Red Cell Crenation Research Articles

PREVALENCE OF IRON DEPLETION IN STORED BLOOD

It is the usual practice to bleed donors and store their blood for transfusion purposes. Theaim of this work is to evaluate the depletion of serum iron levels in stored blood. Onehundred blood samples were collected from blood donors at the University of Benin Teachinghospital and analyzed for iron levels, hemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume andblood cell morphology using standard methods at day 0 (controls) 15 and day 30.The mean ?SEM of iron, hemoglobin and packed cell volume were 17.7 ? 1.01 ?mol/L, 12.9 ? 0.71g/land 39.0 ? 11.20% at day 0 which served as controls. At day 15 serum iron and packed cellvolume were 18.3 ? 2.22?mol/L and 33.20 ? 9.48% .While at day 30 there was a significantdecrease (p<0.05) in PCV, hb concentrations and serum iron. Red cell crenation wasprominent in all the slides viewed at day 15 and day 30 respectively. There are significantchanges in serum iron, PCV and Hb when blood is stored and used within the shelf life of theanticoagulant in use

Expanding the industrial applications of a meat co-product: Generation of low-haemoglobin content plasma by means of red cells crenation

Abstract Blood plasma is a protein-rich liquid which has many applications in food, research, pharma, pet food and animal feed industries. However, for some applications, the haemoglobin level in plasma needs to be very low to prevent, for example, interference with other proteins, colour changes or bitter/metallic taste. Plasma is obtained mainly by centrifugation, but as the processing volume increases, the haemoglobin content increases as well, and the plasma quality is considered poor. In this research, a novel process based on red cell crenation, is presented as a method to obtain low-haemoglobin content plasma, even when centrifuging at large volumes. Four factors were found to affect the plasma quality: processing time, processing volume, centrifugation force, and concentration of phosphate saline buffer in plasma. Results showed that 10% v/v 10X-(Phosphate buffered saline) treated-blood samples were able to generate better quality plasma than untreated samples regardless of the speed, volume or time employed. Additionally, an increment in the amount of recovered plasma proteins was observed. Plasma displayed similar functional properties as controls. Even more, ethyl fractionation, using Cohn's method, generated a protein-rich fraction with a SDS-PAGE profile identical to controls. By means of this novel process the recovery, revalorisation and application of blood proteins can be expanded with the concomitant environmental and economic benefit.

Sulfhydryl Reducing Agents and Shape Regulation in Human Erythrocytes

Abstract Metabolic crenation of red cells is reversible; on addition of nutrients, echinocytes recover the normal discoid shape. When the shape recovery takes place in the presence of reducing agents such as dithiothreitol (DTT), morphological change continues until the cells are stomatocytic. The degree of stomatocytosis varies, depending on the cell morphology when the nutrients and reducing agent are added. DTT has minimal effect on the shape of normal discocytes, but in its presence, mildly echinocytic cells become slightly cupped and advanced- stage echinocytes become severely stomatocytic. DTT must be present continuously for development and retention of stomatocytosis; echinocytes preincubated with or metabolically depleted in DTT do not become stomatocytic when supplemented in the absence of DTT, and DTT- induced stomatocytes revert to discocytes when the reducing agent is removed. DTT has no effect on adenosine triphosphate synthesis or equilibrium cell glutathione levels, and the induced stomatocytosis is not inhibited by excluding oxygen from cells during depletion. Spectrin phosphorylation and phosphate turnover are not affected by DTT. The echinocyte-to-discocyte transformation coincides with phosphorylation of membrane inner monolayer lipids (diacylglycerol to phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylinositol to phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate). Overphosphorylation of these phospholipids is not responsible for the exaggerated shape recovery seen with reducing agents; phosphorylation of inner monolayer lipids proceeds identically in the presence and absence of DTT.

Sulfhydryl reducing agents and shape regulation in human erythrocytes

Metabolic crenation of red cells is reversible; on addition of nutrients, echinocytes recover the normal discoid shape. When the shape recovery takes place in the presence of reducing agents such as dithiothreitol (DTT), morphological change continues until the cells are stomatocytic. The degree of stomatocytosis varies, depending on the cell morphology when the nutrients and reducing agent are added. DTT has minimal effect on the shape of normal discocytes, but in its presence, mildly echinocytic cells become slightly cupped and advanced-stage echinocytes become severely stomatocytic. DTT must be present continuously for development and retention of stomatocytosis; echinocytes preincubated with or metabolically depleted in DTT do not become stomatocytic when supplemented in the absence of DTT, and DTT-induced stomatocytes revert to discocytes when the reducing agent is removed. DTT has no effect on adenosine triphosphate synthesis or equilibrium cell glutathione levels, and the induced stomatocytosis is not inhibited by excluding oxygen from cells during depletion. Spectrin phosphorylation and phosphate turnover are not affected by DTT. The echinocyte-to-discocyte transformation coincides with phosphorylation of membrane inner monolayer lipids (diacylglycerol to phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylinositol to phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate). Overphosphorylation of these phospholipids is not responsible for the exaggerated shape recovery seen with reducing agents; phosphorylation of inner monolayer lipids proceeds identically in the presence and absence of DTT.

Rheological consequences of osmotic red cell crenation.

The rise in blood viscosity at very low shear rates is based upon the formation of a three dimensional cell structure build-up by red cell rouleaux. Osmotic red cell crenation abolishes rouleaux formation and the secondary formation of larger red cell aggregates. Consequently, in suspensions of crenated red cells in plasma the viscosity at low shear rates is reduced. On the other side, however, the viscosity at high shear rates is increased. The latter phenomenon is caused by a reduced viscous deformability of osmotically shrunken red cells, as is shown by a marked increase in packed cell viscosity (99% hematocrit). These results suggest that the anomalous viscosity of blood is determined by at least two factors, red cell aggregation and red cell deformation.

Effects of Angiocardiographic Injections on Blood Viscosity

THE RESULTS of a number of recent studies (1–5) indicate that modern angiographic contrast media may be employed with safety provided certain criteria of dosage and patient selection are observed. Their rapid and widespread clinical acceptance has fortified this opinion. It is not surprising, however, that serious complications continue to arise as a result of both the greater application of these agents in relatively poor-risk patients and the ever-present temptation to improve radiographic clarity by increasing the volume or rapidity of injection. While some of the reactions can be explained on the basis of sensitization, this mechanism does not appear to account for the majority of cardiovascular catastrophes which have occurred. Within the last few years emphasis has been focused on the marked hemodynamic effects which these severely hypertonic and viscid angiographic media produce, apparently a result of red cell crenation and agglutination (6–10). In a recent study involving the in vitro measurement...

CRENATED RED CELLS IN CSF-Reply

To the Editor : I have read the letter from Dr. Abler and have no comments. The postulated antisphering factor in serum is most interesting, but as far as we can tell is just speculative. Regardless of the interpretation of the observations of crenation of red cells in spinal fluid, the prime point remains, as you have said many times, that crenated red cells found on spinal fluid examination have no meaning regarding subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Intravascular hemolysis in dogs induced by Echis coloratus venom.

Intravenous administration of Echis coloratus venom to the dog causes defibrination, thrombocytopenia and intravascular hemolysis, associated with hydrolysis of plasma lecithin, red cell crenation and spherocytosis. Inoculation with phospholipase A—containing boiled venom, which is devoid of procoagulant, causes hydrolysis of plasma lecithin, attachment of lysolecithin to the circulating red blood cell, crenation and spherocytosis, but no, or little, intravascular hemolysis.

Red cell crenation and the renal hemodynamic effect of mannitol.

Red cell crenation and the renal hemodynamic effect of mannitol.

Effects of angiocardiographic injections on blood viscosity.

THE RESULTS of a number of recent studies (1–5) indicate that modern angiographic contrast media may be employed with safety provided certain criteria of dosage and patient selection are observed. Their rapid and widespread clinical acceptance has fortified this opinion. It is not surprising, however, that serious complications continue to arise as a result of both the greater application of these agents in relatively poor-risk patients and the ever-present temptation to improve radiographic clarity by increasing the volume or rapidity of injection. While some of the reactions can be explained on the basis of sensitization, this mechanism does not appear to account for the majority of cardiovascular catastrophes which have occurred. Within the last few years emphasis has been focused on the marked hemodynamic effects which these severely hypertonic and viscid angiographic media produce, apparently a result of red cell crenation and agglutination (6–10). In a recent study involving the in vitro measurement...

The Red Cell Factor in Renal Damage From Angiographic Media

AORTOGRAPHY is a remarkably innocuous procedure considering that at least 30 gm of an organic salt containing 50% to 70% iodine is introduced into the circulation within a period of two to three seconds. However, complications have been reported and the kidney appears to be the most vulnerable organ.¹Extensive investigations have been carried out to determine the mechanisms responsible for the toxicity of radiopaque materials. Previous work^2-4from this laboratory has emphasized the role of red cell crenation and aggregation with a resulting increase in blood viscosity. These changes may lead to thromboembolism and ischemia. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether renal damage arising from angiographic media represents a direct toxic effect on the parenchyma⁵or is, as has been demonstrated for concentrated saline,⁶a secondary phenomenon related to changes induced in the renal circulation. <h3>Methods</h3> The experimental preparation used in