Red Yellow Soil Research Articles

Nitrogen transformation in four Japanese soils following manure+urea amendment

Understanding the effects of manure amendment on soil nitrogen (N) mineralization is crucial for a better assessment of N supplying potential of manure to maximize crop yield and minimize possible contamination of surface and belowground water resources. The effects of manure amendment on N mineralization were therefore studied under laboratory conditions. Surface (0–30 cm) samples of four Japanese soils: Andosol, red-yellow soil, masatsuchi, and sandune soil were each treated with chicken manure (PM), cattle manure (CM), swine manure (SM), ostrich manure (OM), and urea, and incubated for 8 weeks at 25°C. Nitrogen mineralization was studied in a 2 M KCl extract of samples collected at weekly intervals. The results showed that N mineralization was affected by both soil and manure types. NH4-N was found to be the dominant form of mineral N while appreciable increases in NO3 levels were observed during the 7th week. The rate of net N mineralization was highest in urea-treated soils, and the stimulating effect of urea on soil N mineralization was noted in the soils. Nitrogen mineralization from manure-treated soils was very low, suggesting that their N effect in the short-run should not be overvalued. In Andosol, CM and OM treatments exhibited negative N fertilizer effects. Ostrich and chicken manures showed high potentials for raising the pH of masatsuchi and sandune soils.

Produtividade de seis cultivares de maracujazeiro-azedo durante três anos em Vargem Bonita, DF

Avaliou-se a produtividade de cultivares de maracujazeiro-azedo (Passiflora edulis), com vistas à seleção de um material mais produtivo nas condições do Distrito Federal para frutos destinados ao consumo in natura. As cultivares Maguari, CSB Marília, NJ3 Vermelho, CSB Marília x NJ3 Vermelho, Roxo Australiano e Seleção DF foram avaliadas durante três anos de produção, em Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo, no sistema de espaldeira vertical. A cultivar Maguari apresentou porcentagem de germinação das sementes superior à das demais cultivares. A média da altura das plantas das cultivares Seleção DF e Roxo Australiano foi superior à das outras quatro cultivares. A cultivar Maguari apresentou o maior vigor vegetativo durante os três anos de experimento, e o menor número de plantas perdidas por declínio da cultura. A cultivar CSB Marília foi a mais precoce e a primeira a produzir frutos. Na primeira safra, as cultivares CSB Marília, CSB Marília x NJ3 Vermelho, Roxo Australiano e Seleção DF foram as mais produtivas. No segundo ano de colheita, as seis cultivares apresentaram alta produtividade, destacando-se a cultivar Seleção DF, que produziu 50 t/ha. No terceiro ano de produção, em que ocorreu um declínio considerável, a cultivar Maguari apresentou a maior produtividade. Na produção média dos três anos, as seis cultivares mostraram-se superiores em produtividade aos resultados já conhecidos da pesquisa no Brasil.

RICE GROWTH AND NUTRIENT UPTAKE AS AFFECTED BY LIVESTOCK MANURE IN FOUR JAPANESE SOILS

One of the measures being adopted for relieving environmental problems arising from agricultural production is to recycle animal manure and other organic products as fertilizers and soil amendment. In Japan, this is a usual practice among farmers. In this study, we evaluated the effects of chicken manure (PM), cattle manure (CM), swine manure (SM) and mixed manure (MM = PM + CM + SM) on the growth, dry matter yield, and nutrient [nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg)] uptake of rice (Oryza sativa Var. koshihikari). Four naturally infertile soils, andosol (A), red-yellow soil (RY), sandune soil (SD), and masatsuchi (M), were amended with 100 Mg ha−1 (dry weight) of each of the manure and allowed to stabilize for 4 weeks before rice was seeded. Changes in rice growth as indicated by plant height and number of leaves and tillers were monitored for 6 weeks, and the biomass yield was determined. Shoot samples were also analyzed for nutrient uptake. The amended A and RY soils produced the best effects on all the rice parameters studied. However, the number of rice leaves were significantly higher in RY than A. The manure effects on rice growth and biomass yield were ranked as CM > MM > SM > PM. Amending the soils with manure significantly delayed seedling emergence. Andosol amended with CM and MM produced significantly greater roots than with other manures. Masatsuchi amended with PM had lower shoot and root biomass than even the control. Among the manures, the uptake of all nutrients was highest in CM. The higher dry matter yield of rice in soils amended with CM and MM may be due to better nutrient balance and relatively lower levels of toxic factors in the material.

Effects of Pot Size, Soil Type, and Sodium Alginate Application on the Soil Prevention Rate at the Transplanting of Tea Cuttings Grown in Paper Pots.

チャのペーパーポット(無底)を用いた育苗では,挿し木苗の移植時におけるポットからの挿し土の崩壊・脱落を防ぎ,ポット内に残る挿し土の割合(挿し上保持率)を高める必要がある.本報では,ポットの大きさ,アルギン酸ナトリウム処理及び挿し土の種類が挿し土保持率に及ぼす影響を検討した.その結果,内径の小さなポットで挿し土保持率が高かった.アルギン酸ナトリウム0.3%溶液をポット(内径6cm,深さ15cm)当たり80mL以上処理することで挿し土の固着化が進み,保持率を80～90%以上に高めることができ,その効果は,処理後無潅水で育苗することにより持続した.また,挿し土の種類ごとに挿し上保持率は異なり,砂質土あるいは赤黄色土にピートモスやもみがらくん炭を混合したもので高かった.これら9種類の挿し土にアルギン酸ナトリウムを処理した結果,いずれの挿し土でも保持率は高まったが,その効果の程度は挿し土の種類により異なった.

Dating of Soils on the Raised Coral Reef Terraces of Kikai Island in the Ryukyus, Southwest Japan: With Special Reference to the Age of Red-Yellow Soils.

Dating of Soils on the Raised Coral Reef Terraces of Kikai Island in the Ryukyus, Southwest Japan: With Special Reference to the Age of Red-Yellow Soils.

Mineralogical composition of iron oxides in red- and yellow-colored soils from Southern Japan and Yunnan, China

Six soil samples from the Bt2 horizon of red- and yellow-colored soils collected in Southern Japan and Yunnan, China, were used in this study. Detailed mineralogical studies by differential X-ray diffraction analysis showed the presence of hematite in association with goethite in the red-colored soils, whereas no hematite was detected in the yellow-colored soils. Among the samples studied, the increase in the hematite contents was as follows: Terra rossa-like/Red-Yellow soil in Kikai Island, Red soil in Toyota City, Lateritic Red soil in Minami-Daito Island and Lateritic Red soil in Yunnan, China. Since Lateritic Red soil and Lateritic Yellow soil are distributed adjacently on the Pleistocene raised coral reef terrace in Minami-Daito Island, having a fairly similar soil temperature regime, soil pH, soil organic matter and iron oxide contents, the difference in the soil color between the two soils may be caused by the difference in the hydrologic conditions.

Temperature dependence of thermal conductivity of soil over a wide range of temperature (5–75°C)

SummaryThe coupled heat and mass transfer in soil can be analysed by examining the temperature dependence of thermal conductivity. We have measured the thermal conductivity of two kinds of soil (Ando soil and Red Yellow soil) as a function of both temperature (5–75°C) and water content by the twin heat probe method. From our results we concluded that the thermal conductivity resulting from the latent heat transfer can be separated from the apparent thermal conductivity by subtracting the thermal conductivity at a temperature near 0°C from that at a higher temperature. The relation between the phenomenological enhancement factor (β) and the volumetric air‐filled porosity was divided into two parts: β increases linearly as the volumetric air‐filled porosity increases from zero (that is, water saturation), to the point at which soil water potential corresponds to −320 J kg−1; from that point to oven‐dry condition, β decreased logistically with the volumetric air‐filled porosity. From these results, we could generalize the behaviour of β.

Phenological Disorder Induced by Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition: Original Causes of Pine Forest Decline over Japan. Part I. Phenological Disorder, Cold Death of Apical Shoots of Red Pine Subjected to Combined Exposures of Simulated Acid Rain and Soil Acidification, and Implications for Forest Decline

Seeds of red pine (Pinus densiflora Sieb. and Zucc.) were sown in red-yellow soil artificially adjusted to pH (H2O) 4.10, 4.60 or 5.90 by adding H2SO4 solution to the soil (pH 5.90), and the three-month seedlings were exposed to simulated acid rain at pH 2.0, 3.0 or 5.6 for 10 minutes once, 3 times a week, for 12 months from 4 August 1994 to 3 August 1995 alone or in combination. Significant interactive effects between acid rain and soil acidification on growth and whole-plant net photosynthetic rate, and cold death ratio of new apical shoots following a cold snap were observed in a quadratic response pattern. The simulated acid rain increased budburst, new needle spread and elongation, and new apical shoot death percentage following a cold snap, but did not induce visible injury. In the highest soil acidity treatment at a soil pH 4.1, whole-plant net photosynthetic rate and seedling height exhibited a quadratic responses with increasing rain acidities. On the other hand, soil acidification caused leaf yellowing. The death percentage of new apical shoot of seedlings exposed to rain pH 2.0 following a cold snap was linearly enlarged with increasing soil acidities. With increasing soil acidity, height and whole-plant net photosynthesis of the seedlings exposed to rain pH 3.0 exhibited a linear increase response, while height of seedlings exposed to control rain exhibited a quadratic response. It is suggested that the results provide experimental evidency for phenological disturbances and an enhancement of frost risk by direct acid rain and indirect longterm soil acidification which may be significant in forest decline.

クリ黒根立枯病の発生と土壌環境

A survey was taken on the occurrence of black root rot of chestnut, the amount of roots and the soil properties in two red-yellow soils and in Andosol. Furthermore, an experiment was done to compare the differences in growth of chestnut seedlings among these soil species and a granite weathered sandy soil. 1. The occurrence of the black root rot was more extensive in the chestnut groves on the brown forest soil that had been improved topographically and where red-yellow soil constituted the topsoil. In contrast, the occurrence was significantly less in groves on Andosol. 2. In Andosol, the amounts of fine root below 1 mm in diameter were more numerous than in the red-yellow soil. 3. In the three phase distribution, the red-yellow soil had a larger solid phase volume and a smaller gaseous phase volume than the Andosol. Soil water tension throughout the year fluctuated more in the red-yellow soil than it did in Andosol. 4. Potted chestnut seedlings had more roots less than 5 mm diameter and more mycorrhiza-infected roots in the Andosol compared to those grown on red-yellow soil. These findings suggest that in the Andosol, the occurrence of black root rot is less frequent because the chestnut trees undergo less water stress. This reduced water stress in the Andosol is attributed to the presence of more fine roots, minimizing soil moisture fluctuation throughout the year compared to the red-yellow soil and granitic, sandy soils.

Recent Pedological Approach to Reconstruction of the Quaternary Environment in Japan and East Asia.

Pedological studies contributed to the reconstruction of Quaternary environment of Japan and eastern Asia in 1990s. Study of the material in the Red-Yellow soil, a representative relict paleosol in Japan, improved understandings of the soil's genesis. The origin of Japanese Red-Yellow soils confirmed to be aeolian dust from the Asian continent and can be characterized as a transitional soil between a tropical and a warm regime, which has been developed by weathering during 103kyr. Studies of weathered volcanic ash layers improved the understanding of the formation of tephra-soil sequences widely distributed in Japan. The development of tephra-soil has occurred succestively during intervals between volcanic activity by the addition of weathered tephra and aeolian dust. Interpretations of environmental change in Holocene and late Pleistocene by investigations on tephra-soil and loess-soil sequences were supported by these findings.

Genesis of Surface Gleyed Red-Yellow soils (2) : Profile distribution of free oxides and seazonal changes of reduction-oxidation potential

Genesis of Surface Gleyed Red-Yellow soils (2) : Profile distribution of free oxides and seazonal changes of reduction-oxidation potential

Genesis of Surface Gleyed Red-Yellow soils (1) : Relationship between topographical distribution and physico-chemical properties

Genesis of Surface Gleyed Red-Yellow soils (1) : Relationship between topographical distribution and physico-chemical properties

Effects of O3 and soil acidification, alone and in combination, on growth, gas exchange rate and chlorophyll content of red pine seedlings

One-year-old seedlings of red pine (Pinus densiflora Sieb. and Zucc.) were grown in typic red-yellow forest soil (Typic Hapludults) artificially adjusted to pH (H2O) 3.15, 3.60 or 3.90 by adding H2SO4 solution to the soil (pH 4.60), and exposed to ozone (03) at 150±10 ppb (nl·L−1) for 8 h a day, 6 days a week, for 16 weeks from June 5 to October 5, 1994. The control seedlings were exposed to charcoal-filtered air (CF) and grown in the soil without the additional supply of H+ as H2SO4 solution during the same period.

Vertical distribution of low-molecular-weight aliphatic carboxylic acids (LACAs) in Red-Yellow soils

Vertical distribution of low-molecular-weight aliphatic carboxylic acids (LACAs) in Red-Yellow soils

Micromorphological Characteristics of Yellow-Brown Forest Soils and Red-Yellow Soils

Micromorphological Characteristics of Yellow-Brown Forest Soils and Red-Yellow Soils

A Study on Pedogenesis and Characteristics of Red-Yellow Soils in the Philippines : I. Morphology, physico-chemical properties and classification

A Study on Pedogenesis and Characteristics of Red-Yellow Soils in the Philippines : I. Morphology, physico-chemical properties and classification

Persistência e lixiviação do herbicida simazina em solo barrento cultivado com milho

Foram determinadas, em experimento de campo, a persistência e a lixiviação do herbicida simazina na dose de 3 kg/ ha i. a. em um solo podzol vermelho-amarelo de textura barrenta plantado com milho, por meio do monitoramento de seus resíduos, durante um ano após a sua aplicação, em 14 de janeiro de 1992. O experimento foi conduzido na Estação Experimental do Instituto Biológico, Campinas, SP, utilizando-se o método de cromatografia gasosa para a determinação analítica de resíduos. Empregou-se o fatorial 8 X 5, "épocas de amostragem do solo" X "profundidades de amostragem", quatro repetições para os procedimentos experimentais no campo, reduzidas para duas nas de terminações analíticas. Os resultados demonstraram que a maior concentração do herbicida localizou-se na camada superficial do solo (0-10 cm de profundidade), onde persistiu até 360 dias após o tratamento na concentração de 0,08 mg/kg de solo. A curva de persistência do produto, para a profundidade de 010 cm , foi representada por uma equação exponencial do terceiro grau. Foram encontrados resíduos de simazina nas camadas de solo à profundidades de 10 -20, 20 -30 e 30-40 cm até 1 8 3 , 6 5 e 6 5 dias após o tratamento, respectivamente.

Phosphorus (P) uptake mechanisms of crops grown in soils with low P status

Phosphorus (P) uptake by pot-grown plants of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.), castor (Ricinus communis L.), cotton (Gossypium spp.), groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.), maize (Zea mays L.), pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.), rice (Oryza sativa L.), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.), soybean (Glycine max L.), and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) was examined. Two kinds of Andosols (Minori, Kawatabi) and a red-yellow soil (Taketoyo) were used. In all the soils the content of available P was very low, and most of inorganic P was either iron (Fe)- or aluminum (Al)-bound. Phosphorus uptake by rice, pigeonpea, and groundnut was much higher than that by other crops. Upland rice took up more P than other crops especially in the Kawatabi soil (high humic non-allophanic Andosol). Such a high P uptake ability in rice plant was presumably associated with its tolerance to Al. Exchangeable Al concentration decreased after liming of Kawatabi soil, and P uptake by groundnut and pigeonpea was markedly enhanced. The r...

Distribution of atrazine in a Brazilian Red Yellow Latossol soil

Distribution of atrazine in a Brazilian Red Yellow Latossol soil

園地の立地条件がリンゴ‘ふじ’果実の品質に及ぼす影響

To elucidate the influence of orchard site parameters on fruit quality of 'Fuji' apple grafted on M. 26 rootstock, the crops from 41 orchards located about Shiwa Town, Iwate Prefecture, Japan were analyzed by the quantification theory (1)1. High positive correlations were found among total sugar content, titratable acid content, and flesh firmness. Principal component analysis applied to the three characteristics revealed that the first component represented fruit quality, whereas the second, apparent fruit maturity. The orchard site parameters seemed to affect the two components in different ways. The more solar radiation to which the apple trees were exposed, the higher was their fruit quality. On apparent fruit maturity, however, soil texture had greater influence than the quantity of solar radiation.2. Contents of each sugar were also analyzed by principal component analysis, based on their significant correlations. The first principal component represented total sugars, whereas the second component was the difference between reducing sugar and nonreducing sugar contents. The first component made a major contribution to the difference in total fruit sugar contents among the orchards. Because orchard site parameters affected the first component somewhat differently from that on the second component, they may have influenced fruit sugar composition.3. Oxidation (browning) of the juice was closely related to the soil type of the orchard. The juice of fruits harvested from trees grown on volcanic ash and alluvial soils did not brown as fast as juice of fruits collected from trees grown on red-yellow soils. The browning tendency was seemingly related to the soil nitrogen content.