Red Meat Products Research Articles

Higher adherence to a Mediterranean-type diet is associated with reduced psychosocial stress levels in baby boomers: a cross-sectional study.

This study investigated the relationship between adherence to the Mediterranean diet among Korean baby boomers and their levels of psychosocial stress. The study included 1,656 adults (889 men and 797 women) born between 1955 and 1963 who participated in the 2005-2006 survey of the community-based Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES). The Mediterranean-type diet score (MTDS) was calculated from the semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (SQFFQ) data. The psychosocial stress levels were calculated using the psychosocial well-being index-short form (PWI-SF). Logistic regression analyses were performed to analyze the association between the MTDS (tertiles) and the prevalence of high psychosocial stress by gender. The ranges of the MTDS tertile groups were T1 (20-33 points), T2 (34-37 points), and T3 (38-39 points) for men, T1 (20-33 points), T2 (34-37 points), and T3 (38-48 points) for women. In both men and women, the consumption of whole grains, potatoes, fruits, vegetables, legumes, and fish increased with higher MTDS, while the consumption of red meat and dairy products decreased (P for trend < 0.05). As MTDS score increased the intake of energy, fiber, vitamins, and minerals (P for trend < 0.05). Men in the highest MTDS tertile had a 41% lower odds ratio (OR) of high psychosocial stress compared with those in the lowest tertile (OR, 0.59; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.38-0.91). Similarly, women in the highest tertile of the MTDS had a 39% lower OR of high psychosocial stress compared with those in the lowest tertile (OR, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.40-0.95). Promoting adherence to the Mediterranean diet among baby boomers may have a positive impact on reducing their levels of psychosocial stress.

The association between interactive health literacy and dietary behaviors among Chinese college students: a large-scale cross-sectional study.

The association between health literacy and healthy dietary behaviors has been explored in the European population. However, there is currently no evidence available specifically pertaining to Chinese college students particularly for interactive health literacy. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between interactive health literacy (IHL) and dietary behaviors in Chinese college students. This study included 11,856 Chinese college students (mean age = 18.8 years, SD = 1.2 years). We defined nine healthy dietary behaviors as consumption of water, egg, milk and milk products, vegetables, fruit, red meat, soy and soy products, seafood, and sugar-sweetened beverages. For each food group, participants who met the criterion for being a regular consumer of the item were assigned a score of 1, and otherwise were assigned a score of 0. Thus, the dietary behaviors score ranged from 0 to 9, with higher scores indicating healthier dietary behaviors. We used the revised 28-item Chinese Adolescent Interactive Health Literacy Questionnaire (CAIHLQ) to evaluate IHL; a higher score on this scale indicates a greater health literacy. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the association between IHL level and frequency of different numbers of dietary behaviors. After adjusting for sex, age, annual family income, place of residence, father's education level, and mother's education level, there was a clear and significant positive association between IHL and the likelihood of exhibiting diverse dietary behaviors. The adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) of exhibiting given nine dietary behaviors with reference to tertile 1 according to categories of IHL was as follows: 1.055 (0.694, 1.603) for tertile 2 and 1.849 (1.269, 2.696) for tertile 3 (p for trend = 0.001). Similarly, there are significant positive associations between IHL and the likelihood of exhibiting 2-8 dietary behaviors, except for exhibiting any one dietary behavior. We further found that, in addition to the health awareness factor, there were significant positive associations between physical activity and nutrition factors, and healthier dietary behaviors. Further, there was a significant negative association between interpersonal relationships and dietary behavior. The findings indicate a positive relationship between IHL and dietary behavior, such that the higher the level of IHL among college students, the healthier the dietary behavior they tend to adopt in their daily lives. These findings suggest the importance of developing stages of change-based educational interventions, which could help individuals with limited IHL to not only acquire necessary health-related knowledge but also to strengthen their motivation to engage in healthy dietary behaviors. Future studies should employ longitudinal prospective designs or randomized controlled trials to establish a causal association between IHL and healthy dietary behaviors.

Assessing the distributional impacts of ambitious carbon pricing in China's agricultural sector

Non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions from the agricultural sector play an important role in the global warming process. The carbon neutrality target pledged by China accelerates the research and implementation of climate mitigation policies. This study assessed the distributional impacts of carbon pricing on the agricultural sector from a multi-regional CGE model subdividing 12 primary agricultural sectors, 15 processed food sectors and 10 groups of households. The results revealed that in an agricultural carbon tax scenario under 1.5 °C target, emission-intensive food products (red meat and dairy products) experienced rapid price increases (4.22% and 3.14%) and consumption decreases (−6.61% and − 4.30%). The poorest rural households experienced the highest losses of 2.05% in protein and 1.42% in energy due to the decline in food consumption. Regressive welfare impacts were also observed, with the loss of rural residents being 1.3 times that of urban residents. The poorest income quintile tended to suffer a larger loss due to their higher share of food expenditures and greater vulnerability to changes in food prices. Furthermore, income inequality increased under the agricultural carbon tax, and the Gini coefficient increased by 0.57% compared with the BAU scenario in 2050, especially for the northern and southwestern regions. Tax revenue recycling focusing on the poor can help to offset the negative effects by expanding their income. Overall, a carefully designed carbon policy for the agricultural sector could help reduce carbon emissions while protecting vulnerably poor people and regions.

Factors and framing effects in support for net zero policies in the United Kingdom.

Achieving ambitious carbon reduction targets requires transformative change to society, with behaviour change playing an important role. Climate change mitigation ('net zero') policies are needed to accelerate and support such behaviour change. This study examined factors and framing effects in public support for net zero policies in the United Kingdom (UK), making use of a large probability sample (ntotal = 5,665) survey conducted in August 2021. It found that net zero policies are widely supported, with only taxes on red meat and dairy products being supported by less than half of the UK public. Climate worry and perceived fairness were the strongest and most consistent predictors of policy support for net zero policies. The results further suggest that support for net zero policies can be increased by emphasising the co-benefits of the policies, in particular where they are beneficial for health. However, the framing effects were very small. In contrast, public support for net zero policies is lower when potential lifestyle and financial costs are mentioned. This suggests that perceived fairness of the distribution of costs and lifestyle implications of policies are crucial for building and maintaining support for net zero.

The Southern European Atlantic diet and all-cause and cause-specific mortality: a European multicohort study.

The Southern European Atlantic diet (SEAD) is the traditional dietary pattern of northwestern Spain and northern Portugal, but it may resemble that of central, eastern, and western European countries. The SEAD has been found associated with lower risk of myocardial infarction and mortality in older adults, but it is uncertain whether this association also exists in other European populations and if it is similar as that found in its countries of origin. We conducted a prospective analysis of four cohorts with 35 917 subjects aged 18-96 years: ENRICA (Spain), HAPIEE (Czechia and Poland), and Whitehall II (United Kingdom). The SEAD comprised fresh fish, cod, red meat and pork products, dairy, legumes and vegetables, vegetable soup, potatoes, whole-grain bread, and moderate wine consumption. Associations were adjusted for sociodemographic variables, energy intake, lifestyle, and morbidity. After a median follow-up of 13.6 years (range = 0-15), we recorded 4 973 all-cause, 1 581 cardiovascular, and 1 814 cancer deaths. Higher adherence to the SEAD was associated with lower mortality in the pooled sample. Fully adjusted hazard ratios and 95% confidence interval per 1-standard deviation increment in the SEAD were 0.92 (0.89, 0.95), 0.91 (0.86, 0.96), and 0.94 (0.89, 0.99) for all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality, respectively. The association of the SEAD with all-cause mortality was not significantly different between countries [Spain = 0.93 (0.88, 0.99), Czechia = 0.94 (0.89,0.99), Poland = 0.89 (0.85, 0.93), United Kingdom = 0.98 (0.89, 1.07); P for interaction = 0.16]. The SEAD was associated with lower all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality in southern, central, eastern, and western European populations. Associations were of similar magnitude as those found for existing healthy dietary patterns.

The prevalence of vegetarians, vegans and other dietary patterns that exclude some animal-source foods in a representative sample of New Zealand adults.

This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of vegetarians, vegans and other dietary patterns that exclude some animal-source foods in New Zealand adults. We also examined socio-demographic and lifestyle correlates of these dietary patterns. The New Zealand Health Survey is a representative rolling cross-sectional survey of New Zealanders; data from the 2018/19 and 2019/20 waves were used for this analysis. Participants were asked if they completely excluded red meat, poultry, fish/shellfish, eggs or dairy products from their diet. New Zealand. Adults, aged ≥ 15 years (n 23 292). The prevalence of red-meat excluders (2·89 %), pescatarians (1·40 %), vegetarians (2·04 %) and vegans (0·74 %) was low. After adjustment for socio-demographic and lifestyle factors, women (OR = 1·54, 95 % CI: 1·22, 1·95), Asian people (OR = 2·56, 95 % CI: 1·96, 4·45), people with tertiary education (OR = 1·71, 95 % CI: 1·18, 2·48) and physically active people (OR = 1·36, 95 % CI: 1·04, 1·76) were more likely to be vegetarian/vegan. Those aged ≥ 75 years (OR = 0·28, 95 % CI: 0·14, 0·53) and current smokers (OR = 0·42, 95 % CI: 0·23, 0·76) were less likely to be vegetarian/vegan. Similar associations were seen between socio-demographic and lifestyle factors and the odds of being a red-meat excluder/pescatarian. Approximately 93 % of New Zealand adults eat red meat and a very small number exclude all animal products from their diets. The Eating and Activity Guidelines for New Zealand adults recommend a plant-based diet with moderate amounts of animal-source foods. A comprehensive national nutrition survey would provide detailed information on the amount of red meat and other animal-source foods that the New Zealand population currently consumes.

Antimicrobial resistance of E. coli strains in ready-to-eat red meat products in Nakuru County, Kenya

The demand for Ready-To-Eat (RTE) meat products is rising especially to the busy urban dwellers. Handling, processing, and selling methods of RTE contaminate them with pathogens. However, there is lack of evidence of the risk of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of the pathogens. In this study, 105 RTE meat products were sampled across Nakuru County and assessed for Escherichia coli load, antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and presence of AMR genes. All the sampled meat products were contaminated with coliforms and E. coli but levels differed significantly (p < 0.05) with location of sample collection and type of RTE. Antimicrobial susceptibility test results of 30 E. coli isolates indicated high prevalence of the isolates’ resistance to co-trimoxazole, tetracycline, streptomycin, and ampicillin at 80%, 73%, 67%, and 67%, respectively. Antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates was highest towards ciprofloxacin and amikacin at 100% and 80%, respectively. All the 30 E. coli isolates showed 14 different AMR patterns, where each isolate was resistant to at least 2 antibiotics; a multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index of greater than 0.2. Meat samples collected from one sampling location, Salgaa had the highest number of multi-drug resistant E. coli isolates (88.9%). Molecular identification of AMR genes in four MAR isolates showed that tetA (for tetracycline resistance) and sul1 (for co-trimoxazole resistance) genes were present in all (100.0%) the isolates, while blaTEM (for ampicillin resistance) and strA (for streptomycin) genes were both present in two isolates. The four isolates were not E. coli O157 as confirmed by PCR for the O157 lipopolysaccharide O-antigen synthesis gene rfbE-O157. This study demonstrated the presence of MAR E. coli in RTE red meat products sold in Nakuru County, which is a human and animal public health concern, hence a need to urgently regulate and monitor the use of antimicrobials in animals.

Analysis of cell-specific transcriptional responses in human colon tissue using CIBERSORTx

Diet is an important determinant of overall health, and has been linked to the risk of various cancers. To understand the mechanisms involved, transcriptomic responses from human intervention studies are very informative. However, gene expression analysis of human biopsy material only represents the average profile of a mixture of cell types that can mask more subtle, but relevant cell-specific changes. Here, we use the CIBERSORTx algorithm to generate single-cell gene expression from human multicellular colon tissue. We applied the CIBERSORTx to microarray data from the PHYTOME study, which investigated the effects of different types of meat on transcriptional and biomarker changes relevant to colorectal cancer (CRC) risk. First, we used single-cell mRNA sequencing data from healthy colon tissue to generate a novel signature matrix in CIBERSORTx, then we determined the proportions and gene expression of each separate cell type. After comparison, cell proportion analysis showed a continuous upward trend in the abundance of goblet cells and stem cells, and a continuous downward trend in transit amplifying cells after the addition of phytochemicals in red meat products. The dietary intervention influenced the expression of genes involved in the growth and division of stem cells, the metabolism and detoxification of enterocytes, the translation and glycosylation of goblet cells, and the inflammatory response of innate lymphoid cells. These results show that our approach offers novel insights into the heterogeneous gene expression responses of different cell types in colon tissue during a dietary intervention.

Estimation of Red Meat Production in Turkey according to the Grey-Markov Chain Model

Estimation of Red Meat Production in Turkey according to the Grey-Markov Chain Model

The Role of Plant-Based Diets in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes

A whole food plant-based (WFPB) diet is generally defined as a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, nuts and seeds, and herbs and spices. Many define a WFPB diet as being exclusively plant-based with no animal products, excluding all red meat, poultry, fish, eggs, and dairy products. Other sources define it as a plant-forward dietary pattern that may still include small amounts of meat, eggs or dairy. A WFPB dietary pattern focuses on unprocessed plant foods, while avoiding processed foods containing refined grains, refined oils and added sugars. Figure 1 depicts an example of a balanced WFPB meal.&#x0D; On a practical level, it is important to distinguish a WFPB diet from a vegan diet, which eliminates all animal products but may include processed vegan foods (e.g., plant-based meats, pastries and fried foods). However, in the scientific literature, the term “vegan” is often used, and at times it is difficult to assess the amount of processed food included in diets of vegans included in observational studies. This paper will focus primarily on the evidence for an exclusively WFPB dietary pattern in the prevention and management of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity. However, given certain limitations in the literature, some data on vegan diets and plant-rich but not exclusively plant-based diets will also be included.

Study on behavioral risk factors and lagging effect analysis with liver cancer mortality in rural critical areas of 4 provinces of China from 2009 to 2019

Objective: To analyze the trend of liver cancer mortality in rural key areas of Jiangsu Province, Anhui Province, Shandong Province, and Henan Province (4 provinces) from 2009 to 2019 and to explore the influence of behavioral risk factors on liver cancer mortality and its lagging effect, and provide a reference for the prevention and treatment of liver cancer in China. Methods: Based on the 2009-2019 National Cause of Death Surveillance Database of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and the survey data of tumor and risk factor behavior of residents in key areas of 4 provinces, Joinpoint 4.2 software was used to calculate the average annual percentage change (AAPC) for assessing the temporal trend of standardized mortality of liver cancer; Chi-square test and trend Chi-square test were used to analyze the regional distribution difference and temporal change trend of behavioral habit factors. Stata 16 was used to establish a panel model to analyze the correlation and lagging effect of behavioral risk factors with liver cancer. Results: The standardized mortality rate of liver cancer in Jinhu County, Sheyang County, Lingbi County, Shou County, Mengcheng County, Wenshang County, Juye County, Luoshan County, Shenqiu County, and Xiping County showed a downward trend (AAPC<0, P<0.05) from 2009 to 2019. The consumption frequency of pickles/salted fish, red meat, and aquatic products showed a downward trend. The consumption frequency of healthy foods such as fresh vegetables, fresh fruits, and dairy products in all counties and districts showed an upward trend, and the consumption frequency of fried foods, kimchi, smoked foods, moldy foods, coffee, and soy products remained at a low level (P<0.05); but the consumption frequency of soy products and dairy products was still <20.00%. Fried food, pickles/salted fish, current smoking rate, alcohol consumption rate, and unvaccinated hepatitis B vaccine rate were positively correlated with liver cancer death, and there was a lag effect, and the lag period was 4, 1, 6, 5, 4 years respectively. Conclusions: From 2009 to 2019, the mortality rate of liver cancer in rural key areas of 4 provinces shows a downward trend. There is a correlation and lagging effect between behavioral risk factors such as fried food, smoking, and alcohol consumption and liver cancer death.

Comparing meat and meat alternatives: an analysis of nutrient quality in five European countries.

To assess and compare the (macro-)nutritional composition of red meat (RM) and poultry meat (PM) products with the emerging category of meat substitutes. We use information on nutritional values per 100 g to estimate the differences in the nutritional composition between RM, PM, vegan meat substitute (VMS) and non-vegan meat substitute (NVMS) and derive six unique meat product clusters to enhance the comparability. Meat markets from five major European countries: France, Germany, UK, Italy and Spain. Product innovation data for 19 941 products from Mintel's Global New Product Database from 2010 to 2020. Most of the innovations in the sample are RM products (55 %), followed by poultry (30 %), VMS (11 %) and NVMS (5 %). RM products exhibit a significantly higher energy content in kcal/100 g as well as fat, saturated fat, protein and salt all in g/100 g than the meatless alternatives, while the latter contain significantly more carbohydrates and fibre than either poultry or RM. However, results differ to a certain degree when products are grouped into more homogeneous clusters like sausages, cold cuts and burgers. This indicates that general conclusions regarding the health effects of substituting meat with plant-based alternatives should only be drawn in relation to comparable products. Meat substitutes, both vegan and non-vegan, are rated as ultra-processed foods. However, compared with RM products, they and also poultry products both can provide a diet that contains fewer nutrients-to-limit, like salt and saturated fats.

Effect of iron and calcium on radiation sensitivity in prostate cancer patients relative to controls.

High intake of red meat and/or dairy products may increase the concentration of iron and calcium in plasma-a risk factor for prostate cancer (PC). Despite our understandings of nutrients and their effects on the genome, studies on the effects of iron and calcium on radiation sensitivity of PC patients are lacking. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that high plasma levels of iron and calcium could increase baseline or radiation-induced DNA damage in PC patients relative to healthy controls. The present study was performed on 106 PC patients and 132 age-matched healthy individuals. CBMN assay was performed to measure mi-cronuclei (MN), nucleoplasmic bridges (NPBs), and nuclear buds (NBuds) in lymphocytes. Plasma concentrations of iron and calcium were measured using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. MN, NPBs, and NBuds induced by radiation ex vivo were significantly higher in PC patients with high plasma iron (P = .004, P = .047, and P = .0003, respectively) compared to healthy controls. Radiation-induced MN and NBuds frequency were also significantly higher in PC patients (P = .001 and P = .0001, respectively) with high plasma calcium levels relative to controls. Furthermore, radiation-induced frequency of NBuds was significantly higher in PC patients (P < .0001) with high plasma levels of both iron and calcium relative to controls. Our results support the hypothesis that high iron and calcium levels in plasma increases the sensitivity to radiation-induced DNA damage and point to the need of developing nutrition-based strategies to minimize DNA damage in normal tissue of PC patients undergoing radiotherapy.

Analytical Economic Study of Red Meat Production and Consumption in Egypt

Analytical Economic Study of Red Meat Production and Consumption in Egypt

Effect of Soybean Juice on the Increase in Hemoglobin Levels among Adolescent Girls

The highest percentage of anemia occurs among adolescent girls, and one of the efforts to overcome such problem is iron supplementation along with iron-rich foods from animal sources such as red meat and marine products, as well as vegetable sources such as nuts. Soybean is a kind of iron-rich food which contains 8.0/100 g of iron. This study aims to observe the increase in hemoglobin levels after the administration of soybean juice among adolescent girls. This was a pre-experimental study with a one group pretest-posttest design. The populations consisted of 133 adolescent girls of VII and VIII graders with a sample size of 35 respondents who were selected by using purposive sampling technique. The respondents were given 250 ml of soybean juice for 21 consecutive days every morning. On the twenty-second day, the Hb levels of respondents were re-assessed (post-test). The blood sample taken was a capillary blood at the fingertip. The statistical test applied the Paired T-Test. The results revealed that hemoglobin levels of respondents who were given soybean juice increased by 12.06 g/dl with a difference of 1.62 g/dl. This study concluded that 250 ml soybean juice had an effect on the hemoglobin levels among adolescent girls. Adolescents are recommended to regularly consume iron-rich foods and beverages with various kinds of preparations such as soybean juice.

The Southern European Atlantic diet and depression risk: a European multicohort study

The Southern European Atlantic diet (SEAD) is the traditional dietary pattern of north-western Spain and northern Portugal, but it may resemble that of other European countries. The SEAD has been found associated with lower risk for myocardial infarction and mortality. Since dietary patterns may also influence mental health, we examined the association between the SEAD and depression risk in southern, central, eastern, and western European populations. We conducted a prospective analysis of five cohorts (13,297 participants aged 45–92 years, free of depression at baseline): Seniors-ENRICA-1 and Seniors-ENRICA-2 (Spain), HAPIEE (Czechia and Poland), and Whitehall-II (United Kingdom). The SEAD comprised cod, other fresh fish, red meat and pork products, dairy, legumes and vegetables, vegetable soup, potatoes, whole-grain bread, and moderate wine consumption. Depression at follow-up was defined according to presence of depressive symptoms (based on available scales), use of prescribed antidepressants, inpatient admissions, or self-reported diagnosis. Associations were adjusted for sociodemographic, lifestyle, and dietary variables. During a median follow-up of 3.9 years (interquartile range 3.4–4.9), there were 1437 new depression cases. Higher adherence to the SEAD was associated with lower depression risk in the pooled sample. Individual food groups showed a similar tendency, albeit non-significant. The fully adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) per 1-standard deviation increment in the SEAD was 0.91 (0.86, 0.96). This association was rather consistent across countries [Spain = 0.86 (0.75, 0.99), Czechia = 0.86 (0.75, 0.99), Poland = 0.97 (0.89, 1.06), United Kingdom = 0.85 (0.75, 0.97); p for interaction = 0.24], and was of similar magnitude as that found for existing healthy dietary patterns. In conclusion, the SEAD was associated with lower depression risk across European populations. This may support the development of mood disorder guidelines for Southern European Atlantic regions based on their traditional diet, and for central, eastern, and western European populations based on the SEAD food groups that are culturally rooted in these places.

Economic Indicators of Red Meat Production in Egypt

Economic Indicators of Red Meat Production in Egypt

Carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen stable isotope ratios of striped dolphins and short-finned pilot whales stranded in Hokkaido, northern Japan, compared with those of other cetaceans stranded and hunted in Japan

ABSTRACT Strandings of striped dolphins (SD) and short-finned pilot whales (PW) in Hokkaido, northern Japan, are rare but have recently increased, probably due to global warming. We quantified δ 13C, δ 15N, and δ 18O in muscles of SD (n = 7) and PW (n = 3) stranded in Hokkaido and compared these values with those in muscles (red meat products) of hunted SD and PW in three areas of central and southern Japan. δ 18O in stranded SD, except for the calf, decreased with increasing body length (BL), whereas δ 13C increased, with no BL-related changes in δ 15N. The variability of δ 18O (range of maximum and minimum) was larger in the stranded SD (7.5 ‰) than of the hunted SD in three areas (0.9, 1.9, and 1.4 ‰), whereas that of δ 15N was smaller in the stranded SD than in the hunted SD. Similarly, the variability of δ 18O was larger in the stranded PW in Hokkaido (3.3 ‰) than in the hunted PW in central Japan (1.4 ‰). The larger variability of δ 18O and smaller variability of δ 15N in stranded SD imply long-term sojourning in coastal waters and feeding on small amounts of limited prey species at low trophic levels before death.

Environmental and Climate Impact Perceptions in University Students: Sustainability Motivations and Perceptions Correspond With Lower Red Meat Intake.

Red meat production is a leading contributor to food-related greenhouse gas emissions. Decreasing red meat intake can mitigate climate change and lower risk of diet-related diseases. The goal of this study is to evaluate university students' perceptions of climate-friendly behaviors and to assess how these perceptions are associated with the frequency of red meat intake. Cross-sectional survey SETTING: A large, public California university and a large, public Michigan university PARTICIPANTS: Undergraduate students from a California university (n= 721) and a Michigan university (n= 568) MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Perceptions of climate-friendly behaviors and frequency of red meat intake STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Differences in perceptions by student characteristics were compared using t-tests and one-way analysis of variance. Associations between perceptions of climate-friendly behaviors and red meat intake frequency were examined using generalized linear models, adjusted for sociodemographic covariates. Across both universities, students rated reducing meat intake as less effective than other climate change mitigation behaviors such as recycling and using less plastic. However, students who reported (1) making food and beverage choices that "are good for the environment," (2) making food and beverage choices that "reduce climate change impact," or (3) agreeing that "eating less meat is an effective way to combat climate change" reported 10% to 25% lower frequency of red meat intake for each point higher on the agreement scale. In contrast, making food and beverage choices motivated by health was not associated with frequency of red meat intake. Sustainability motivations and perceptions of meat's climate impact were associated with lower frequency of red meat intake, despite the overall moderate rating of eating less meat as an effective climate change mitigator. This research lends support to behavioral interventions, public education campaigns, and policies aiming to reinforce sustainable dietary patterns in young adults.

The dietary source of trimethylamine N-oxide and clinical outcomes: an unexpected liaison.

The profile of gut microbiota can vary according to host genetic and dietary characteristics, and be influenced by disease state and environmental stressors. The uremic dysbiosis results in a loss of biodiversity and overgrowth of microorganisms that may cause elevation of metabolic solutes such as trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), inducing pathogenic effects on its host. In patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), TMAO levels are elevated because of a decreased clearance and an increased production from the uremic gut dysbiosis with a disrupted intestinal barrier and elevated enzymatic hepatic activity. Dietary precursors of TMAO are abundant in animal-derived foods such as red meat, egg yolk and other full-fat dietary products. TMAO is also found naturally in fish and certain types of seafood, with the TMAO content highly variable according to the depth of the sea where the fish is caught, as well as processing and storage. Although evidence points towards TMAO as being an important link to vascular damage and adverse cardiovascular outcomes, the evidence in CKD patients has not been consistent. In this review we discuss the potential dietary sources of TMAO and its actions on the intestinal microbiome as an explanation for the divergent results. We further highlight the potential of a healthy diet as one feasible therapeutic opportunity to prevent gut dysbiosis and reduce uremic toxin levels in patients with CKD.