Red Betel Research Articles

GARGLING WITH RED BELT LEAF BOILING (PIPER CROCATUM) ON SALIVA pH IN STUDENTS SMP NEGERI 4 PINELENG MINAHASA DISTRICT

Abnormalities in the mouth or dental and oral diseases that occur in a person are usually caused by several factors. The intra-oral and extra-oral environment greatly influences a person's dental and oral health. To maintain healthy teeth and mouth, it is necessary to control saliva, because saliva or saliva in the mouth plays an active role in supporting healthy teeth and mouth. If there is a decrease in saliva pH, it can cause rapid demineralization of tooth elements, while an increase in pH can result in bacterial colonization which deposits and increases the formation of tartar. One way to control the pH of saliva is to gargle with boiled red betel leaves, because they contain compounds that are antibacterial. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of gargling with boiled red betel leaves (piper crocatum) on saliva pH in students at SMP Negeri 4 Pineleng, Minahasa Regency. This research uses a quasi-experimental method with a one group pre and post-test design. This research was carried out by giving treatment to respondents and measuring the pH of saliva before and after gargling with boiled red betel leaves. The sample in this study was 72 students, using random sampling techniques. Data collection was obtained from the results of salivary pH measurements using universal pH test paper with criteria 0-14, the concentration of red betel leaves used in this study was 15%. The data obtained were analyzed using the Wilcoxon test. Based on the results of the Wilcoxon test, it was found that ? value=0.027 (0.027<0.05), so it can be concluded that gargling with boiled red betel leaves is effective in changing saliva pH.

Benefits of Betel Leaves as a Medicine for Postpartum Perineal Wounds

Indonesia is a country rich in natural materials for human health. One of them is red betel. This research was conducted to formulate red betel as a medicine for perineal wounds in mothers after childbirth. Making wound medicine by boiling. Boil 4-5 sheets or 9-11 grams (Piper Crocatum) that have been washed thoroughly, put 500 ml of water into a pot made of clay so as not to damage the substance content of red betel leaf (Piper Crocatum). Wait for it to boil for 15 minutes. Let the boiled water cool for 30 minutes, then strain the water and put the filtered result in the sterile bottle that has been provided. After that, respondents will use boiled water with red betel leaves (Piper Crocatum) after taking a shower in the morning and also in the afternoon. After finishing, the respondent will dry his female intimate organs with a towel until dry. Rinse the boiled water of red betel leaves (Piper Crocatum) once a scoop is given as much as 200 ml for one use.

Comparison of binahong <em>(Anredera cordifolia) (Ten. Steenis)</em> and red betel <em>(Piper crocatum)</em> leaves ointment formulations toward length of laceration and bleeding time in rats

Laceration is a condition in which the structure of body tissue is damaged as a result of the body being slashed by sharp objects such as knives, razors, or cutters. One plant that can be applied to laceration is binahong leaves (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) steenis and red betel (Piper crocatum). This plant contains a variety of active compounds, including alkaloids, saponins, and flavonoids. This present study aims to determine the effectiveness comparsion of the formulation and the difference in optimal concentrations of binahong and red betel leaf extract ointment formulation for incision healing with concentrations of 7%, 15%, and 30%. Here, Wistar rats incision were compared with ointment extract. To assesses the healing process with length of laceration and bleeding time. Incision demonstrated the elevated length of laceration and bleeding time. In contrast, animals received ointment extract demonstrated better for length of laceration and reduced the bleeding time. Taken the ointment extract, our results suggest ointment extract binahong and red betel leaves exhibit antioxidant and increase the collagen activity which may contribute to the heal of incision.

Efektivitas Rebus Daun Sirih Merah dan Konsumsi Telur Ayam Rebus terhadap Luka Perineum pada Ibu Postpartum di PMB S Kabupaten Pandeglang Tahun 2024

Poor care of perineal wounds can cause infection which will slow down the healing process of perineal wounds. Efforts to prevent perineal wound infections can be provided with pharmacological therapy and non-pharmacological therapy. To provide midwifery care and determine the effectiveness of boiling red betel leaves and consuming boiled chicken eggs on perineal wounds in postpartum mothers. The research used is descriptive qualitative research. The target of the activity was 2 postpartum mothers who had perineal wounds who were given intervention 1 by giving boiled red betel leaves, and intervention 2 by giving boiled chicken eggs for 5 days. From the research results, it was found that postpartum mothers who experienced perineal wounds before and after being given intervention experienced accelerated healing of perineal wounds on the 4th day. There is an effect of boiled red betel leaves and boiled chicken eggs on accelerating the healing of perineal wounds in postpartum mothers. For postpartum mothers, consume boiled chicken eggs and red betel leaves to speed up the healing of perineal wounds.

Total Phenolics, Flavonoids, and ɑ-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity of Red Betel (Piper crocatum) Extract in Various Solvents

Alpha-glucosidase enzyme activity needs to be inhibited to avoid increasing blood sugar levels in diabetics. Red betel leaf extract is reported to have active compounds such as phenolics and flavonoids that have alpha-glucosidase enzyme inhibition activity. Previous research showed that 70% betel leaf extract has an ɑ-glucosidase enzyme inhibition activity of 69.84%, but it is not yet known how the effect of extracts with different levels of polarity on the inhibition activity of alpha-glucosidase enzyme. This study aimed to determine extracts that have optimal levels of phenolic and flavonoid content and the highest suppression of α-glucosidase activity. The multistage maceration method was used to extract red betel leaf simplicia using solvents with different levels of polarity (n-hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol). Tests were conducted on overall phenolic concentration, flavonoids, and ɑ-glucosidase inhibition ability. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA test with Tukey's further test (p<0.05). The results of the assessment of phenolic concentration, flavonoids, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity as a whole showed statistically significant differences (p<0.05) in all extracts with the highest total phenolic and flavonoid content found in the n-hexane extract of 25.68 ± 0.29 mg GAE/g and 65.84 ± 0.96 mg QE/g respectively. Meanwhile, methanol extract of red betel leaf became the best extract in this study with the greatest inhibition among all extracts with a percent α-glucosidase inhibition value of 43.87 ± 1.83%.

Chemical, physical, and antibacterial properties of alginate-based edible film with red betel leaf extract

Edible films are biodegradable and environmentally friendly, making them ideal for food packaging; however, they often exhibit low water resistance and poor water vapor barrier properties. This study aims to enhance alginate-based edible films by incorporating ethanol extract from red betel leaves known for their antibacterial properties. The effects of red betel leaf extract on the chemical, physical, and mechanical properties of these films were evaluated, in addition to their antibacterial activity. Concentrations of the extract tested were 0%, 10%, 12.5%, and 15%. The films were assessed for various properties, including moisture content, water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), water solubility, colour, opacity, thickness, tensile strength, and elongation at break. The antibacterial efficacy was tested against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enterica, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to analyze the impact of the extract on film surface morphology. Adding red betel leaf extract significantly impacted the thickness, WVTR, moisture content, water solubility, colour, and opacity of the films. Notably, incorporating the red betel leaf extract improved the WVTR and water solubility, with the 12.5% concentration showing the greatest antibacterial effectiveness.

The Efficacy of Educational Videos on Perineal Wound Care Using Red Betel Extract Salve in Enhancing the Knowledge and Attitudes of Postpartum Mothers for Improved Healing

The Efficacy of Educational Videos on Perineal Wound Care Using Red Betel Extract Salve in Enhancing the Knowledge and Attitudes of Postpartum Mothers for Improved Healing

FORMULATION OF RED BETEL LEAF EXTRACT LOTION (Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav) AS SUNSCREEN

Betel leaf is a natural ingredient that people use as a traditional medicine. One of the ingredients found in red betel leaves is a phenolic compound in the form of flavonoids, a photoprotective substance that can be used as protection from UV radiation. Sunscreen is a cosmetic preparation that can protect the skin from UV radiation and reduce the amount of radiation harmful to the skin. This study aimed to formulate a lotion preparation from red betel leaf extract that has activity as a sunscreen. Red betel leaf (Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav) was extracted using the maceration method. Preparation formulations were made with variations of red betel leaf ethanol extract in each formula, namely with concentrations of 0.04% (F1), 0.05% (F2), 0.06% (F3), and base control (F0). The activity of sunscreen lotion extract is based on the Sun Protection Factor (SPF) value using UV-VIS spectrophotometry at wavelengths of 290–320 nm using the Mansur equation. The results of the SPF value of the lotion are F1 of 13.48, F2 of 16.71, and F3 of 18.7. The evaluation of the lotion results obtained a light green lotion with M/A emulsion type that met the requirements, including homogeneity, pH, spreadability, viscosity, centrifugation test, and freeze and thaw test. Research results show that betel leaf extract lotion is physically stable and has a high SPF value, so it has the potential to be a sunscreen.

EFFECTIVENESS OF RED BETEL (PIPER CROCATUM) EXTRACT ON LEUCORRHEA IN WOMEN OF CHILDBEARING AGE

Introduction: Reproductive health problems exist in Asia; 76% of women experience vaginal discharge. Vaginal discharge symptoms are also experienced by women of childbearing age (around 31.8%). Women of childbearing age are more at risk of fluor albus, which can be a trigger for reproductive organ infections. One of the treatments is to use betel leaves, which contain natural antiseptics and antibiotics. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of red betel leaf extract (Piper crocatum) against leucorrhea in women of childbearing age. Method: This research method uses a quasi-experiment design with one pre-and post-test design technique group. The research was conducted at the Independent Midwife Practice in Bandung City. The population in the study were all women of childbearing age in Bandung City. The sample consisted of women of childbearing age, according to the inclusion criteria of 36 people. The data obtained were primary data from the measurement of vaginal pH with Neco test litmus paper. The data analysis used was the Wilcoxon test to test the difference in pH scores before and after the intervention. Result: The results showed a significant difference in the use of 0.5% red betel leaf extract in women of childbearing age before and after the intervention. Conclusion: Red betel leaf extract 0.5% is effective in reducing the incidence of leucorrhea. There is a decrease in vaginal pH before and after the use of red betel leaf extract 0.5% by 1.78 (p <0.05).

Synthesis and Characterization of Ethanolic Extract of Red Betel Leaf as an Antiseptic Gel

Synthesis and Characterization of Ethanolic Extract of Red Betel Leaf as an Antiseptic Gel

Larvicidal Activity of Red Betel Leaves (Piper ornatum) Ethanolic Extract Against Mosquito Larvae

Larvae are the initial carriers of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and culex, making them significant in disease transmission. Excessive chemical larvicides pose serious risks to human health, thus driving the development of biological alternatives like red betel leaf extract. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of red betel leaf extract in larval control. Using 300 larvae, concentrations of 5%, 6%, and 7% were tested with three replicates over 24 h. The bioassay involved placing the larvae into a plastic container filled with the extract. It was found that ethanol extract from Piper ornatum leaves contained alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, and terpenoids. After 24 h, results revealed 83% mortality at 5%, 98% at 6%, and 100% at 7% of extract concentration. Consequently, the 7% concentration showed the fastest efficacy in killing mosquito larvae (100% in 50 min). The LC50 value, representing the concentration at which 50% of larvae are killed, was determined to be 0.04%. Additionally, the LT50 value, indicating the time required to kill 50% of larvae (based on the LC50 value), was found to be 3.34 hours. In conclusion, red betel leaf extract demonstrated promising larvicidal activity against mosquito larvae. Future research is anticipated to prove its safety via in vitro and in vivo test.

Quantification of Total Phenol Concentration in Ethanol Extracts of Red and Black Betel Leaves Using UV-Vis Spectrophotometric Method

Red betel (Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav) and black betel leaves (Piper betle var. nigra) are plant varieties known for their medicinal properties. These plants have various contents including flavonoids, essential oils, tannins and polyphenols. The objective of this research is to ascertain the quantity of phenolic compounds present in ethanol extracts of red and black betel leaves. Determination of the levels of ethanol extracts of red and black betel leaves is done quantitatively by the folin-ciocalteu method. This method relies on the formation of a blue complex compound of of phosphomolybdat-phosphotungstat, generated by the reduction of phenolic compounds in an alkaline environment. The measurement is performed using uv-vis spectrophotometry. Gallic acid, derived from hydroxybenzoic acid and identified as a simple phenolic acid, is employed. This stable and pure polyphenolic compound is commonly found in almost all plants. Drawing conclusions from the study results, it can be affirmed that the average total phenol concentration of red betel was 31.87 GAE per gram extract and the average total phenol concentration of black betel leaves was 39.09 mg GAE per gram extract.

Anti-Infection of Oral Microorganisms from Herbal Medicine of Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav.

The WHO Global Status Report on Oral Health 2022 reveals that oral diseases caused by infection with oral pathogenic microorganisms affect nearly 3.5 billion people worldwide. Oral health problems are caused by the presence of S. mutans, S. sanguinis, E. faecalis and C. albicans in the oral cavity. Synthetic anti-infective drugs have been widely used to treat oral infections, but have been reported to cause side effects and resistance. Various strategies have been implemented to overcome this problem. Synthetic anti-infective drugs have been widely used to treat oral infections, but they have been reported to cause side effects and resistance. Therefore, it is important to look for safe anti-infective alternatives. Ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological studies suggest that Red Betel leaf (Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav) could be a potential source of oral anti-infectives. This review aims to discuss the pathogenesis mechanism of several microorganisms that play an important role in causing health problems, the mechanism of action of synthetic oral anti-infective drugs in inhibiting microbial growth in the oral cavity, and the potential of red betel leaf (Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav) as an herbal oral anti-infective drug. This study emphasises the importance of researching natural components as an alternative treatment for oral infections that is more effective and can meet global needs.

Breast-Pren (Pain Relief) as a Natural Compress Innovation to Reduce Milk Damage in Breastfeeding Mothers

Based on research (Apriani, et al 2018), the most common breastfeeding problem is breast swelling due to breast milk dams that cause breast milk not to come out smoothly. Cold compresses are one solution to the problem. Indonesia is a region rich in natural resources. These natural resources are not only used for food, but can also be an alternative medicine. Red betel is a plant that has a pain-reducing effect. The content of cabbage leaves helps in increasing blood perfusion to the swelling area, dilates capillaries and acts as a counter barrier so as to reduce swelling and inflammation of the breast so that milk flows Based on the description above, the author makes a product innovation, namely "Breast-Pren" which is a compress containing aloe vera, red betel and cabbage ingredients which are good for reducing breast swelling due to breast milk dams in nursing mothers

Formulation and evaluation of antibacterial activity of hand sanitizers containing red betel (Piper crocatum) and white galangal (Alpinia galanga) extract

Background: The COVID-19 outbreak has changed how people live worldwide, making hand hygiene a must, whether it involves hand sanitizer (HS). The majority of HS are made of alcohol. Several side effects of alcohol are dryness and allergies. Alternative natural ingredients and HS are needed. Red betel (Piper crocatum) and white galangal (Alpinia galanga) are familiar and easy to be found. These two plants have the potential to be the composition of HS because of their compounds, such as antioxidants, antibiotics, antifungals, and antivirals. However, there is a need for further research on their formulation and effectiveness in germ-killing.Purpose: To formulate and identify the antibacterial activity of HS containing red betel and white galangal extract.Method: This research was an in vitro laboratory experiment with several steps, including extraction, specific and nonspecific tests, formulation, and antibacterial activity tests.Results: Red betel and white galangal leaves had been extracted at a concentration of 10% and formulated into HS. The HS containing 10% red betel extract produced an inhibition zone of 0 mm against E. coli and 1.05 mm against S. aureus, and the HS containing 10% White galangal extract produced an inhibition zone of 1.47 mm against E. coli and 1.40 mm against S. aureus.Conclusion: The formulation of HS containing 10% of white galangal extract is more effective than the HS containing 10% of Red betel extract.

Phytochemical Analysis of Red Betel (Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav) Stem Extracts and its Antioxidant and Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitory Potentials

Phytochemical Analysis of Red Betel (Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav) Stem Extracts and its Antioxidant and Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitory Potentials

In Vivo Uricosuric Effect of Red Betel Leaves (Piper crocatum RUIZ & PAV) Ethanol Extract

Hyperuricemia a condition where a person has high levels of uric acid in the blood. Red betel (Piper crocatum RUIZ & PAV) is a plant empirically used to reduce uric acid levels. This study aimed to determine the effective dose of red betel plant in reducing urinary uric acid levels in male Wistar rats with hyperuricemia. Hyperuricemia condition was obtained by giving chicken liver juice 25 mL/kg orally and potassium oxonate 250 mg/kg intraperitoneally. Red betel extract (RBE) is made by maceration using 50% ethanol. Male Wistar rats were divided into five groups: negative control (CMC-Na 0.5%), Positive control (Probenecid 4, 5 mg/kg), and extract at doses 11.5, 23 and 46 mg/kg. The results showed that the RBE increased uric acid secretion through urine (uricosuric) compared to controls. The optimal dose for the uricosuric effect of the extract is 46 mg/kg, although this effect is lower than probenecid. Keywords: Red betel, uric acid, potassium oxonate, uricosuric

Formulation and Determination of Tannin and Flavonoid Levels of Anti-Acne Gel Formulation from Red Betel Leaf Extract (Piper crocatum)

Acne is a common skin condition that often occurs among teenagers and adults aged 18-23 years. Acne can be triggered by several factors, genetic, psychological, weather, stress, cosmetics, and bacterial infections. In addressing the problem of acne, a good dosage form to use is a gel preparation. Acne skin care by utilizing natural ingredients, one of which is red betel leaf. Red betel leaf contains phytochemical compounds, namely tannins and flavonoids, which function as antibacterial agents. The formulation of anti-acne gel is designed by varying the concentration extract, F0 (0%), F1 (10%), F2 (15%), and F3 (20%), with the aim of determining the best anti-acne gel formulation. Red betel leaf extract is tested for tannin and flavonoid levels using the UV-Vis Spectrophotometer test method. The gel preparation is examined, including organoleptic testing, pH testing, homogeneity testing, and spreading testing. The research results show that red betel leaf extract has a tannin content of 4.7056% and a flavonoid content of 0.0934%. The results of the anti-acne gel preparation study meet the requirements for organoleptic properties, pH, homogeneity, and spreading. Based on the results of various concentrations of extract, satisfactory results are obtained, with formulations F2 and F3 meeting the requirements.Acne; Gel; Extract; Piper crocatum

The Effect Of Giving Boiled Water Of Red Betel Leaves On Fluor Albus Symptoms In Aged Women Fertile

Pendahuluan: Keputihan masih menjadi masalah yang dialami sebagian besar wanita di Insonesia. Sebanyak 90% wanita di Indonesia mengalami keputihan dan sebanyak 60% dialami oleh wanita usia subur. Sedangkan berdasarkan dari Poli kebidanan RSUD Jend. Ahmad Yani Kota Metro tahun 2015 terdapat 63 kasus keputihan, 65,1% kasus diantaranya terjadi pada wanita usia subur. Berdasarkan survey yang dilakukan, pada tahun 2021 terdapat 69 kasus keputihan di PMB wilayah Puskesmas Ganjar Agung, diantaranya 73,9% dialami oleh wanita usia subur. Sedangkan pada tahun 2022 terdapat peningkatan WUS yang mengalami keputihan yaitu sebanyak 73 kasus dan 89% keputihan dialami oleh wanita usia subur. Salah satu intervensi yang dapat diberikan oleh wanita yang mengalami keputihan adalah pemberian air rebusan daun sirih merah yang bermanfaat untuk mengurangi keputihan pada wanita usia subur.Tujuan: Mengetahui pengaruh air rebusan daun sirih merah terhadap penurunan keputihan pada wanita usia subur.Metode: Jenis penelitian ini kuantitatif, mengunakan pendekatan one- group pra-post test design. Pelaksanaan pada bulan Februari sampai Juli 2023 di PMB Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Ganjar Agung. Penelitian ini mrnggunakan data primer dan sekunder dengan jumlah sampel 30 orang wanita usia subur. Teknik sampling mengunakan purposive sampling. Variabel independent yaitu daun sirih merah dan variabel dependent yaitu penurunan gejala keputihan. Instrumen penelitian mengunakan SOP, lembar observasi dan kertas lakmus. Analisis data secara univariat dan barivat uji-t (Wilcoxon).Hasil: Didapatkan rata-rata skor keputihan sebelum diberikan intervensi adalah 6,83 sedangkan rata-rata skor setelah diberikan intervensi adalah 3,80. Dimana 30 responden (100%) mengalami penurunan gejala keputihan. Hasil uji statistik p value = 0,000 dimana p value < 0,05 berati H0 ditolak dan H1 diterima, yang berarti ada pengaruh air rebusan daun sirih merah terhadap penurunan keputihan.Kesimpulan: Air rebusan daun sirih merah terbukti menurunkan keputihan yang dialami oleh wanita usia subur. Penelitian ini dapat diberikan air rebusan daun sirih merah pada pasien yang mengalami keputihan. Kata Kunci : Daun Sirih Merah, Keputihan, Wanita Usia Subur ABSTRACT Background :Fluor albus is still a problem experienced by most women in Indonesia. As many as 90% of women in Indonesia experience fluor albus and as much as 60% are experienced by women of childbearing age. Whereas based on the General Hospital Jend Obstetric Poly. Ahmad Yani Metro City in 2015 there were 63 cases of vaginal discharge, 65.1% of cases which occurred in women of childbearing age. Based on a survey conducted, in 2021 there were 69 cases of fluor albus in the PMB of the Great Health Center region, of which 73.9% were experienced by women of childbearing age. Whereas in 2022 there was an increase in WUS that experienced fluor albus, which was as many as 73 cases and 89% of vaginal discharge was experienced by women of childbearing age..Purpose: To determine the effect ofof red betel leaf stew water on decreased fluor albus symptoms in women of childbearing age.Methods:This type of research is quantitative, leaving a one-group pre-post test design approach. Implementation in February to July 2023 in the PMB of the Great Ganjar Agung Puskesmas Work Area. This study uses primary and secondary data with a sample of 30 women of childbearing age. Sampling technique leaves purposive sampling. The independent variable is the red betel leaf and the dependent variable is a decrease in fluor albus symptoms. Research instruments turn on SOP, observation sheets and litmus papers. Univariate data analysis and t-test barivates (Wilcoxon).Results:Getting an average of fluor albus scores before being intervened was 6.83 while the average score after being intervened was 3.80. Where 30 respondents (100%) experienced a decrease in fluor albus symptoms. Statistical test results p value = 0.000 where p value < 0.05 with H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted, which means that red betel leaf has an effect in fluor albus.Conclusion: red betel leaves have an effect in fluor albus. It is hoped that they can use non-pharmacological therapies such as red betel leaves to treat fluor albus as a complement to pharmacological therapy. Keywords: Red Betel Leaf, Fluor Albus, Female Age Fertile

Secondary Metabolite Profile in Mature and Old Leaves of Four Piper Species: Forest Betel (Piper aduncum L.), Red Betel (Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav.), Javanese Chili Betel (Piper retrofractum Vahl.), and Green Betel (Piper betle L.)

Piper species is a potential medicinal plant, empirically known for its effectiveness in curing various diseases, particularly in Indonesia. Therefore, this research aimed to evaluate the similarities and differences in the profile of secondary metabolite compounds in mature and old leaves of four Piper species using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The analysis was also carried out to identify the specific compounds found in each species at different leaf development stages. Samples used were mature and old leaves from four species of Piper, namely forest betel (Piper aduncum L.) (PA), red betel (Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav.) (PC), Javanese chili betel (Piper retrofractum Vahl.) (PR), and green betel (Piper betle L.) (PB). Subsequently, samples were extracted using ethanol solvent and secondary metabolite profile was detected through GC-MS. A total of 40 secondary metabolite compounds were found in mature and old leaves of four species. The results showed that alkaloid content contributed 25% of the total compounds detected, while fatty acids yielded the largest portion (27.5%). Based on PCA score plot analysis, a significant grouping of secondary metabolite compounds was observed in all species, where PC was categorized separately on the right, and the other species were on the left. Several specific compounds were also found only in one species and not in others. Similar to mature and old leaves, some compounds were discovered in one of the developmental phases. Dillapiole and hexadecane were only found in PA, both in mature and old leaves; germacrene A, eugenol, and chavicol were found in mature and old leaves of PB, but beta-selinene, delta-guaiene, and linolelaidic acid were only found in mature leaves. In PC, there were specific compounds namely benzofuran, myrcene, and 1,6,10-dodecatrien that were found in mature and old leaves. Besides that, trans-ocimene and alpha-bisabolol were only found in old leaves of PC. In PR, only tetracosane was found in mature leaves, while piperidine, octanodecanoic acid, and benzylmalonic acid were found in old leaves.