Red Shade Research Articles

Impacts of Altered Light Spectral Quality on Warm Season Turfgrass Growth under Greenhouse Conditions

Warm‐season turfgrass quality declines under shade due to reduced photosynthesis, increased disease pressure, reduced carbohydrate production, tree root competition, and reduced lateral stem growth. Another factor limiting turfgrass growth and development under tree shade is variable qualities of light filtered by trees. However, effects of various filtered wavelengths on turfgrass performance are lacking and deserve research. Therefore, a greenhouse project investigated the physiological and morphological responses of ‘Diamond’ zoysiagrass [Zoysia matrella (L.) Merr.], ‘Sea Isle 2000’ seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum Swartz.), and ‘Tifway’ and ‘Celebration’ bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. × C. transvaalensis Burtt‐Davy] to variable light spectral qualities. Light treatments included a control without any shade cloths and four different color shade cloths filtering wavelengths 560 to 720 nm (blue shade cloth), 360 to 520 nm (yellow shade cloth), 360 to 560 nm (red shade cloth), and 360 to 720 nm (black shade cloth). The percent light reduction for each cloth was about 65% relative to the control. Data collected included visual turfgrass quality (TQ), relative clipping yield, relative chlorophyll concentration, relative shoot width, relative root biomass, relative root length density, relative specific root length, and root and shoot total nonstructural carbohydrates. Diamond was the least affected turfgrass by the color shade cloths, while Celebration and Sea Isle 2000 performed similarly. Tifway was the most sensitive turfgrass with the lowest TQ under color shade cloths. Yellow and red shades were least detrimental, while black shade most negatively inhibited parameters measured, followed by blue shade. This study implies different types of shade significantly impact the TQ of warm‐season turfgrasses.

Shading and periods of acclimatization of micropropagated banana plantlets cv. Grande Naine

Banana plantlets obtained by micropropagation need to be submitted to a period of acclimatization since they do not use light, water, and nutrients in an efficient way. The acclimatization must be carried out under greenhouse conditions where temperature, light, and air humidity are adequate for a gradual hardening of the plantlets. In this study, the development of banana plantlets was evaluated during acclimatization under a full light condition including covered surfaces with red shade cloth (70%, 50%, and 30% shade) and black shade cloth (50% shade), both under a transparent plastic film of 100 µm. Temperature, relative air humidity, irrigation, and nutrition conditions were also controlled. Physical and physiological parameters were recorded at various stages in the greenhouses after three, six, and nine weeks and also after seven weeks of transplanting to field conditions. Treatments were hierarchically graded according to their statistic classification. Combined results indicated superior outcomes of plantlets maintained under black 50% shade cloth for nine weeks, both in the summer and winter seasons. Similar results, but in a shorter time, were obtained with plantlets cultivated under red 70% shade cloth, for six weeks in the summer.

Evaluation of Asian salted noodles in the presence of Amaranthus betacyanin pigments

The effect of betacyanin pigments from Amaranthus tricolor on the functional properties and colour of wheat flour in relation to the quality of Asian salted noodles was studied. Addition of Amaranthus pigments significantly decreased the viscosity of wheat flour pastes as well as hardness and adhesiveness of the gels. Low levels of Amaranthus pigments (0.1% and 0.5%) imparted a more pink shade to flour gels, dried raw noodles, and cooked noodles, whereas higher levels (1.0% and 2.0%) gave a more red shade with decreased brightness. Pigment addition at low levels had no significant effect on the cooking and textural properties of noodles, whereas high level (2.0%) did have a significant influence. Several RVA and textural parameters of wheat flour pastes and gels were highly correlated to quality of cooked noodles and may be used in predicting actual noodle quality in the presence of Amaranthus pigments.

Crescimento, teor e composição do óleo essencial de melissa cultivada sob malhas fotoconversoras

A utilização de malhas fotoconversoras para o cultivo de algumas espécies ornamentais e olerícolas tornou-se comum. Diante da grande influência que a radiação solar exerce sobre os vegetais, esta pesquisa foi realizada com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da intensidade e da qualidade espectral da luz transmitida pelas malhas fotoconversoras (Chromatinet®) em relação a aspectos fisiológicos de crescimento (teor, rendimento e composição química) do óleo essencial de Melissa officinalis L. Em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, foram dispostos quatro tratamentos e cinco repetições, sendo cada parcela composta de quatro vasos (uma planta por vaso). Os tratamentos foram caracterizados por plantas de melissa cultivadas a pleno sol, em malha preta (50%), em malha Chromatinet® vermelha (50%) e em Chromatinet® azul (50%). As características avaliadas consistiram em: fitomassa seca de folhas, caules, parte aérea, raízes e total; razão raiz/parte aérea; área foliar total; razão de área foliar; razão de peso foliar; área foliar específica; teor, rendimento e composição química do óleo essencial. A utilização de malhas no cultivo de melissa favoreceu o crescimento, independentemente da cor, em relação ao cultivo a pleno sol. Sob a malha vermelha houve menores teor e rendimento óleo essencial, porém apresentou o maior teor de citral.

(78) Sheltering Cut Flower Plants to Increase Stem Length

The stems of many flower species used as cut flowers are too short to be commercially useful. Non-chemical techniques are needed to increase the length of the harvested stems without weakening stem strength. Field experiments were conducted that explored the use of black or red shade fabric, used either as a canopy, or as a side curtain, with three species of cut flowers. Trachelium caerulum, Eustoma grandiflorum (Echo Champagne), and Rudbeckia hirta (Prairie Sun) were grown in split-plot experiments in which shade and shelter treatments were applied as main plots, and the flower species formed the subplots. In 2004, shade canopies of 70% light transmission were compared in black and red (“ChromatiNet”) netting, and 50% red netting. Stem length increased from 51 cm for unshaded controls to 54, 56, and 59 cm for 70% black, red, and 50% red, respectively. Productivity of the plants was decreased an average of 21% by shading. In 2005, shade canopies of 50% black or red were compared to side curtains of the same materials, and an unsheltered control, growing the same species of flowers. Stem length was increased by 25% when plants were grown under a shade canopy, and by 14% in the side curtain plots. Shading treatments reduced stem yield by 31%, whereas side curtains had no significant effect on number of stems per plant. Color of the netting did not affect stem length or stem yield in 2005. In both years, the thickness of harvested stems were increased significantly in the shelter treatments. The three species reacted similarly to the treatments imposed in both years. Shelter treatments can be a practical way of increasing cut flower stem length.

Mountain Modes: Seven Dulcimer Poems

FEATURED AUTHOR—POETRY Mountain Modes: Seven Dulcimer Eo_£ms________________________ 1. AEOLIAN In this mode fog is gathering C minor in walnut dells. The leaves drop, yellow moisture, cast off so discourteously. Amidst New England asters, another wayfaring stranger shoulders his delicate dulcimer, strings loosened so as not to snap in cold or loneliness. He falls in love only with all he knows is leaving soon. The odd thatch of black hair on the outer flank of the hand, the small smooth spot on a chest otherwise pelted: details only the reverent retain. Aeolian autumn is stunning the pastures, fingerpicking the first threat of frost, a fragile dew. A man in the city stands on a rooftop in a Sargasso of rooftops; a soldier in the Sahara reads letters from 13 Jeff Mann West Virginia and squints with salt. Wayfarers insulate themselves as best they can, in denim, in leather, in another generation's scraps, the pieced salvation of quilts, the memories of commensal body heat. They move in minor keys towards hearths whose fuel they themselves with straining backs in dream provide, towards broad beds alone, towards mulled cider and soup-beans, a family graveyard, a mountain tune. 2. LOCRIAN Where is there to rest? Not the pasture, where the ground-cherries plumped, where, in late summer, ironweed pooled. Not the forest, where the flicker hammered, where we walked among the emerald, illicit hand in hand, where we sucked nectar from nipped honeysuckle blooms. Not the loft of last century's barn, where hay scratched our cheeks as we lay through the rain, storm strumming corrugated tin, sipping moonshine from a flask, beard to beard, post-seminal drowse. Not the farmhouse porch, or wedding-ring quilt, or the pantry full of canned peaches, corn relish, half-runners. You left long ago, for another life, 14 and tonight I am landless, driving these backroads drunk, snow swirling in the headlights, and what we owned is gone. Now strangers yank our oaks from the earth. Tree roots sprawl against the sky. They gasp like landed trout, stacked shoulder to shoulder, bier-burnt. It is a blessing now, how you are not here, how you do not see machines break the mossstained stones, stain the streams with vermilion, tangerine, puce, bury the water deep. My grandfather's pasture is a bowl of shattered shale, the maple grove a heap of boulders, a clatter of coal trucks. The well is dry, the farmhouse flattened, the cornfield a great beast's dung-heap, where it scratches up dust and hides its waste. There is only the graveyard left, where, each Memorial Day, we trimmed the spruce boughs and the weeds about the graves, then lay together, naked inside May, inside young grass and red maple shade. Once I hoped we might have ended here, this fret where, after unrelenting dissonance, a callused forefinger slides into peace, into resolution. Ferrell Ridge, last tooth left in a shattered mouth. Headstone bearing one name, not two. I lean against it, pretending it is a mighty tree. I sip from the pewter flask you bought me in Scotland. In Celtic swirls, two warriors share a cup. Tomorrow the blasting and digging will begin again, rocks fall from the sky, hills upend themselves, but tonight it is silent enough to hear the chimes of frost, the slow way ice marries my moustache. I take another swig. I cannot feel my toes. 15 Tonight I will trace the stars, stroke the few last trees. Someone must stay to console the dead, name the mountains that are gone. 3. IONIAN June. Chicory's sapphire, grassy thighs, boys down by the reservoir, drinking cheap wine and sprawling half-naked on car hoods, soaking in the sun, the wrinkles to come. Ionian is the first tuning, the easiest, major chords of college days, the years before complexity, before deaths line up like onyx abacus beads. The Greek restaurant on Route 19, long gone, where my mother gave me the larger share of baklava, and, like most sons, I met generosity not with gratitude but growing entitlement. Ionia in Asia Minor, the library of Ephesus, apple tea, the long bodiless nights with Kevin, every night...

Frequency-Dependent Kinetics and Prevalence of Kiss-and-Run and Reuse at Hippocampal Synapses Studied with Novel Quenching Methods

The kinetics of exo-endocytotic recycling could restrict information transfer at central synapses if neurotransmission were entirely reliant on classical full-collapse fusion. Nonclassical fusion retrieval by kiss-and-run would be kinetically advantageous but remains controversial. We used a hydrophilic quencher, bromophenol blue (BPB), to help detect nonclassical events. Upon stimulation, extracellular BPB entered synaptic vesicles and quenched FM1-43 fluorescence, indicating retention of FM dye beyond first fusion. BPB also quenched fluorescence of VAMP (synaptobrevin-2)-EGFP, thus indicating the timing of first fusion of vesicles in the total recycling pool. Comparison with FM dye destaining revealed that kiss-and-run strongly prevailed over full-collapse fusion at low frequency, giving way to a near-even balance at high frequency. Quickening of kiss-and-run vesicle reuse was also observed at higher frequency in the average single vesicle fluorescence response. Kiss-and-run and reuse could enable hippocampal nerve terminals to conserve scarce vesicular resources when responding to widely varying input patterns.

Quality improvement of non-sulphited mango slices by drying at high temperatures

An optimum drying routine for producing non-sulphited mango slices has been developed. The interaction of essential drying parameters (air temperature, air velocity, dew point, slice thickness and drying time) on water activity ( a W) and browning was determined. Microbiological stability of the dried product was achieved at a moisture content of 17% wet base (w.b.) corresponding to a W = 0.6. Browning was monitored by the red colour shade of the product (CIE-Lab chromaticity coordinate a*). Drying air temperature and drying time were shown to be the primary factors influencing product colour and a W. In contrast to common practice, drying for about 6 h at elevated air temperature (80 °C), instead of 50 or 60 °C for a longer time, was optimal, since significant colour changes of the mango slices were not observed even without the use of any chemical or thermal pre-treatment. Moreover, at increased temperature, drying time was considerably shortened from about 9 h to 6 h, resulting in significant extension of the drying capacity. Industrial Relevance The suggested process concept for dried mango slices based on high-temperature drying is of utmost significance for the international marketing of dried fruit products. Chemical pre-treatments such as sulphitation often used to minimise quality deficiencies could be avoided. Sulphitation has been recently under critical consideration with respect to allergen labelling of foodstuffs implemented by EU-Member States in November 2004 (Directive 2003/89/EC) [Directive 2003/89/EC. Official Journal of the European Union, 25.11.2003, pp. L308/15–18 ( http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/pri/en/oj/dat/2003/l_308/l_30820031125en00150018.pdf)]. Export quality was improved and the drying process simplified, improving the utilisation of drying capacities. Particularly referring to an application of the technology in small- and medium-sized enterprises with limited investment possibilities, the suggested novel drying procedure in mango processing aimed at the optimisation of well-established simple drying methods instead of choosing technically more sophisticated technologies.

Molecular Design, Synthesis and γray Detection of Novel Color Formers Having

Novel color formers 2 containing phenazine moiety for γray detection were designed based on the shades of chromophore 1. Color formers 2a-2c were synthesized from aromatic amines 4, 5 and 6 or dye 9·Cl- or 10·Cl- as starting materials. Acetonitrile solution of 2a, 2b or 2c was changed into corresponding colored form 1a-1c by γirradiation. Identification of the structures of 1 was carried out with electronic absorption and mass spectrometry. 1a, 1b or 1c showed magenta, red or yellow shade respectively. Substituent R1-R4 introduced into 1 affected a remarkable shift of absorption maximum within visible range.

Solution structure of choline binding protein A, the major adhesin of Streptococcus pneumoniae

Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) remains a significant health threat worldwide, especially to the young and old. While some of the biomolecules involved in pneumococcal pathogenesis are known and understood in mechanistic terms, little is known about the molecular details of bacterium/host interactions. We report here the solution structure of the 'repeated' adhesion domains (domains R1 and R2) of the principal pneumococcal adhesin, choline binding protein A (CbpA). Further, we provide insights into the mechanism by which CbpA binds its human receptor, polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR). The R domains, comprised of 12 imperfect copies of the leucine zipper heptad motif, adopt a unique 3-alpha-helix, raft-like structure. Each pair of alpha-helices is antiparallel and conserved residues in the loop between Helices 1 and 2 exhibit a novel 'tyrosine fork' structure that is involved in binding pIgR. This and other structural features that we show are conserved in most pneumococcal strains appear to generally play an important role in bacterial adhesion to pIgR. Interestingly, pneumococcus is the only bacterium known to adhere to and invade human cells by binding to pIgR.

The effect of the cation composition on the synthesis and properties of ultramarine blue

The effect of potassium cations on the shade of the ultramarine blue pigment system has been investigated through analysis of commercial materials, ion exchange reactions of sodium-form ultramarine blue and a detailed study of the effect of adding potassium sources to ultramarine precursor mixtures. Incorporation of potassium cations has the result of producing redder shade material and the replacement of around 20% of the sodium in the standard reaction mixture produces the optimised red-shade pigment. The origin of this hue control may be a direct effect, involving interaction of potassium ions with the ultramarine blue structure and the S3− chromophore or, more likely, potassium ions aids the stabilisation of S3− within the sodalite framework during the ultramarine blue formation process. In the commercial process, the role of the potassium source in red shade formation may be performed by the incorporation of potassium-rich feldspar additives.

OH/D A [formula omitted]–X 2Π i rovibronic transitions in multibubble sonoluminescence

Multibubble sonoluminescence spectra were recorded in the 300–350 nm wavelength range in the case of H 2O/Ar, D 2O/Ar and H 2O/Kr solutions (acoustic frequency: 20 kHz; spectral resolution optimized to 0.34 nm). Three groups of rotational components (R 1/R 2, Q 1/Q 2 and P 1/P 2) were identified in the OH/D A 2 Σ + –X 2 Π i (0,0) transitions via the substitution of H 2O for D 2O. The congestion of bands and the origin of a red shading extending up to 350 nm are broached.

Effects of solar radiation on the photosynthetic activity of the red alga Corallina elongata Ellis et Soland

The photoinhibition of photosynthesis was investigated in two morphotypes of the red alga Corallina elongata, i.e. sun and shade types, using pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) chlorophyll fluorescence and oxygen evolution. The contents of chlorophyll, phycoerythrin, phycocyanin and soluble protein were analysed. Exposure to solar radiation caused a strong decrease in the effective photosynthetic quantum yield. This decline was more pronounced in the shade than in the sun morphotype. The plants partially recovered from this effect, indicating that it was mainly due to reversible photoinhibition and, to a smaller extent, non-reversible photodamage. Photoinhibition occurred in this alga even in its natural habitat when the sun was at high angles. Recovery from photoinhibition was higher in algae grown in the sun than in the shade. The net photosynthetic oxygen production was higher in the shade than in the sun morphotype. A decrease in oxygen evolution was observed at about noon, recovering at dusk. The concentrations of chlorophyll a (Chl a) and phycoerythrin were higher in the shade than in the sun morphotype. The Chl a and phycocyanin contents did not change significantly throughout the day. However, a clear daily variation in phycoerythrin content was observed with a strong decrease around noon. The soluble protein concentration decreased around noon, but only in the sun morphotype. The relationship between the photosynthetic quantum yield, oxygen evolution and pigment concentration is discussed, together with photoinhibition.

PHOTOSELECTIVE SHADING COMPOUNDS REGULATE GROWTH OF HYPOESTES PHYLLOSTACHYA Bak.

`Pink Splash' Hyoestes were grown in chambers fitted with single-walled polycarbonate. Chambers were shaded with various photoselective shading compounds, using a white shading compound as a non-selective control. When grown under orange shading, plants had more shoot dry weight, greater leaf area, larger stem diameters, and were taller compared to plants shaded with white. When grown under green shading, plants had less shoot dry weight, less leaf area, smaller stem diameters, and were taller compared to plants shaded with white. Intermediate responses were recorded when plants were grown under red, blue or yellow shading. Differences in the ratio of red to far-red light among shading compounds did not provide a consistent explanation of growth responses.

A thin dyed-plastic dosimeter for large radiation doses

A commercially available, thin, dyed-plastic film (mean thickness 30 μm) having a transparent green color, changes color progressively to brown shades and then to a deep red shade upon irradiation at successively higher values of absorbed dose (gamma radiation) in the range 8–60 kGy. The analysis for dosimetry is made with spectrophotometric measurements (at visible light wavelengths) of pre-irradiation absorbance, A 0, and radiation-induced absorbance, A i. Either the wavelength of the maximum of the absorption band that bleaches upon irradiation ( γ = 425 nm) or the wavelengths of the maxima of the two overlapping radiation-induced absorption bands ( γ = 525 or 556 nm) are used to make these measurements. The most reproducible calibration consists of the ratio, A i A 0 , at a given wavelength, as a function of the absorbed dose. The new film dosimeter is flexible, rugged, and relatively stable at temperatures between −80°C and +50°C, and in daylight. The radiation-induced color, in terms of the absorbance, A i, at selected wavelengths, is unstable for about two days subsequent to irradiation, after which the values of A i A 0 remain stable for at least several months, even under illumination with white fluorescent or indirect daylight. The film color is unstable at high temperatures (60°C and above). The film sensitivity to gamma radiation increases gradually with rise in irradiation temperature up to 50°C and then decreases sharply at temperatures above 60°C. There is only slight variation of response with change in relative humidity during irradiation.

A nematode photoreceptor

1. 1. The fine structure of the paired rhabdomeric photoreceptors in the fresh-water nematode, Chromadorina bioculata is described. 2. 2. The structure, solubility and spectral characteristics of the conspicuous red shading pigment are given and compared with pigment of other nematodes and other invertebrates. 3. 3. The functional arrangement of the receptor in movement is described. 4. 4. The probability that photic responses are under cholinergic nervous control is discussed.

Reappraisal of osmium tetroxide and OTAN histochemical reactions.

Osmium tetroxide and OTAN histochemical reactions have been reappraised following recent publications in this journal by Ellbder and Lojda. Provided that the standard OTAN reaction is used on frozen sections of conventional thickness, unsaturated hydrophilic polar lipids are stained in an orange or red shade while unsaturated hydrophobic non-polar lipids are stained brown-black or black. We have confirmed the anomaly — pointed out by Elleder and Lojda — that the “polar lipid” reaction of the atherosclerotic plaque is essentially extinguised by acetone. Solubility and blockading methods provide circumstantial evidence that Elleder and Lojda's assumed OsO4-protein reactions are due to the lipid moiety of a lipoprotein complex.

Nucleolar definition in hemalum and eosin staining.

This investigation was designed to clarify why routine hemalum and eosin staining so frequently demonstrates nucleoli in a distinctive purple to red shade. Participation of eosin in the effect suggests that nucleolar basic protein is being stained, and this fact has been confirmed with bromphenol blue. Dye affinities of the nucleolus have been further studied by successively substituting basic and acid fuchsin for the pyronin in the standard Unna-Pappenheim mixture. At pH 4.8 it appears that the nucleolus has both acid and basic groups freely available for staining.

Studies on the Neutral Beater Sizing in the Process of Paper Manufacturing

It has been a most common practice at the paper mills that the method called the acidic fixation in lower PH (PH 4-4.5) was applied to size the paper, however, due to the excess of aluminum sulphate would decompose alkaline earth filler such as calcium and magnesium carbonates and destroys its sizing effect.After a long carefull studies and experiments were carried out we have finally succeeded in produce the neutral sizing agent which produced excellent sizing effect even in the nearly neutrality (near to PH 7.0).For the example, we mixed with about 10-40% of precipitated calcium carbonate into the pulp in the beater adding with the neutral sizing of about 1-4% and the aluminum sulphate of 1-3%, then we are able to observe the perfect sizing effect on the tissues and printing papers. In other words, the test result of Stoickigt method was indicated about 30-50 seconds (60g/m2).Also, it is known to manufat cure the high grade none-filled paper (such as writing, bond, name-card paper etc.) made with the process called the acidic sizings, in this connection the required amount of aluminum sulphate is to be limited approximately between 1/4-1/5 as to compare with previous method. Assuming as to obtain size of 2 per cent it only required between 0.4-0.5 percent of aluminum sulphate are sufficient.Many tests carried by actual operation at the various paper mills, we are convinced more from those data and results, this is more effective medium for paper sizing than any other sizing agents. In this field and many Japanese paper mills are to start using and adopting the neutral sizing for the purpose, therefore we are prepared to state the merit and advantages of this material as follows.1) In the past a most important filler for the papers are those of various clays, however to obtain with the whiteness (above 95 %) and perfect filling effect many paper mills are able to use of those calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate as the filler from now on.We recommend to use it for high grade tissue paper such as air mail and india paper which are required more translucent. It also can be used for a suitable common writing paper making because resistance against the Perker's fountain ink which consist of high degree of PH2) In the manufacturing Japaness paper by the cylinder paper machine, this neutral sizing agent will give much satisfaction for the reason of it's nature which will not destroy the fibre dispersing ability of mucilages (abelmoschus manihot) which will be able to adjust the uniform suspension of long fibres to coagulation in the acidic reaction of rosin and aluminum sulphate sizing.3) On account of the neutral nature in sizing, the durability and preservation of paper could be maintained and gain many other benefits by using it.4) It is known fact that a close relationship exists between the rate of dryness of paper and or printing ink and in this connection the expert on this subject recently recommended of the neutral slightly alkaline fixation for the sizing. (Ref. A. Voet : Ink and Paper, Part II pp 193 5) 5) This neutral sizing agent is a quite effective and ideal method and proceed with the method of neutral size, it will not only save a larger amount of aluminum sulphate but also save a big amount of fluorescent dye which intended to improve the whiteness of papers thus by using it themanufacturing cost will be sufficiently reduced. (In the case of the size produced under the acid condition will have a tendency of change of the red shade) 6) Due to the neutral nature of itself, this will definitely help to reduce the erosive action on the machine wire thus prolong the life of the wire.The neutral size is a sort of high-free rosin soap which is produced under a special saponification, process and it was prevented the coagulation of rosin particles by using the protective colloids.