Red Cultivars Research Articles

Study of Changes in the Chemical Composition of Date Palm Fruits (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Derived from Tissue Culture Under the Influence of Different Pollen Treatments

The current study was conducted on growing date palm trees in Al-Siba area - Basra Governorate in order to identify the chemical composition of the fruits under the influence of different pollen treatments. The study was conducted using three main factors. pollen) and the second factor is the pollen variety (Al-ghanami red and Al-ghanami + normal Al-Khukri and Al-ghanami + Alkanari) and the third factor is the age of the male pollination (early, medium and late). The fruit content of amino acids and total soluble protein in the interstitial stage and the percentage of total soluble solids in the wet stage were studied. And the percentage of knots, falling, and chips, in the khalal stage, and the results showed that there are differences in the chemical composition of the fruits under the influence of these treatments. Sequentially, the lowest value for total soluble protein and total soluble solids and the lowest percentage of precipitation and shea was 341.4 mg. L-1, 47.08, 37.1, and 11.3%, respectively. As for the effect of the cultivar, the two cultivars Al-ghanami red + Alkanari and Al-ghanami red + Al Khukri normal were significantly superior in the fruit content of amino acids and total soluble protein, as it recorded (39.5, 33.6) mg.L-1 and (387.7, 397.5) mg.L-1 for both. the two categories sequentially. While the cultivar did not significantly affect the fruit content in the percentage of total dissolved solids and the percentage of precipitation, while Al-ghanami red cultivar recorded the highest percentage of knots and the lowest percentage of hook, which amounted to 55.4 and 4.5%, respectively. Significant differences were recorded between the ages of the male pollens in the fruit content of amino acids, total soluble protein and the percentage of total soluble solids. The medium-mature male pollen gave the highest concentration of free amino acids at an average of (38.7) mg.L-1 and the lowest concentration of total soluble protein and total soluble solids. At a rate of (347.6) mg.L-1 and (45.63)%, respectively. As for the bilateral and triple interactions, it showed a significant superiority in some of the study interventions.

Effect of Calcium Chloride and Gibberellic Acid on the Vegetative Growth of Two Cultivars of Gladiolus Gladiolus hybrid L.

This study was conducted inside the wooden canopy of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering / College of Agriculture and Forestry / University of Mosul during the agricultural season 2022-2023. To study the effect of spraying with different concentrations of calcium chloride (0, 500, 1000) mg. L-1 and spraying with gibberellic acid at concentrations of (0, 100, 200) mg. L-1 and the interaction between them in vegetative of two cultivars of Gladiolus Gladiolus hybrid. L. They are Nova lux with yellow flowers and Trader Lux with red flowers. The corms were planted on 17/3/2022, then sprayed 30 days after planting the corms with three sprays and three concentrations of calcium chloride (0,500, 1000) mg.L-1 The plants were also sprayed with gibberellic acid, with three sprays and three concentrations (0, 100, 200), The period between one spray and another was two weeks. The spraying was done with gibberellic acid after 35 days of planting the corms. The study was carried out using a factorial experiment in the design of completed randomized sectors R.C.B.D within split plots with three replications, each experimental unit included (7) cormat for each replicate. The research results of were analyzed statistically with the (SAS) program and tested statistically using Duncan’s multinomial test at the probability level of 0.05. It was found that the red cultivar recorded the largest plant height, which reached 129.905 cm, the largest leaf length, which reached 102.584 cm, and the largest number of leaves, which reached 9,980 leaves. Plant-1, and the largest leaf area of the plant, amounting to 401.656 cm2. plant-1, and the largest dry weight of the leaves, amounting to 12.567 g. The yellow variety plants also recorded the largest values for the percentage of total chlorophyll in the plant, which amounted to 0.984%. The treatment with gibberellic acid at a concentration of 200 mg also resulted. L-1 led to a significant increase in all studied traits.

Quality and bioactive compound accumulation in two holy basil cultivars as affected by microwave-assisted hot air drying at an industrial scale

Holy basil (Ocimum Tenuiflorum L.) contains several bioactive compounds useful to the pharmaceutical and food industries. Microwave drying (MD) is a powerful technique for rapid drying of food or plant materials while preserving bioactive compounds during the process. However, little is known about the optimal combination of MD power with hot air drying (HAD) that can preserve the quality and yet only consume reasonable energy when drying holy basils. For that purpose, the effects of drying methods using MD combined with HAD at 45°C were examined to prevent losses in quality, antioxidant activities, and volatile flavor compounds in two holy basil cultivars (green and red cultivars). Holy basil leaves were dried at different MD powers of 200, 400, and 600 W combined with HAD and compared with a traditional tray drying (TD) at 45°C. Drying using MD at 600 W with HAD displayed significantly high levels of color retention, chlorophyll, and carotenoid content in both cultivars. The green cultivar showed a greater accumulation of total phenolic compounds (TPC), terpenoids, and DPPH free radical scavenging at 400 W with HAD. However, the red cultivar had the highest TPC, flavonoid, and terpenoid content at 600 W with HAD. The accumulation of major volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was also affected, and treatment at 600 W exhibited the highest methyl eugenol and β-caryophyllene content in both cultivars. The use of the highest power of MD (600 W) with HAD for leaf drying reduced the effective drying time and energy consumption among both cultivars. Taking into consideration the dried quality of antioxidant accumulation and energy consumed for drying, we recommend using MD at 400 or 600 W with HAD for the green cultivar and 600 W for the red.

Phenolic Composition of Red and White Wine Byproducts from Different Grapevine Cultivars from La Rioja (Spain) and How This Is Affected by the Winemaking Process.

The recovery of raw materials offers an opportunity for applying the principles of circular bioeconomy. The phenolic composition of three underused wine byproducts (skin, seed, and bunch stem) was analyzed through UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS to evaluate the intercultivar variability comparing red and white grape cultivars from La Rioja (Spain) and the influence of the winemaking, comparing conventional fermentation and carbonic maceration. We observed that the red skin, especially from Graciano, is rich in anthocyanins, whereas the white skin contains mainly phenolic acids, flavonols, and flavan-3-ols, with Maturana Blanca being the richest variety. Seeds are rich in flavan-3-ols and lignans with Maturana Blanca and Viura, respectively, the richest cultivars. Stems contain high amounts of flavan-3-ols, lignans, and stilbenes, with the red cultivars of Garnacha and Tempranillo being the richest samples. Carbonic maceration has a negative effect on the phenolic amount compared to conventional fermentation. In synthesis, we observed that each type of byproduct from red or white grape cultivars has a particular phenolic composition that can result in obtaining different ingredients with particular phenolic composition for target applications.

Polyphenolic Compounds in Extracts from Roasted Grapevine Canes: An Investigation for a Circular Approach to Increase Sustainability in the Viticulture Sectors.

In this study, we compared the polyphenolic composition of the roasted grapevine wood chips of four Vitis vinifera cultivars-namely, Sorbara, Grasparossa, Malbo Gentile, and Spergola. These waste byproducts have the potential as infusion chips for the aging of alcoholic beverages and vinegars, contributing to an enriched sensory profile. Roasting amplifies aromatic nuances and triggers the depletion of crucial bioactive compounds, including polyphenols. We investigated the extent of polyphenolic loss in the ethanolic extract of roasted grapevine chips to repurpose this waste byproduct and assess its potential. We assessed the levels of trans-resveratrol, trans-ε-viniferin, trans-piceatannol, and the main resveratrol trimer. Our findings indicated a significant decrease in polyphenol content as the roasting temperature increased, from 16.85-21.12 mg GAE/g for grapevine chips roasted at 120 °C to 3.10-7.77 mg GAE/g for those roasted at 240 °C. This study also highlights notable genotypic differences in polyphenolic content. Among the red grape cultivars analyzed, Sorbara exhibited the highest levels (7.77-21.12 mg/GAEg), whereas the white grape cultivar Spergola showed the lowest polyphenolic content (3.10-16.85 mg/GAEg). These findings not only contribute to the scientific understanding of polyphenol stability but also hold practical implications for the enhancement of aged beverages, as well as advancing sustainable practices in the viticulture industries.

Heteromorphism of normal and abnormal flowers of date palm cv. “Barhee” and comparison of green and red Ghanami pollens as dominant pollen

A major limitation to the use of tissue culture techniques for propagating date palms cv. "Barhee" is the production of plants with abnormal phenotypes (low fruit set and multi-carple fruits) as a result of somaclonal diversity. In addition, pollination with specific of male date palm pollen results in better fruit set and thus higher fruit production. So, this study was conducted to compare the anatomical and morphological characteristics, investigate the possible abnormalities of off-shoot and tissue culture-derived trees, and compare the pollen grain characteristics of Green Ghanami and Red Ghanami male date palm cultivars as the dominant Pollinator of "Barhee" during the growing season of 2019–2020 at Date palm and Tropical Research Center and Shahid Chamran Univeristy of Ahvaz, Iran. This experiment was laid out as a randomized complete blocks design with nine replications. The results revealed that the pollen grain of Green Ghanami had higher polar and equatorial axis than those of Red Ghanami, while the P/E ratio index and inter-edge distance of pollen grains of Red Ghanami were significantly higher than those of Green Ghanami. On the other hand, off-shoot-derived trees of cv. "Barhee" had larger flowers with lower flower density per strand than the tissue culture-derived trees. The stigma characteristics of the upper and lower flowers strands of the offshoot-derived trees were similar to each other and had three completely intact stigmas capable of receiving pollen grains. In tissue culture-derived trees, the lower flowers of the strand had wrinkled and dried stigmas, whereas the three stigmas of the upper flowers were completely undamaged. In addition, the flower of the tissue culture-derived trees had three carpels, one of which had an ovary with an aborted egg. In contrast, in the flower of off shoot-derived trees, only one carpel had a healthy ovary and the other two carpels were without ovaries and degenerated.Generally, it can be concluded that heteromorphic self-incompatibility and abnormality of the atypical flower stigma of tissue culture-derived trees cause the pollen grain not to germinate and grow inside the style.

Alternanthera sessilis: A Review of Literature on the Phytoconstituents, Traditional Usage and Pharmacological Activities of Green and Red Cultivar

Alternanthera sessilis: A Review of Literature on the Phytoconstituents, Traditional Usage and Pharmacological Activities of Green and Red Cultivar

Promote the Quantitative and Qualitative Production of Three Varieties of Organically Grown Beetroot

A field experiment was carried out for autumn season 2021-2022 in the fields of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering - College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad - Al-Jadriya Complex - Station A -To study the effect of cultivars (Red, Dark Red, and Cylindra), organic medium, vermicompost, and cow manure, as well as control treatment (soil only), and spraying with silicon, calcium, and distilled water (comparison) on the growth, yield, and quality of beetroot, within a completely randomized block design as a split-plot experiment. As the cultivars were counted as the main factor, organic medium, and foliar spraying as the secondary factor, with three replicates, the number of treatments reached 27, and the averages were compared according to the least significant difference L.S.D at the level of probability of 5% for each variety, and the results were as follows: The treatment of the triple interaction of the Dark Red cultivar with the Vermicompost planting medium and spraying with silicon was significantly excelled by giving it the highest percentages of the nutrients N, P, and K, as well as the concentration of the element Si in the roots of the beetroot plant, at a rate of (3.53%, 0.48%, 4.07%, and 387.67 mg L-1), respectively. While the treatment V2×F2×S2 was significantly excelled in the percentage of calcium, as it gave 2.19%. The triple interaction treatment of Cylindra cultivar and Vermicompost medium with silicone spraying were significantly excelled in (plant height, blade diameter, number of leaves and percentage of fibers), as it gave (58.56 cm, 11.00 mm, 13.55 leaf-1 and 4.01%), respectively. While the treatment of Dark Red cultivar and Vermicompost media with silicone spray 2V×F1×S2 excelled by giving it the highest root weight and the highest percentage of dry matter (387.97 g root-1 and 9.00%), respectively.

Optimization of a Simple Analytical Workflow to Characterize the Phenolic Fraction from Grape Pomace

The recovery of polyphenols from grape pomace (GP) supports the promotion of sustainable bioeconomy. Accordingly, the development of pre-treatment and extraction techniques using low-solvent amounts and energy-efficient processes is highly desirable. In this work, a comprehensive strategy to maximize phenol extraction from two Umbrian red wine cultivars, Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot, was proposed. Focus was paid to sample pre- (fresh, air-, oven- and freeze-dried pomace) and post-extraction (chemical- and enzymatic-hydrolysis) treatments. An experimental design was applied to optimize phenol recovery by ultrasound-assisted extraction: the variables water content in ethanol (20–80% v/v) and time (10–30 min) highlighted a critical influence on the total phenol content (TPC) selected as the response. β-glucuronidase hydrolysis provided the highest TPC and in vitro total antioxidant capacity also improving phenol identification and quantification via HPLC–DAD (particularly evident for freeze-dried Merlot and Cabernet GP, which gave a total phenolic content measured by HPLC equal to 1904.08 mg/g and 2064.64 mg/g, respectively). LC-HRMS/MS analysis allowed identity confirmation of the major phenols, and cytotoxicity assay highlighted the safety of the selected β-glucuronidase extracts towards Caco2 cell line. Ultimately, in the present work, we have addressed the importance of the recovery of bioactive compounds from grape pomace by proposing a comprehensive analytical strategy in which different methodological alternatives have been evaluated to preserve these compounds, in a frame of sustainability on a larger industrial scale.

Differences in endophytic bacterial and fungal compositions in roots between red and green Amaranthus sp.

The compositions of endophytic bacteria and fungi in the roots of red and green Amaranthus sp. were analyzed to elucidate whether endophytic microbes are related to the formation of its pigment. The results showed that the compositions of the dominant endophytic bacteria and fungi significantly differed between red and green amaranths. Bordetella, Massilia, Ralstonia, norank_f__67–14, and Acidibacter were unique dominant endophytic bacterial genera in the roots of red amaranth cultivars, and Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, norank_f__Moraxellaceae, and unclassified_f__Rhodocyclaceae were the unique dominant endophytic bacterial genera in the roots of green amaranth cultivars. Cladosporium and unclassified_o__Agaricales were the unique dominant endophytic fungal genera in the roots of red amaranth, and Neocosmospora, Trichocladium, Cladophialophora, and Setophoma were the unique dominant endophytic fungal genera in the roots of green amaranth. Although common dominant endophytic bacteria and fungi were found in the roots of both cultivars, their proportions were different. For example, the abundance of Basidomycota was significantly higher in roots of red amaranth than in the roots of green amaranth. PICRUSt functional analysis showed that root bacterial communities in red and green amaranths differed in metabolic capacity, including metabolism, genetic and environmental information processing, cellular processes, human diseases, and organic systems. Furthermore, fungal function prediction analysis indicated that the endophytic fungi were mainly saprotrophic. These results suggest that red and green amaranths recruit different endophytic bacteria and fungi that may be involved in color formation.

Assessment of Grain Zinc, Iron and Protein Content in Selected Red Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) Mutant Lines

Traditional red rice cultivars grown in coastal regions of Karnataka are popular as food and medicine and specifically in promoting lactation. Effect of zinc, iron and protein deficiency is more in children and lactating women. Analysis of variance evidenced that treatment with gamma rays created significant variability and all the mutant lines exhibited wide range of values for zinc (20-41.5ppm), iron (10-35 ppm), protein content (8-11.9g/100 g) and yield traits. Grain zinc exhibited negative significant association with grain yield per plant, while protein and iron content showed non-significant and negative association with grain yield per plant and very low residual effect of 0.2721 indicated that the traits included in this study explained high percentage of variation in the grain yield and grain zinc, iron and protein content. BMRM15 and BMRM13 mutants showed reduced plant height, early maturity, recorded one percentage increase of protein (9.5% and 10.0%), higher zinc (28 and 25 ppm) and iron content (17 and 13 ppm). These mutant lines can supplement the micronutrient requirement of consumers and also help prevent the micronutrient deficiency

Elucidating the Differentiation Synthesis Mechanisms of Differently Colored Resistance Quinoa Seedings Using Metabolite Profiling and Transcriptome Analysis.

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa wild.), a dicotyledonous plant native to the Andes, is an increasingly popular pseudograin owing to its high nutritional value, stress resistance capabilities, and gluten-free properties. In this study, we aimed to explore the dynamic changes in different varieties of quinoa at the seedling stage and their regulatory networks. Here, we found that the leaves of quinoa showed obvious coloration after 45 days, and four quinoa seedling types (red, white, yellow, and black) were subjected to ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) and transcriptome sequencing to identify their differentially expressed genes and metabolites. A total of 29 differential metabolites and 19 genes (14 structural and 5 regulatory genes) were identified, and consistent differences were observed in the flavonoid, phenolic acid, and alkaloid metabolites in the different quinoa types. These differential metabolites were significantly enriched in flavonoid and flavonol biosynthesis, flavonoid biosynthesis, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathways. In addition, real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) technology was used to detect the expression of four structural genes involved in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway and four regulatory genes (interaction network). The results revealed that the structural and regulatory gene transcript levels in the flavonoid pathway were higher in the red quinoa cultivars than in the white, yellow, and black. Additionally, the differences in the leaves of these four quinoa cultivars were mainly due to differences in flavonoid, phenolic acid, and alkaloid accumulation. Our findings provide a basis for understanding the accumulation and coloration mechanisms of flavonoids, phenolic acids, and alkaloids in quinoa seedlings of different colors and also provide a theoretical basis for future investigations.

Impact of Various Potassium Fertilizers on Yield and Berries Characteristics of Red Roomy Grape Cultivar

Impact of Various Potassium Fertilizers on Yield and Berries Characteristics of Red Roomy Grape Cultivar

Comparative <i>in-vitro</i> antioxidant studies of crude methanol extract and four solvent fractions of red cultivar <i>Allium cepa</i> l. bulbs

Oxidative stress-induced disease conditions are on the increase and there is need for natural sources of antioxidant for relieving stress. The crude extract of Allium cepa L. has been well published as a potential natural source of antioxidant. But there is inadequate information on the antioxidant activities of fractionated extracts of the plant. The in-vitro antioxidant capacity of crude extract of red cultivar A. cepa bulbs and its four solvent fractions were studied and compared using Nitric oxide radical inhibitory assay (NORIA), FRAP and DPPH antioxidant models. The results of the three models revealed that the crude methanol extract exhibited very good antioxidant activities. However, with the aid of DPPH, the crude methanol extract, ethyl acetate and methanol fractions exhibited excellent antioxidant activities in comparison with ascorbic acid. Serial extraction did not make any of the fractionated extracts better than the crude extract of the red cultivar A. cepa bulbs. These results also showed that red cultivar A. cepa bulbs is a natural source of antioxidants and could serve as therapeutic agent in the prevention or slowing down of oxidative stress. Further studies are currently underway to identify the active component responsible for the observed antioxidant properties.

Investigating the impact of pedoclimatic conditions on the oenological performance of two red cultivars grown throughout southern Italy.

The cultivated grapevine, Vitis vinifera subsp. vinifera, possesses a rich biodiversity with numerous varieties. Each variety adapts differently to varying pedoclimatic conditions, which greatly influence the terroir expression of wine regions. These conditions impact vine growth, physiology, and berry composition, ultimately shaping the unique characteristics and typicity of the wines produced. Nowadays, the potential of the different adaptation capacities of grape varieties has not yet been thoroughly investigated. We addressed this issue by studying two grape varieties, Aglianico and Cabernet Sauvignon, in two different pedoclimatic conditions of Southern Italy. We evaluated and compared the effect of different pedoclimatic conditions on plant physiology, the microbial quality of grapes using Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) technology, the expression trends of key genes in ripe berries and the concentration of phenolic compounds in grapes and wines by HPLC-MS, HPLC-DAD, NMR and spectrophotometric analyses. Metabolomic and microbiome data were integrated with quantitative gene expression analyses to examine varietal differences and plasticity of genes involved in important oenological pathways. The data collected showed that the phenotypic response of studied grapes in terms of vigor, production, and fruit quality is strongly influenced by the pedoclimatic conditions and, in particular, by soil physical properties. Furthermore, Aglianico grape variety was more influenced than the Cabernet Sauvignon by environmental conditions. In conclusion, the obtained findings not only reinforce the terroir concept and our comprehension of grape's ability to adapt to climate variations but can also have implications for the future usage of grape genetic resources.

Maturity Assessment of Different Table Grape Cultivars Grown at Six Different Altitudes in Lebanon.

Table grapes are harvested based on well-known maturity indices that must be monitored after fruit veraison. The aim of this study was to assess these indices across multiple locations and environmental conditions, encompassing different table grape cultivars such as Black Pearl, Crimson Seedless, Superior Seedless, and Red Globe. For this reason, grape sampling was conducted across six distinct locations characterized by varying altitudes above sea level (m asl) and environmental conditions over the ripening season. The main maturity indices, including pH, sugar content, titratable acidity, berry firmness, and other parameters were monitored over the growing season. Moreover, the quantification of total polyphenols, total anthocyanins, and antioxidant activity was determined using spectrophotometric assays at harvesting. The study has examined the effect of the vineyard's location on grape quality and its interaction with the cultivar and environment. Crimson Seedless maintained a relatively high level of acidity with altitude near harvesting. Black Pearl exhibited a notable decline in both sugar content and berry firmness as elevation increased, whereas Red Globe demonstrated contrasting outcomes. The optimal maturity of Superior Seedless was observed at an elevation of 1000 m asl. Black Pearl and Crimson Seedless exhibited better adaptability to intermediate elevations (650 and 950 m asl), while Red Globe and Superior Seedless showed better adaptability to higher elevations (1000-1150 m asl). Among the studied cultivars, Black Pearl exhibited significantly higher levels of total polyphenols and anthocyanins, while close values were noticed between red and green cultivars.

Identification of key genes responsible for green and white colored spathes in Anthurium andraeanum (Hort.).

Modern anthuriums, Anthurium andraeanum (Hort.) are among the most popular flowering plants and widely used for interior decoration. Their popularity is largely attributed to the exotic spathes with different colors. Previous studies have reported color development in red spathe cultivars, but limited information is available on key genes regulating white and green colored spathes. This study analyzed anthocyanin, chlorophyll, and carotenoid contents as well as transcript differences in spathes of eight cultivars that differed in spathe colors ranging from red to white and green. Results showed that increased expression of a transcription factor AaMYB2 was associated with elevated levels of anthocyanin in spathes, but decreased expression of AaMYB2 and increased expression of AaLAR (leucoanthocyanidin reductase) and AaANR (anthocyanidin reductase) were accompanied with the accumulation of colorless proanthocyanidin, thus the white spathe. As to the green colored spathe, chlorophyll content in the green spathe cultivar was substantially higher than the other cultivars. Correspondingly, transcripts of chlorophyll biosynthesis-related genes AaHemB (porphobilinogen synthase) and AaPor (protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase) were highly upregulated but almost undetectable in white and red spathes. The increased expression of AaHemB and AaPor was correlated with the expression of transcription factor AaMYB124. Subsequently, qRT-PCR analysis confirmed their expression levels in nine additional cultivars with red, white, and green spathes. A working model for the formation of white and green spathes was proposed. White colored spathes are likely due to the decreased expression of AaMYB2 which results in increased expression of AaLAR and AaANR, and the green spathes are attributed to AaMYB124 enhanced expression of AaHemB and AaPor. Further research is warranted to test this working model.

Anthocyanin Accumulation and Its Corresponding Gene Expression, Total Phenol, Antioxidant Capacity, and Fruit Quality of ‘Crimson Seedless’ Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) in Response to Grafting and Pre-Harvest Applications

The color of grapevine berries is one of the most important quality parameters that define the appearance, attracts the consumer, and determines the price, especially in red grape cultivars. Some grape varieties show less color development due to many factors such as temperature, light intensity, and agricultural management. The present study aimed to evaluate diverse phytohormones coupled with grafting on quality and fruit coloration of ’Crimson Seedless‘ grapes. Pre-harvest foliar treatments of abscisic acid (ABA) at 400 mg L−1, methyl jasmonate (MeJ) at 1 mM L−1, ethephon (Eth) at 480 mg L−1, and melatonin (Mel) at 100 μmol were applied after 7 days and repeated after 21 days of ‘Veraison’ (beginning of the coloring phase). The results exposed that the ABA application provided the best anthocyanin accumulation with grafted grapevines whereas Eth displayed the maximum anthocyanin accumulation with ungrafted grapevines. Moreover, the expression of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes (chalcone synthase (CHS), flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H), and flavanol 3-O-glucosyl transferase (UFGT)) was consistent with the anthocyanin concentration in berry peel. Moreover, Eth treatment revealed the highest total phenols and antioxidant capacity for both grafted and ungrafted grapevines. MeJ phytohormone exhibited the largest total yield, whereas the treatment of Eth increased the weight of 50 berries and the bunch. Furthermore, ABA induced the uppermost firmness and removal force. Regarding the chemical attributes, the Mel treatment revealed the minimum value of titratable acidity (TA) and the highest polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity, while the MeJ treatment recorded the superior soluble solids content (SSC), in addition to phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and catalase (CAT) enzymes activities. Eth treatment produced the highest activity of the peroxidase (POD) enzyme. Finally, the grafting treatment improved most of the studied fruit attributes.

Plastome Data of Red Currant and Gooseberry Reveal Potential Taxonomical Issues within the Ribes Genus (Grossulariaceae)

The complete chloroplast genomes of red currant cultivar ‘Belaya Potapenko’ and gooseberry cultivar ‘Nekrasovskij’ were sequenced and assembled for the first time. The plastomes are 157,802 bp and 157,559 bp in length for Ribes rubrum and R. uva-crispa, respectively. The R. rubrum cp genome is 243 b.p. longer. It has one more protein-coding gene ycf1, which is pseudogenized in the R. uva-crispa cp genome. In total, 56 and 54 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were identified within the assembled plastid genomes. The SSR content of plastid genomes was assessed for the 18 Saxifragales species. Phylogeny inference based on plastome data of 18 Saxifragales revealed that all Ribes species are clustered together on the phylogenetic tree, though R. fasciculatum seems to be the most distant from the other analyzed Ribes species. The position of taxa inside the Ribes genus clade does not support the concept of its division into five subgenera. All Ribes species share approximately the same set of protein-coding genes in their plastome sequences. There was multiple independent pseudogenization of the ycf1 gene within the Ribes genus as well as other Saxifragales taxa. Negative selection was observed for most of the genes in both the Ribes group and Saxifragales. A positive selection ratio was observed only inside the Ribes group for the ycf4 and clpP genes. Together with positive selection signatures, pseudogenization events of ycfs genes perhaps reflect that these genes’ evolution was important for Ribes’ adaptation. Thus, our study provides genomic resources and valuable reference for marker development, and makes some clarifications of the phylogenomics of the Ribes genus.

Storage Temperature and Grain Moisture Effects on Market and End Use Properties of Red Lentil

Storing lentil is a strategy used by growers to manage price volatility. However, studies investigating the impact of storage conditions on the market and end use properties of lentil are limited. This study examined the effects of storage temperature (4, 15, 25, and 35 °C) and grain moisture (10 and 14%, w/w) on traits related to market (seed coat colour), viability (germination capacity), and end use properties (hydration capacity, milling efficiency, and cooking quality) in four red lentil cultivars (PBA Bolt, PBA Hallmark, PBA Hurricane, PBA Jumbo2) over 360 days. Storing lentil at 14% moisture content and 35 °C significantly (p = 0.05) darkened seed coat after 30 days, caused complete loss of viability within 180 days and reduced cooking quality (cooked firmness) after 120 days across all tested cultivars. Storing lentil at 10% moisture content and 35 °C reduced hydration capacity after 30 days, and milling efficiency after 120 days across all cultivars tested. PBA Jumbo2 exhibited a higher rate of degradation in hydration capacity and cooking quality, and a lower rate of degradation in the other traits studied. Storing lentil at ≤15 °C prevented degradation of all quality traits. These findings will support improved lentil storage protocols to maintain quality and improve economic outcomes for the pulse industry.