Red Currant Research Articles

Basic Chemical Composition, Selected Polyphenolic Profile and Antioxidant Activity in Various Types of Currant (Ribes spp.) Fruits

Black currants are more popular and consumed more often than red and white ones. These fruits are low in calories, and they are recognised as a rich source of vitamin C. It can be hypothesised that currant fruits, depending on the colour, may differ in the profile of polyphenolic compounds, antioxidant activity and basic composition. The objective of this study was to determine the basic chemical composition, selected polyphenolic compound profile and antioxidant activity of black, red and white currant fruits collected over two years. Red currant fruits had a higher protein content, than black currant fruits, which had the lowest. The highest fat content was found in white currants and the lowest in black currants. The black currant variety was the richest in total carbohydrates. The highest amount of total polyphenols was found in black currant fruits and the lowest in red currant fruits. In all types of currant fruit, catechin was the major phenolic compound. However it showed the highest difference between types of currants. It was observed that red currant fruits had the highest antioxidant activity when tested with the ABTS+ and FRAP methods, and the lowest was found in white currant fruits. The highest antioxidant activity, tested by the FRAP method, occurred in black currant fruits, while the lowest was observed in white currant fruits.

The Influence of Citric Acid on the Corrosion Process of Different Metallic Materials

Abstract The paper presents the results from a study of the corrosion behaviour of different metallic materials, such as copper, aluminium and OL 52 steel in the presences of various concentrations of citric acid added in neutral solution (Na2SO4 0.25 M). Citric acid (2-hydroxy-1, 2, 3-propanetricarboxylic acid) is among the most commonly utilized compounds in the food and beverage sectors. This non-toxic chemical can be derived from natural, renewable sources such as citrus fruits, pineapples, kiwis, raspberries, strawberries, and both black and red currants. Corrosion studies carried out previously demonstrated a mixed effect of citric acid, it can be a good inhibitor for aluminum alloys in a strongly acidic or strongly basic media as well as in neutral NaCl media, for low carbon-steel and copper in an acidic environment, but also, a good, accelerated corrosion agent in an alkaline solution for metals such as iron, copper, zinc and tin. Potentiodynamic polarization and chronoamperometry techniques were used in the experimental part of this paper to evaluate the inhibition efficiency of the citric acid in test solutions. Also, Tafel method for the kinetic parameters determination for studied corrosion process.

Transferability of SSR Markers Developed from Gooseberry to Black and Red Currants

Transferability of SSR Markers Developed from Gooseberry to Black and Red Currants

Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses reveal molecular and metabolic regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in three varieties of currant

Anthocyanins are natural plant metabolites that are beneficial for human health. In order to study the fruit coloring mechanism mediated by anthocyanin biosynthesis in three currant varieties (white currant, red currant and black currant), we used a combination of transcriptomics and metabolomics analyses. Our comprehensive examination revealed that anthocyanins play a pivotal role in regulating the red and purple hues of black currant and red currant fruits. Specifically, Delphinidin-3-O-rutinoside, Pelargonidin-3-O-rutinoside, Cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside, Cyanidin-3,5-O-diglucoside, Cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside-5-O-glucoside and Petunidin-3-O-glucoside emerged as key anthocyanins in black currant, while Cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside (Keracyanin), Cyanidin-3-O-sambubioside[Cyanidin-3-O-(2″-O-xylosyl)glucoside], Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (Kuromanin) and Cyanidin-3-O-(2″-O-xylosyl)rutinoside were identified as crucial anthocyanins in red currant. Transcriptomic data showed that the upregulation of dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR), anthocyanin synthase (ANS), and UDP-glucose-flavonoid-3-O-glucosyltransferase (UFGT) genes significantly promoted the purple coloration of black currant fruit, while increased expression of Chalcone synthase (CHS) and flavonoid 3’-hydroxylase (F3′H) genes significantly intensified the red hue of red currant fruit. Furthermore, through weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), we identified 11 transcription factors, including 3 bHLH, 2 MYB, 3 bZIP and 3 WRKY genes, which may serve as key regulators of anthocyanin biosynthesis. These findings provide a foundational understanding of the color dynamics in different currant varieties fruits throughout their developmental stages.

Black and Red Currant Pomaces as Raw Materials to Create Smoothies with In Vitro Health-Promoting Potential.

Pomace is a by-product resulting from the pressing of fruits and vegetables into juices, and it is typically treated as waste. Interestingly, pomace contains minimal amounts of protein and fat but is characterized by its high polyphenol and dietary fiber contents, which may have health benefits for human physiology. Therefore, they are a potentially attractive raw material for the food industry, but to our knowledge, no smoothies with their addition have been prepared and described so far. Consequently, products derived from apple juice, incorporating different doses of fresh (6% and 12%) and dried (3% and 6%) black or red currant pomace, were formulated, and their physical properties, chemical composition, bioactive compound content, and health-promoting potential (in vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic activity) were evaluated. Additionally, the products underwent sensory assessment by consumers. The fortified beverages exhibited different physical characteristics and chemical compositions than apple juice. All smoothies were characterized by higher concentrations of anthocyanins, flavonols, and procyanidin polymers compared to the base product. Moreover, 75% of them exhibited a significantly elevated phenolic acid content as well as a higher concentration of flavan-3-ols. The majority of fresh smoothies exhibited significantly higher in vitro antioxidant capacities and increased in vitro α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory effects compared to the base product. The highest ABTS activity was recorded in the variant with 6% dried black currant pomace. In turn, the smoothie with 3% dried red currant pomace had the most effective FRAP effect and, together with the product containing 12% fresh black currant pomace, ORAC antioxidant activity and α-glucosidase inhibition also. The introduction of 6% dried red currant pomace led to the creation of a beverage that most effectively inhibited α-glucosidase. The study showed that the application of various types of pomace, mainly that of black currant, into apple juice enables the development of new functional products with sensory attributes that are favorably evaluated by consumers.

Vicia faba L. Pod Valves: A By-Product with High Potential as an Adjuvant in the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease.

Vicia faba L. is a leguminous plant with seeds rich in nutritional compounds, such as polyphenols and L-dopa, a dopamine precursor and first-line treatment for Parkinson's symptoms. Recently, its by-products have been revalued as a sustainable source of bioactive compounds. In this study, aqueous extracts of Lucan broad bean pod valves (BPs) were characterized to evaluate their potential use as adjuvants in severe Parkinson's disease. L-dopa content, quantified by LC-UV, was much higher in BPs than in seeds (28.65 mg/g dw compared to 0.76 mg/g dw). In addition, vicine and convicine, the metabolites responsible for favism, were not detected in pods. LC-ESI/LTQ-Orbitrap/MS2 allowed the identification of the major polyphenolic compounds, including quercetin and catechin equivalents, that could ensure neuroprotection in Parkinson's disease. ESI(±)-FT-ICR MS was used to build 2D van Krevelen diagrams; polyphenolic compounds and carbohydrates were the most representative classes. The neuroprotective activity of the extracts after MPP+-induced neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells was also investigated. BP extracts were more effective than synthetic L-dopa, even at concentrations up to 100 µg/mL, due to the occurrence of antioxidants able to prevent oxidative stress. The stability and antioxidant component of the extracts were then emphasized by using naturally acidic solutions of Punica granatum L., Ribes rubrum L., and gooseberry (Phyllanthus emblica L.) as extraction solvents.

Effect of Selenium Application on Quality, Phytochemical Composition and Mineral Content Properties of Red Currant (Ribes rubrum L.) and Jostaberry (Ribes ×nidigrolaria Bauer)

Selenium is an essential mineral for both humans and animals. Around 0.5–1 billion individuals globally suffer from selenium deficiency, which can result in a range of illnesses. Hence, the cultivation of selenium-enriched agricultural items can serve as a potent strategy to mitigate selenium deficiency. This study aimed to examine the effect of selenium on the quality, and phytochemical and mineral content of red currant (Red Lake) and jostaberry. The study was conducted in 2022 and 2023. Different doses of selenium (0, 4, and 8 mg⋅kg−1) were sprayed on the fruits three times with 10-days intervals starting from the first formation of the fruits after flowering. Upon completion of the study, various factors were assessed including cluster and berry properties, water-soluble dry matter content, pH levels, titratable acid content, ascorbic acid levels, antioxidant activity, and total phenolics content. The mineral composition of the fruit peel, pulp, and seed was also measured. In jostaberry, the highest values of cluster weight, cluster height, and 100-berry weight were obtained with 8 mg⋅kg−1 selenium application. As the selenium dosage increased, the levels of ascorbic acid, antioxidant activity, and total phenolic content increased, with the highest values determined to be 0.063 mg⋅mL−1, 63.23% DPPH, and 3752.22 mg⋅g−1, respectively, at 8 mg⋅kg−1. In the Red Lake variety, it has been determined that the 4 mg⋅kg−1 dose is effective in terms of cluster weight, cluster width, and cluster height attributes. The highest values for ascorbic acid, antioxidant activity, and total phenolic content were determined to be 0.029 mg⋅mL−1, 53.42% DPPH, and 3117.17 mg⋅g−1, respectively, at the 4 mg⋅kg−1 dose. The selenium content was found to be highest in the peel and pulp of jostaberry at 8 mg⋅kg−1, and in Red Lake, it was obtained at the 4 mg⋅kg−1 application. As a result, an 8 mg⋅kg−1 dose of selenium could be recommended for jostaberry, and a 4 mg⋅kg−1 dose could be recommended for Red Lake.

Approach regarding the biosafety evaluation of black and red currant pomace extracts using Allium cepa test

Abstract In the present work, biosafety evaluation of black and red currant pomace extracts was conducted using in vivo plant test system, such as Allium cepa, a sustainable method which can provide valuable information on the cytotoxic and genotoxic effect of extracts from natural sources in relation with their phytochemical composition. In this view, different aqueous and hydroethanolic extractions from black and red currant pomaces were carried out. For revealing the differences in the phytochemical profile of the studied extracts, rapid, efficient and easy-to-operate analytical techniques such as colorimetry, UV-Vis spectrometry and electrometry were used. Cytogenetic analysis of pomace extracts was achieved using Allium cepa test by scoring the mitotic index, the limit value of cytotoxicity, the phase index of mitosis and presence of chromosomal aberrations for all samples and comparing to the control (tap water). The results have shown that the cytogenetic response depends both on the type of pomaces and on the experimental extraction conditions. Compared to the control sample (22.58 %), a decrease in mitotic index for each analyzed sample was observed. As well, an increase in the cells with chromosomal aberrations was detected in onion root tips exposed to the tested extracts compared to the control (0.69 %). The lowest value of mitotic index (12.44 %) and the highest value of chromosomal aberrations (1.91 %) were recorded from the root tip cells of onion bulbs exposed to the hydroalcoholic extract obtained from red currants pomace using water/ethanol (60:40 v/v). Even if the mitotic index decreased, the limit value of cytotoxicity was higher than 50 %, level considered as a sublethal condition for the organisms. At the same time, the increase of the frequency of chromosomal aberrations is not so significant, and in correlation with the cytotoxicity limit, it does not indicate a genotoxic effect on onion cells. Following these results, it can be concluded that black and red currant pomace extracts can be safely used for possible therapeutic benefits.

The biochemical composition of wild berries and fruits growing in the Southwestern Taimyr

This article presents research findings on the chemical composition of fruits and berries found in the Southwestern Taimyr region, including bilberry (Vaccinium myrtíllus), northern redcurrant (Ribes triste), blueberry (Vaccinium uliginosum), prickly wild rose (Rosa acicularis), lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea), almost-holarctic crowberry (Empetrum subholarcticum), Siberian rowan (Sorbus sibirica), and cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus). We revealed that rowan, blueberries, and prickly wild rose are particularly rich in crude fat. Additionally, prickly wild rose, and red currants were found to be high in crude fiber content, while bilberries, red currants, and cloudberries were dominant in crude protein. Potassium and calcium content were highest in prickly wild rose and rowan, while bilberries, red currants, and prickly wild rose had high sodium content. Moreover, crowberries and rowan berries were rich in phosphorus, and lingonberries, rowan berries, bilberries, and cloudberries were abundant in magnesium. Red currants, bilberries, and cloudberries had the highest total amino acid content, with essential amino acids being more prevalent than non-essential ones in redcurrant, bilberry, crowberry, and cloudberry samples. The content included high levels of leucine, isoleucine, valine, and threonine. Overall, the fruits and berries in the Southwestern Taimyr region have significant biological value and could be effectively used in creating functional biologically active substances.

Assessment of the Distribution and Occurrence of Dagger Nematodes and Associated Nematode Transmitted Viruses in Pacific Northwest Small Fruit Crops

Small fruit production is an important component of the agricultural sector in the Pacific Northwest of the United States (Oregon and Washington). A diversity of small fruits is produced in the region including wine grape, blueberry, strawberry, and caneberry (red raspberry, black raspberry, and blackberry). Plant-parasitic nematodes and viruses both impact the production of small fruits in the region, but there is no up-to-date understanding of the distribution of potential virus-vectoring dagger nematodes ( Xiphinema spp.) and associated nematode-transmitted viruses. Soil and leaf samples were collected from 43 wine grape vineyards, 24 blueberry fields, 23 caneberry fields, 5 strawberry fields, and 1 currant field in 2021 and 2023. The samples were analyzed to determine the presence of dagger nematodes and the nepoviruses tomato ringspot virus (ToRSV) and tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV). Dagger nematodes were found in 52% of the fields. ToRSV was detected in two blueberry fields in Washington, while in Oregon ToRSV was detected in one field each of blueberry, red raspberry, currant, and wine grape. TRSV was not conclusively found in any of the surveyed samples. To our knowledge, this is the first time ToRSV has been reported in wine grapes in Oregon and in the red currant species Ribes spicatum. This study provides an up-to-date assessment of the distribution of dagger nematodes and nepoviruses associated with small fruits in the Pacific Northwest.

Студнеобразующие вещества в составе льна-долгунца и их использование в рецептурах мармеладных изделий

The purpose of research is to study gelling substances (structure formers) and use them as a partial replacement for agar when developing a recipe and technology for preparing marmalade, as well as determining the quality of the resulting marmalade product. The object of the study is the seeds of long-stalked flax produced in 2020, grown in the fields of the Russian State Agrarian University – Moscow Agricultural Academy named after K.A. Timiryazev. The results of a study on the development of a recipe for jelly marmalade are presented. To obtain marmalade with beneficial properties, we partially replaced the gelling raw material (agar) with a jelly-like suspension obtained by blanching fiber flax seeds, and completely replaced sugar with a sweetener – stevia. A new marmalade product enriched with plant raw materials was obtained. Materials related to the physicochemical properties of long-stalked flax fiber, which is one of the best spinning crops and is used in the textile industry, were studied. At the same time, the following beneficial properties of flax were noted: the content of proteins with a complete amino acid composition; the content of polysaccharides, thanks to which it is possible to obtain a jelly-like suspension and use them as a gelatinous substance. Sugar was completely removed from the recipe and replaced with stevioside, a chemical compound present in the leaves of the stevia plant. To eliminate the bitter taste of stevioside, a decoction of red currant berries was used. A tasting was also held, as a result of which the product was highly appreciated. Based on research conducted, patents were obtained. The possibility of producing marmalade with beneficial properties under production conditions is presented. The resulting sweet product is safe for overweight people and people with diseases such as diabetes.

Enhancing Quality Fruit Composition in Red Currant Cultivars by Foliar Calcium Application across Preharvest and Postharvest Stages

Foliar calcium (Ca) treatment exhibits strong potential for enhancing yield and quality in some fruit crops. This study aimed to assess the impact of foliar application of Ca-organomineral (Ca-OM) suspension on total soluble solids (TSS) and Ca dynamics in leaves and berries across five red currant cultivars during the vegetation and storage. A randomized block design with two treatments: (1) Control (without Ca-OM treatment) and (2) foliar Ca-OM treatment, with three repetitions, was applied on five different red currant cultivars. Although foliar Ca-OM treatments did not impact Ca or TSS in leaves, they positively influenced Ca and TSS in fruits, displaying significant variability among cultivars. In addition, Ca-OM treatment increased berry density, reduced abscission, and inhibited the development of diseases, extending storage periods for “Lvovyanka,” “Vika,” and “Gazel” cultivars by three to seven days compared to the Ca-OM untreated control. Ca-OM treatment in the early stages of the ontogenesis of currants provided a high percentage of Ca intake in berries. At the stage of complete maturation, the Ca content in berries decreased and depended on the ripening period of the cultivars. Before harvesting, Ca-OM increased the strength of berries (Fc) and reduced the shedding of berries in the clusters (Fs). At the vegetation stage, Ca-OM increased TSS in berries, and the content of TSS depended on the genotype and weather conditions. The Ca-OM treatment and low temperatures contributed to preserving berry density, reducing the shedding of berries and PLW, and restraining the development of diseases during storage. In addition, the high content of TSS and Ca in berries against the background of a slow rate of decrease in berry density in the Ca-OM variants ensured an extension of the shelf life of “Lvovyanka,” “Vika,” and “Gazel” by three to seven days compared to the control untreated with Ca-OM. Clustering analyses identified these cultivars as similar in terms of TSS and calcium content in fruits, emphasizing their common traits. The study underscores the potential of foliar Ca treatment to enhance berry quality during growth and storage, significantly improve storage duration, and fortify resistance against adverse factors, presenting promising opportunities for elevating yield and quality in specific red currant cultivars.

Effects of an inoculation dose of Issatchenkia terricola WJL-G4 on physicochemical properties, active substances, and antioxidant capacity of black, red, and white currant juice.

Due to the high level of organic acids - primarily citric acid - black, red, and white currants have an excessively sour taste, making taste adjustment during processing challenging. This study investigated and evaluated the effects of an inoculation dose of the acid-reducing yeast Issatchenkia terricola WJL-G4 on several aspect such as physicochemical properties, chromaticity, active substances, and antioxidant capacity. A sensory evaluation was also conducted. The results indicated that, when the inoculation dose increased from 2% to 12%, the total phenol, total flavonoid, and total anthocyanin content, and antioxidant capacity in currant juice decreased. A low inoculation dose (2-4%) was beneficial for preserving the total phenol and total flavonoid content. Although the levels of most phenolic compounds decreased, the concentrations of caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, rutin, and epicatechin were significantly higher than the control after fermentation. Overall acceptability and taste scores of fermented currants improved compared with those of the control group. This experiment provided an effective solution, with a theoretical basis, to the problems of the sour taste and harsh flavor of currant juice. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Evaluation of Leaf Chlorophyll Content from Acousto-Optic Hyperspectral Data: A Multi-Crop Study

Chlorophyll plays a crucial role in the process of photosynthesis and helps to regulate plants’ growth and development. Timely and accurate evaluation of leaf chlorophyll content provides valuable information about the health and productivity of plants as well as the effectiveness of agricultural treatments. For non-contact and high-performance chlorophyll content mapping in plants, spectral imaging techniques are the most widely used. Due to agility and rapid random-spectral-access tuning, acousto-optical imagers seem to be very attractive for the detection of vegetation indices and chlorophyll content assessment. This laboratory study demonstrates the capabilities of an acousto-optic imager for evaluation of leaf chlorophyll content in six crops with different biophysical properties: Ribes rubrum, Betula populifolia, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Prunus padus, Hordeum vulgare and Triticum aestivum. The experimental protocol includes plant collecting, reference spectrophotometric measurements, hyperspectral imaging data acquisition, processing and analysis and building a multi-crop chlorophyll model. For 90 inspected samples of plant leaves, the optimal vegetation index and model were found. Obtained values of chlorophyll concentrations correlate well with reference values (determination coefficient of 0.89 and relative error of 15%). Applying a multi-crop model to each pixel, we calculated chlorophyll content maps across all plant samples. The results of this study demonstrate that acousto-optic imagery is very promising for fast chlorophyll content assessment and other laboratory spectral-index-based measurements.

Changes in Chemical Composition of Red and Black Currant Fruits and Leaves During Berry Ripening

ABSTRACT The composition and variations of sugars, organic acids and phenolic compounds of red and black currant fruits and leaves were studied during the last four weeks of ripening. The results showed that sugar content increased during berry ripening in both species. In comparison, organic acids decreased in red currant, whereas no differences between sampling dates were observed in black currant. Forty-seven individual phenolic compounds, belonging to anthocyanins, flavonols, flavanols, hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives and flavanones were identified in red currant fruits and 52 in black currant fruits by HPLC-MS analysis. In black currant fruits, the major phenolic compounds were anthocyanins (81.51–85.15% of total phenolics), which increased during ripening until the last sampling date. In both red and black currant leaves, 47 phenolic compounds were identified. The content of phenolic compounds in red currant leaves was 1.31-fold to 1.90-fold higher compared to the content in black currant leaves. The most abundant phenolics in both currant leaves were flavonol glycosides, accounting for 58.5–67.9% of total phenolics, and their content was the highest at the end of berry ripening.

Chilling requirements for dormancy release in red currants and gooseberries

Chilling requirements for dormancy release in red currants and gooseberries

Effects of temperature and photoperiod on growth and flowering in red currant cultivars (Ribes sativum Syme)

Effects of temperature and photoperiod on growth and flowering in red currant cultivars (<i>Ribes sativum</i> Syme)

Underutilized Canadian wild berries as potential sources of lipophilic bioactive compounds with antihypertensive properties.

Traditional berries are small fruits and are widely distributed in the Canadian prairies. The current study investigates the lipophilic bioactive compounds such as fatty acids, phytosterols, and terpenes, and their bioactivities, such as lipid peroxidation, as well as the antihypertensive activities of fourteen underutilized Canadian wild berries. These berries include Saskatoon berries (Amelanchier alnifolia), gooseberries (Ribes hirtellum), wild grapes (Vitis riparia), blackcurrants (Ribes nigrum), redcurrants (Ribes rubrum), haskap berries (Lonicera caerulea), wild raspberries (Rubus idaeus), wild blueberries (Vaccinium angustifolium), chokeberries (Aronia melanocarpa), buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica), highbush cranberries (Viburnum trilobum), chokecherries (Prunus virginiana), nannyberries (Viburnum lentago) and snowberries (Symphoricarpos albus). The fatty acids, phytosterols, and terpenes were identified using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Lipid peroxidation and the antihypertensive activity assessed by measuring the berries' angiotensin converting enzyme 1 (ACE1) inhibitory activity were determined using in vitro methods. Notably, wild grapes exhibited the highest (p < 0.05) total fat content (7659 ± 312 μg per g DW), followed by haskap berries (4650 ± 184 μg per g DW). Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) were highest (p < 0.05) in wild grapes (74%). Predominant phytosterols and terpenes identified in Canadian wild berries included β-sitosterol, isofucosterol, phytol, and α-amyrin. Saskatoon berries and gooseberries showed a distinct phytosterol and terpene profile compared to the other wild berries. Snowberries demonstrated the highest (p < 0.05) lipid peroxidation and the lowest (p < 0.05) angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE1) activity. This research provides valuable insights into the lipophilic bioactive compounds and their potential activities in vitro of the Canadian wild berries, offering a foundation for further exploration and potential applications in the context of nutraceuticals and functional foods.

Ultrasound-Guided Pneumatic Reduction of Intussusception in Children

Introduction: Intussusception, occurring most commonly in 6-month to 3-year-olds, involves bowel invagination with symptoms like abdominal pain, red currant jelly stool, and a palpable mass. The preferred treatment is non-operative, especially in stable cases without contraindications. Non-operative methods include ultrasound-guided hydrostatic and pneumatic reduction, as well as fluoroscopic-guided hydrostatic reduction with barium and pneumatic reduction with air enema. Methods: The prospective study took place at a specialized pediatric hospital over 36 months period. All children experiencing intussusception underwent abdominal sonographic assessment for diagnosis. Subsequently, an attempt was made to perform ultrasound-guided pneumatic reduction of the intussusception. Exclusions comprised hemodynamically unstable children, those displaying signs of peritonitis or bowel perforation, and those with sonographically identified pathological lead points. Results: A total of 98 children were treated with ultrasound-guided pneumatic reduction for intussusception.The average age of the patient was 11.38±9.24 months. Ileocolic intussusception was the most common finding in 98.9%. Around 80% of the patients was presented with complaints of severe abdominal pain. In 43.8% of the patients, the duration of symptoms was less than 24 hours. The mean length of intussusception was 3.64 cm. A total of 94 (96%) children had successful reduction of intussusceptions with recurrence found in only two of cases. Conclusion: Pneumatic reduction of intussusception is a highly effective procedure. It is associated with reduced morbidity and mortality and reduced risk of exploratory laparotomy. The main predictor for the outcome was the duration of symptoms before presentation to the institute, thus early use of pneumatic reduction is advisable.

PHENOLICS COMPOUNDS IN FRUITS OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF BERRIES AND THEIR BENEFICENT FOR HUMAN HEALTH

Тhе cultivated berry species are considered to be economically important freshly consumed fruits, and the production volumes are rapidly increasing worldwide during recent years. Among the colorful fruits, berries such as blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum), red raspberry (Rubus idaeus), red and black currants (Ribes spp) and strawberry (Fragaria ananassa) are popularly used in the human diet either fresh or in processed forms. The berry fruits have gained significant attention by consumers due to a high content of health promoting compounds based on considerable quantities of different phytochemicals. Polyphenols comprise a wide variety of compounds, divided into several classes like hydroxybenzoic acids, hydroxycinnamic acids, anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, flavonols, flavones, flavanols, flavanones, isoflavones, stilbenes, and lignans that occur in berry fruits. The anthocyanins have a wide range of bioactivities including antioxidant, anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory properties. The antimicrobial effects of berry extracts against gram-negative bacteria decreased in the following order: raspberry&gt; strawberry&gt; blueberry&gt; currant. Among fruits, strawberries are one of the richest sources of natural folate, also, manganese, iodine, magnesium, copper, iron, and phosphorus. Raspberry and its isolated compounds like lutein, vecetin, quercetin, and rutin play an important role for development of normal vision in human beings. Blueberry is especially rich in phenolic compounds, such as anthocyanins, hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, tannins and flavonols. Health benefits of currants berry are associated with chronical noncommunicable diseases,neuroprotective and anticonvulsant, anti-inflammatory, chemoprotective, antimicrobial, antifungal activity as well as the properties improve cognitive behavior reduced risks of cancer, heart disease and stroke. The phenolic compounds found in berries are natural gifts for human health.