing greater risks for pedestrians. Poor-quality crosswalks, inadequate traffic-calming measures, and insufficient enforcement of traffic laws further compound these dangers. A case study conducted in New Cairo, Egypt, aims to analyze the impact of urban redevelopment on pedestrian flow and behavior The site was studied by the authors through their on-site drawings and observations, and then Geographic Information System (GIS) was utilized for analysis. Combining scientific literature, site analysis from September 2022, and a comparison with the real upgrades in February 2023, the study utilizes data collection methods like pedestrian count and surveys. By employing GIS, the study examines changes in pedestrian movement patterns and behaviors before and after the redevelopment of specific areas in New Cairo. The study’s findings offer significant insights to urban planners and policymakers, guiding them in the design and execution of urban redevelopment projects that improve the pedestrian experience and foster walkability.

Developing an Optimal Ensemble Model to Estimate Building Demolition Waste Generation Rate

Smart management of construction and demolition (C&D) waste is imperative, and researchers have implemented machine learning for estimating waste generation. In Korea, the management of demolition waste (DW) is important due to old buildings, and it is necessary to predict the amount of DW to manage it. Thus, this study employed decision tree (DT)-based ensemble models (i.e., random forest—RF, extremely randomized trees—ET, gradient boosting machine—GBM), and extreme gradient boost—XGboost) based on data characteristics (i.e., small datasets with categorical inputs) to predict the demolition waste generation rate (DWGR) of buildings in urban redevelopment areas. As a result of the study, the RF and GBM algorithms showed better prediction performance than the ET and XGboost algorithms. Especially, RF (6 features, 450 estimators; mean, 1169.94 kg·m−2) and GBM (4 features, 300 estimators; mean, 1166.25 kg·m−2) yielded the top predictive performances. In addition, feature importance affecting DWGR was found to have a significant impact on the order of gross floor area (GFA) > location > roof material > wall material. The straightforward collection of features used here can facilitate benchmarking as a decision-making tool in demolition waste management plans for industry stakeholders and policy makers. Therefore, in the future, it is required to improve the predictive performance of the model by updating additional data and building a reliable dataset.