Red Sea Governorate Research Articles

تأثير التدريبات البالستية علي بعض القدرات البدنية الخاصة للاعبي الکاراتيه

يهدف البحث إلي معرفة تأثير التدريبات البالستية علي بعض القدرات البدنية الخاصة للاعبي الکاراتيه، واستخدم الباحثون المنهج التجريبي بنظام المجموعتين عن طريق القياس القبلي والبعدي، وتمثل مجتمع البحث من لاعبي الکاراتيه بمحافظة البحر الأحمر والمسجلين بالاتحاد ‏المصري للکاراتيه موسم 2020/2021، وتتراوح اعمارهم ما بين (14-16) سنة والبالغ عددهم (50) لاعب، تم اختيارهم بالطريقة العمدية واشتملت العينة على (30) لاعب حاصلين علي الحزام الأسود والمسجلين بالاتحاد المصري للکاراتيه، (10) لاعبا أجريت عليهم الدراسة الاستطلاعية، (20) لاعبا أجريت عليهم الدراسة الأساسية، وأظهرت نتائج الدراسة أن البرنامج التدريبي أثر تأثيرا ايجابيا على تنمية مستوي القدرات البدنية للاعبي الکاراتيه للمجموعة التجريبية. The research aims to know the effect of ballistic exercises on some of the special physical abilities of karate players, and the researchers used the experimental method with the two-group system by means of tribal and remote measurement, and the research community represented Karate players in the Red Sea Governorate and registered in the Egyptian Karate Federation season 2020/2021, and their ages ranged between (14-16) years old, and their number is (50) players. They were chosen in a deliberate way. The sample included (30) players with black belts and registered in the Egyptian Karate Federation, (10) players who were subjected to the exploratory study, (20) players who were subjected to the basic study. The results of the study showed that the training program had a positive impact on the development of the level of physical abilities of the karate players of the experimental group.

Using the Flipped Classroom Strategy Based- Program in Islamic Reading Texts on Developing English Vocabulary Acquisition of Al-Azhar Secondary Stage Students

This study investigated the effectiveness of using the flipped classroom strategy based- program in Islamic reading texts. The sample of the study consisted of (20) students at Al- Azhar Hurghada Ideal Institute for boys, Red Sea Governorate. It utilized the one group quasi-experimental design with its pre-post testing procedures. The instruments included a language skills checklist, a vocabulary acquisition test and a rubric for assessing the test. The study was conducted during the academic year 2020/2021. The results showed that there was a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the participants in the pre and post-test of the Islamic English vocabulary acquisition test favoring the post-test. The study concluded that using the flipped classroom strategy based program proved to be effective and had considerable contributions in developing the Islamic vocabulary acquisition of the first-year secondary stage students at (0,988) which can be attributed to the experimental application of flipped classroom strategy.

ASSESSING THE IMPLICATIONS OF APPLYING THE SEVEN BASIC TOOLS OF QUALITY TO THE ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE THROUGH APPLICATION TO SOME TOURIST VILLAGES IN THE RED SEA GOVERNORATE.

Total quality management is considered one of the modern administrative concepts that institutions have come to emphasize and implement their programs because it helps to provide a suitable environment and allows the employment and exploitation of the capabilities of workers in institutions, and has become the way for organizations to remain and continue to exist in the world based on rapid movement and continuous development, so organizations must adopt administrative concepts Modernization and development of their systems and structures that are no longer suitable to meet the challenges and requirements of knowledge organizations if they want to achieve their goals efficiently and effectively, in terms of senior management's belief in the importance of employee participation in the planning process, encouraging workers to cooperate in solving work problems, awarding rewards according to efficiency, participation, and working on Continuous improvement of working conditions and continuous updating of the technology used with the need to continuously evaluate the level of services to ensure the quality of the services provided, the participation of all employees in training courses to prevent errors and motivate workers, and finally compare their performance with that of competitors. Therefore, the researchers in that study try to find out the effects of using the seven quality control methods on environmental performance. The researcher used the deductive approach with its tools of description, analysis, and appropriate statistical tests to test the validity of the hypotheses and answer the study’s questions. Therefore, the researcher took a simple random sample of tourism workers and tourists in Red Sea Governorate. starting from Zafarana in the north to Marsa Alam in the south, where the number reached (177) workers, and (123) tourists, and the study tools, represented in the survey form, were applied. The results indicated the existence of an impact relationship for the use of quality control methods to improve the environmental performance in the tourist villages and to activate Principles of total quality management in tourist villages, the study concluded with several recommendations, the most important of which is the activation of the use of quality control methods, the principles of total quality management in tourist villages, the activation of legal legislation for environmental protection and the follow-up of technical support for new projects so that they are based on sound quality principles and environmental foundations.

The Role of Art Festivals in Revitalizing and Promoting the Inbound Tourism to Egypt: Applying to the Annual Film Festival of El Gouna

The research aims to study the role of art festivals in activating and promoting inbound tourism to Egypt by applying to one of the most famous Egyptian art festivals which is El Gouna Film Festival. The study can achieve this means by following up on the contribution of this festival to the promotion and improvement of the mental image of Egypt and the revitalization of the tourist movement coming to it. Based on the foregoing, a form has been distributed for surveying the opinions of a random sample of participants in the festival for the year 2019. The number of distributed forms were 100. The results of the field study showed that the elements of tourist attractions and tourist services are available in El Gouna City and the Red Sea Governorate. Furthermore, there is an improvement in the tourist mental image, as well as a positive impression among the participants about Egypt. The study also indicated that there is a lack of promotion to the festival. The study recommended the necessity of publishing a lot of information about the El Gouna Film Festival on the websites. Moreover, it called for concerted efforts from official and informal institutions, to overcome any obstacles and informing about in good time before the opening. That’s to attract more participants from different countries around the world.

Teachers’ Perceptions about Language Learning Difficulties in English as a Foreign Language EFL Classes

The research aimed at verifying English language teachers' perceptions about English language learning difficulties in their classes. Using a descriptive analytical approach, it utilized a questionnaire which included (60) items which were divided over four parts; the first was about the basic concepts, the second was about the intervention techniques, the third included class barriers while the fourth was about class assessment techniques. The second instrument is an online reflection journal to record participants' views about language learning difficulties. The participants (N. 99) were English language teachers from different stages at The Red Sea Governorate in Egypt. Following a descriptive analytical research design, the research utilized the instruments to record the results and interpret them in the light of its hypotheses. Results showed that there was a strong correlation between participants' concepts over the four parts of the questionnaire (basic concepts, intervention techniques, class barriers and assessment techniques. Results also showed that there were significant mean differences between participant's scores in the four parts of the questionnaire favoring the concepts part. Recommendations of the research included integrating language learning difficulties modules in both pre-service and in-service teachers’ education and training programs as well as highlighting intervention techniques in EFL curricula as well as LD assessment procedures and techniques.

Changes in living arrangements of older persons in Egypt 2000-2014

As the global population ages, there is increasing concern about the living arrangements of older adults, and in particular, whether they end up living on their own, in an institutional setting or in some other arrangement. In many low- and middle-income countries, there is a tradition of older persons living with their adult children, and very often in multigenerational households. However, as the number of older persons increases and populations become increasingly urbanized, it is likely that even in these countries more older persons are living alone. This raises a number of concerns regarding the well-being and care of the elderly. Following global trends, Egypt‟s population is also aging with 6.9 % over 60 in 2017 and a projected population of 60 of 9.2% by 2030 and 20.8% by 2050. Little is known about living arrangements of older persons in Egypt. Using Demographic Health Survey data, this study examines the changes in living arrangements in Egypt‟s governorates from 2000-2014. We find the proportion of older persons living alone is increasing in many governorates. For example, in 2000, the highest rate of living alone was in New Valley, with 11% households containing older persons living by 2014, Alexandria had the highest rate of households with only older persons (19% of all households). In 2000, the Red Sea governorate had the lowest rate of elder-only households, while Souhag, South Sinai, Behera and Fayoum had about 3% of their households containing elders living alone; all of these governorates experienced a tripling of the proportion of elder-only households by 2014. These demographic shifts correspond with migration patterns and changes in economic base within different governorates.

A STUDY OF INVESTMENT EFFICIENCY FOR JOJOBA CROP PRODUCTION IN RED SEA GOVERNOREAT

The research aimed to study the efficiency of investment for the production of jojoba in the Red Sea Governorate by studying and analyzing the determinants of production capacity, the structure of costs and revenues, and estimating the criteria for financial and economic evaluation of jojoba cultivation in accordance with the current situation to determine the profitability of this activity, and the extent of its tolerance to the economic risks that can face its production from By measuring its sensitivity to high production costs, declining revenues, and the extent of its impact on financial and economic evaluation criteria, and identifying the constraints facing jojoba production. The research reached several results, the most important of which is the high values ​​of financial and economic feasibility indicators for this activity, as investing in the production of jojoba is from profitable projects because it achieves profits that exceed the cost of the alternative opportunity based on the criteria of financial analysis, where the internal rate of return reached about 49%, as well as the ability of an activity Jojoba production to meet the changes that occur in both revenue and costs according to the sensitivity analysis, and jojoba production activity yields more returns than the costs used in its production based on the net added value of about 74.57 thousand pounds, in addition to the IJ contribution Endodontic for the production of jojoba in national income due to the increase in net value added compared to the wages based on the social surplus of 81.34 thousand pounds. The research ended with several recommendations, the most important of which is the necessity to invest in unconventional crops, especially jojoba, by encouraging farmers, young graduates and investors in the Red Sea Governorate to grow this crop, to advance the cultivation and production of jojoba.

ENTOMOLOGICAL SURVEILLANCE OF AEDES AEGYPTI AND ARBOVIRUSES OUTBREAK OF DENGUE FEVER IN THE RED SEA GOVERNORATE, EGYPT

Red sea Governorate coordinates: N 25o 32' 1'', E 33o 26' 18'' and one of the borders Governorates. The Red Sea Coast length of 1080 km, from the Gulf of Suez, latitude 29 north, to the border of Sudan on latitude 22 north with about 306,000 living in area of about 203,685km2(January 2018), and it is divided into seven cities include Hurghada (capital), Safaga, Al-Kuseer, Ras Ghareb, Marsa Alam, Shalatin, Halaib. Four Cities Hurghada, Safaga, Al-Kuseer, Ras Ghareb were selected for entomological surveys where dengue fever was anticipated to be occurred at November 2017. A total number of 469 houses were participates survived, positive adult houses were 20.47% (96/469), while positive larvae houses were 10.23 % (48/469). The stogmoyia indices for the parameters of house index (HI), container index (CI) and Breteau index (BI) were (10.2, 7.0 &16) respectively. The survey yielded a total number of immature stages of Aedes aegypti of 92.22% (960/1041), or 92.5 % (888/960) for larvae and 7.5% (72/960) for pupa. The immature stages of other species were recorded 7.78% (81/1041), Aedes detritus, Culex pipiens, Cx. antennatus and Cx. perexiguus and represented 86.42% (70/81) for larvae and 13.58% (11/81) for pupa. Adults Ae. aegypti were 20.36% (90/442), but adult mosquito of other species were 79.64% (352/442). Adults Ae. aegypti at Hurghada showed resistant to deltamethrin, cyflothrin and bendiocarb, and suggested resistance to lambda-cyhalothrin, but they were susceptible to malathion. At Safaga City showed resistant for bendiocarb and susceptible to cyflothrin. Larvae of Aedes aegypti at Hurghada City showed resistant to chlorpyrifos, but susceptible to temephos. Also, at Safaga City showed susceptible to temephos insecticide.

Epidemiology of dystonia, chorea, and athetosis in Al Quseir City (Red Sea Governorate), Egypt

BackgroundMovement disorders are common neurological problems, but epidemiological studies are lacking in our locality. Type of movement disorder depends on the site of the lesion and the type of pathologic changes.ObjectiveTo estimate the prevalence rate of dystonia, chorea, and athetosis, in Al Quseir City (Red Sea Governorate), Egypt.MethodsThis study is a part of a door to door survey of major neurological disorders that was conducted in Al Quseir City, Red Sea Governorate, Egypt, on a sample size of 33,285 subjects. They were screened through 3 neurologists and 15 social workers. Then, each of the three staff members of neurology subjected positive cases to meticulous clinical evaluation separately.ResultsThirteen cases with dystonia, 7 cases with chorea and 5 cases with athetosis were found with prevalence rates of 39/100,000, 21/100,000, and 15/100,000 respectively.ConclusionPrevalence rates of dystonia, chorea, and athetosis in Al Quseir City are higher than those of the worldwide. This may be attributed to some specific environmental factors of this locality.

Prevalence of migraine in Upper Egypt

BackgroundMigraine is a significant health problem due its frequency and accompanying morbidity.ObjectivesThis study aims to estimate the prevalence of migraine headache among the population of Al-Quseir city (Upper Egypt) and its impact on the patients’ life.MethodsThis study is part of a door-to-door survey of major neurological disorders in Al-Quseir city, Red Sea Governorate. All inhabitants (n = 33,285 persons) were screened through door to door by three specialists of neurology. Then, positive cases were subjected to clinical and neurological examination by three staff members of neurology each separately. Respondents were identified as suffering from migraine with aura, migraine without aura, and probable migraine as defined by the diagnostic criteria of the International Headache Society (IHS). Migraine Disability Assessment Scale (MIDAS) questionnaire was used to assess the impact of the disease on the patients’ daily life.ResultsWe identified 911 patients suffering from migraine. The lifetime prevalence was 3.38/100 with male prevalence of 1.95/100 and female prevalence of 4.8/100. The highest prevalence figures were found during early adult life (18–40 years) among both genders reaching a total prevalence of 4.77/100 (2.89/100 for male and 6.53/100 for female). Among migraine patients, most of the attacks recorded were of moderate to severe intensity (97%) although virtually 66% of migraine patients reported that headache significantly interfered with their daily activities.ConclusionLifetime prevalence of migraine is 3.38/100. Migraine headache has a deleterious impact on the patient’s functional and wellbeing.

Impacts of Discharge of Desalination Plants on Marine Environment at the Southern Part of the Egyptian Red Sea Coast (Case Study)

There are many researches illustrated that almost lots mankind is suffering from shortage fresh water supply, both of quality and quantity. Considering water inadequate concerns approximately 80 countries and has caused some dangerous results in many places. The water shortage phenomenon is becoming a serious worldwide problem that impacts people’s daily life and obstacle the social development. Because of the population increasing and expansion of industrial and agricultural activities, the governments of many countries get one’s way to implement the desalination plants. A desalination plants is an industrial system that would have the potential to have an effect on environmental ecosystem. This study monitored variety of environmental impacts can be caused by desalination plants. It’s considers a case study for two of the desalination plants located at Shalateen city at Red sea governorate namely; Marsa Humira and Shalateen desalination plants. The investigation unconcealed that there are distinct impacts of the reject water on the marine ecosystem in the front of the two studied stations. The photographs that has been taken to the biota exist in the marine area around the stations elucidated some of coral reefs affected by the discharge of the saline reject around. Coral reef and sea grass are the most biota affected due to the salty discharges that exceed the safe limits for those to be in a healthy condition.

Molecular and Serological Survey for Toxoplasmosis in Cats from an urban populations in Egypt

Cats were the key species in the epidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii infection, even if the proportion of subjects excreting oocysts is low. Two hundred and forty cats; 84 stray cats and 156 household cats brought to the Animal Reproductive Research Institute(ARRI) laboratory from different Governorates in Egypt in the period from January 2017 to July 2018. All cats were examined for oocysts of T. gondii in fecal samples and T. gondii antibodies in serum samples. In our study, the results of microscopic examination revealed that (35.71%) of T. gondii oocysts of cats in different governorates. The rate of this infection was (45.71%) in stray cats; highest positivity revealed in Menoufia Governorate (46.67%) and the lowest rate represented in Red sea Governorate(42.86%). On the other side, the lowest positive rate of fecal samples was (25.71%) in household cats; highest positivity in Menoufia Governorate (30%) and lowest rate in Red sea (12.5%). On site Toxoplasma Rapid test; IgM were (34%) the seropositivity infection 35% in stray cats and 33.33% in household cats, indicating a recent infection. IgG were 54% the seropositivity 55% in stray cats and 53.33% in household cats respectively. Results suggest that the use of microscopical methods plus PCR in feces may be the best of choice for diagnosis of feline toxoplasmosis, as it can be expected to improve the value of diagnosis procedures determining if cats are currently shedding oocysts. Detection of T. gondii using serological methods and facilitates diagnosis by On Site Rapid Test protecting citizens against the T. gondii infection from infected cats. Finally, we concluded that a key to effective management of toxoplasmosis is prompt and accurate diagnosis of disease. Stray cats probably the major source of T. gondii infection. The prevalence rate of toxoplasmosis in cats is high and this can be considered a potential danger to public health and animals due to high contamination of the environment by oocysts. Some control measures are suggested based on these findings.

Assessment of the Role of Top Management in the Egyptian Hospitality Industry through All-Inclusive Sales: The Case of Hurghada

The major role of top management in the hospitality industry represents includes planning, supervision, regulation, follow-up stimulus and top management operations, in addition to the main role in the marketing and sales and achieving the desired goals of the organization's operations. Achieving these tasks can be judged or evaluated the performance of this management. This study aims to examine assessment of the role of top management in the Egyptian hospitality industry through the All-Inclusive sales, through a case of Hurghada destination in the Red Sea Governorate in order to reach the best recommendations and suggestions for the improvement and development of the real role of top management and this will be of great benefits to the Egyptian hospitality industry in general. In order to achieve this aim, mixes of quantitative and qualitative data collection methods were used. Where it was used semi-structured personal interview with some of hotel general managers and their assistants. Also, two types of questionnaire forms were conducted with hotel employees and hotel. Meanwhile, the investigated hotels are limited to five and four star categories in Hurghada destination.

APPLICATION OF MANAGEMENT OF DISASTER OF FLOODS HAZARDS AND MEANS OF PREVENTION - SAFAGA AREA – EGYPT

The phenomenon of floods considers one of the most critical ecological hazards that may lead into multiple of environmental and human disasters, particularly, to the sustainable development process in the study area; since the forceful inflow of the current waters into valleys turns into a destructive deadly power to the railway stations, roads, and establishments. Hereby, researchers with environment’s risks have had to consider this repetitive phenomenon. The researcher has selected Safaga area to become the study area to examine floods’ hazards and their impact on sustainable development, as floods are one of the most important ecological phenomena burden with environmental risks to the Red Sea governorate, specifically, the study area (Safaga) for being a promising area of future economic growth and for including several risky valleys during floods’ occurrence. In order to set present and future developmental programs, both natural and human risks should be included within the framework of sustainable development to restrict disasters. Geographical Information Systems (GIS) play a significant primary role in floods and their hazards; in the past few years, as the GIS have been capable of providing decision-makers with multiple data that have facilitated management of the disaster, regarding the ability of inquiring and planning for hazards. This research comes out with a selection of approaches for restricting disaster of floods through keeping inhabited areas away from floods and disasters ways, establishing also a group of institutions that would be capable of resisting the expected floods such as bridges and dams; taking into consideration the cost and benefit of these establishments; alleviating this through reducing losses by counting on planning of lands’ utilization in the exposed to-floods areas, particularly, the coastal and defining determinants of directing these uses according to their economic or spatial value. In addition, people should be warned at floods duration through using modern techniques and methods of prediction using the GIS and means of protection from floods’ hazards by seeking the protection establishments in case of inhabited areas such as (Safaga city – the fishermen’ villages – land roads – tourist villages), defining type of risk for each and how to protect it when hazards are highly risky.

Upgrading Informal Settlements: A Citizen Participation-Based Urban Governance System in The Red Sea Governorate, the Case Study of Zerzara, Hurghada

The paper investigates the Red Sea informal settlements' urban status and upgrading projects, reaching Hurghada's Zerzara settlement in-depth case study. Accordingly, a Citizen Participation-based system for Zerzara's upgrading project is proposed. The study first probes the Red Sea informal settlements existing issues, and their corresponding national development strategies. Then the existing citizen participation in their upgrading projects' is analyzed through their existing Urban Governance system. And finally, the citizen participation advantages and disadvantages to the ongoing upgrades such as that of Zerzara is explored. The analysis is based on qualitative and quantitative methods. Official records, 45 residents' interviews from 8 settlements and 12 official stakeholders are used. Those records and interviews' outputs are collected, analyzed and compared, to reach more objective results and valid arguments in assessing the urban statuses and upgrading projects. As a result of this study, the Red Sea informal settlements' urban characteristics prove to be relevant to the national categorization, with some social-based differences. The study of the existing citizen participation schemes and levels in the informal settlements' ongoing upgrading projects reveals a negative result. Finally, the Citizen Participation-based system proposed for Zerzara's upgrading project presents a new range of actors, responsibilities, and relations, accommodating to the upgrading project's problems.

Assessing the Procedures Followed to Avoid the Risk of Food Allergies in the Food and Beverage Sector within Lodging Establishments: The Case of Red Sea Governorate

A food allergy can be explained as an immune system response to a food that the body mistakenly believes is harmful. Once the immune system decides that a particular food is harmful, it creates specific reactions to fight it. The next time the individual eats that food, the immune system releases massive amounts of chemicals, including histamine, in order to protect the body. These chemicals trigger a cascade of allergic symptoms that can affect the respiratory system, gastrointestinal tract, skin, and cardiovascular system and reactions can be deadly (The Food Allergy & Anaphylaxis Network, 2010). Several studies illustrated that many of the hotels suffer of the problem or risks that occurring, including the symptoms of allergies to some of the guests so there are many of the actions taken by hotels to avoid this allergies, hence the importance of this research, which is based on the assessing the procedures followed to avoid the risk of food allergies in the food and beverage sector within lodging establishments of Red Sea Governorate, in order to access the best recommendations and suggestions that could contribute to the control of this type of risk so as to ensure the safety of the guests, as well as to avoid the problems that occur for hotels and the hospitality industry in general. In order to reach these goals has been to take advantage of using the two research tools, first Personal interviews with the number of executive chef and food and beverage managers, secondly designed model of personal observations check list that help to evaluate the procedures that already taken inside the hotel in order to control food allergies risk. Finally, it is worth mentioning that due to many obstacles, including difficult access to all Red Sea Governorate hotels destination in addition to the elements of time and cost therefore, the investigated hotels are limited to some of three, four and five star hotels in Red Sea Governorate destination (Hurghada, Quseir and Marsa Alam).

English

The objective of this study was to estimate the sero-prevalence of brucellosis in camels in Shalateen city, Red sea Governorate. A total of 801 Sera were collected from apparently healthy dromedary camels from 2014 to 2015 spring. Sera were consequently serologically tested and confirmed using Rose Bengal plate test (RBPT), buffer acidified plate antigen test (BAPAT) and complement fixation test (CFT). 103 (12.90%), 93 (11.60%), and 92 (11.50%) were positive for RBPT, BABAT and CFT, respectively. Young camels were more sero-positive than old one (13.30 vs.10.80%). In addition, females were more sero-positive than males (19.10 vs. 7.10%). Moreover, Brucella melitensis biovar 3 was isolated from stomach content of aborted camel fetus. Statistically, the apparent prevalence (AP) was estimated to be 11.50%, while true prevalence (TP) was 13.60% (95% CI: 11.20 to 16%; P < 0.05). There was non statistical significant association between different age groups, while a highly significant difference were detected between seasons and genders. This study documented a high prevalence of camel brucellosis in the area of study and there is a need for planning and implementation of joint programs by stakeholders in prevention and control of the disease as well as raising public awareness in decreasing the distribution of the disease. Key words: Camel brucellosis, Egypt, serological tests, sero-prevalence, Shalateen.

EPERYTHROZOON OVIS INFECTIONS OF SHEEPAND GOATS IN SHALATEEN, ABU-RAMAD AND HALAEEB, RED SEA GOVERNORATE, EGYPT

An outbreak occurred in sheep and goats in triangular area (Shalateen –Abu-Ramad and Halaeeb), Red Sea Governorate, Egypt was described between January to December 2013.This outbreak showed clinical signs characterized by fever, in appetence, emaciation, anemia, icterus and ill-thrift. Clinical signs are most likely to be observed in young suckling and weaner animals. It is shown to be a complex problem attributable to many causes, some of which can be eliminated by supplementary feeding, drenching, vaccination, dipping and management. However, severe prolonged anemia accompanied by the development of ill-thrift still present in 248 animals (165 sheep and 83 goats). Infection with Eperythrozoon ovis was demonstrated in 21.42% and 12.50% of lambs and kids, 41.37 % and 28.75% of weaner sheep and goats and 10.75 % and 8.51% of adult sheep and goats respectively. When the general prevalence was analyzed by age, it was observed that weaners were mostly affected and disease was highly observed during winter and summer. Hematological examination showed macrocytic hemolytic anemia, with anisocytosis, poikilocytosis and marked left shift in erythrocyte maturation. Infected sheep and goats showed significant reduction in values of Hb, PCV and RBC while leukocytic count appeared slightly elevated. The main pathological changes in E. ovis infection were an increase in size of spleen at the peak of parasitaemia and an increase in liver size. Haemosiderin was present in livers, kidneys and spleens of all infected sheep and goats at the peak and late stages of parasitaemia.

Hepatitis B Seroprotection and the Response to a Challenging Dose among Vaccinated Children in Red Sea Governorate.

AIM:To assess the long-term effectiveness of hepatitis B virus vaccine and the need for a booster dose among children who received three doses of vaccine during infancy in Red Sea Governorate.METHODS:A cross-sectional study was performed. Interviews with children (9 months to 16 years) and parents were done. Blood samples to assess Hepatitis B markers were tested. Children showing no seroprotection received a booster dose to assess their anamnestic response after four weeks and one year later.RESULTS:None of the participants had evidence of chronic Hepatitis B. The seroprotection rate was 23.3% and it significantly decreased with age. Multivariate logistic analysis revealed that older age was the significant predicting variable for having no seroprotective level, while baseline anti-HBs level < 3.3 IU/L was the predicting variable for not developing early anamnestic response or loss of late anamnestic response.CONCLUSION:Long-term immunity persists among children who received complete series of hepatitis B vaccination during infancy even in absence or reduction of anti-HBs over time. Therefore, a booster dose is not necessary to maintain immunity till the age of sixteen.

Spectrum of epilepsy - prevalence, impact, and treatment gap: an epidemiological study from Al-Quseir, Egypt.

BackgroundEpidemiology continues to be an important research tool in the study of epilepsy and related disorders, providing a better understanding of the frequency, causes, and natural history of the disorder.ObjectiveTo estimate the prevalence of epilepsy in Al-Quseir, Red Sea Governorate, Egypt, and its magnitude of treatment gap.MethodsThe study was part of a door-to-door study, including every door, to screen all inhabitants in Al-Quseir (33,818 inhabitants) by three specialists of neurology and 15 female social workers (for demographic data collection) using a standardized screening questionnaire. All suspected cases were subjected to detailed history, clinical examination, and electroencephalogram. Neuroimaging studies and estimation of serum drug level were done in select cases if needed.ResultsThe study revealed that the lifetime prevalence rate of epilepsy in Al-Quseir is 5.5/1,000, with the highest peak during early childhood, while that of active epilepsy is 3.3/1,000 population. The annual incidence rate is 48/100,000, and the age-specific incidence rate has a U-shaped pattern with two peaks of incidence in early infancy and elderly life. Localization-related epilepsy is the most frequently encountered type (58.8%). The treatment gap of epilepsy in Al-Quseir is 83.8%.ConclusionThe lifetime prevalence of epilepsy in Al-Quseir city, Red Sea Governorate, was 5.5/1000.