Recycling Of Products Research Articles

Analysis of Green Consumer Behavior on Purchasing Waste Recycling Products Reviewed from Environmental Knowledges, Recycle Behavior, and Government Regulations

Indonesia is the second largest producer of waste after China with an estimated 0.48-1.29 million metric tons per year. Based on data from the Environment, Hygiene and Landscaping Agency (DLHKP), as of 2022 the Klotok Final Management Site (TPA) receives as much as 140 tons of waste per day, the waste is included in organic waste and inorganic waste. Meanwhile, inefficient waste handling can cause water quality in an area to be very poor and contain toxic waste and garbage that is allowed to accumulate can cause flooding and endanger public health. One of the community organizations that cares about waste processing is the Melati Waste Bank in Kediri City. The Melati Waste Bank is productive in carrying out activities to reduce waste in Kediri City, this is evidenced by the process of sorting waste, processing sorted waste, then distribute the product into the society. Unfortunately the efforts are under the expectations of the management and volunteers of the Melati Waste Bank are due to lack of interest in purchasing waste recycling products. This research uses qualitative methods using triangulation techniques where research is carried out by interviews. So as to obtain the results that consumer behavior in purchasing waste recycling products is based on environmental knowledges, recycle behavior and government regulations related to restrictions on the use of single-use plastics.

Integrated multi-product reverse supply chain design and disassembly line balancing under uncertainty

End-of-life (EOL) product recycling has received increasing attention because of potential environmental, social and economic benefits. A well-designed reverse supply chain (RSC) can efficiently handle EOL products. As the critical activity in the RSC, the disassembly process decomposes collected EOL products into components to fulfill the demands of remanufacturing plants. Efficiently coordinating RSC design and disassembly line balancing decisions may improve the whole system performance significantly, especially when facing multiple EOL products and uncertainty. This paper investigates a novel integrated RSC design and disassembly line balancing problem to handle multiple EOL products where the supply of EOL products, the demand for components, and task times in disassembly are stochastic. This complex problem needs to jointly determine the number and locations of disassembly plants, disassembly equipment procurement, disassembly line balancing, and inventory levels of both EOL products collected and components dismantled. The objectives are to maximize the expected profit and minimize the carbon emissions simultaneously. For the problem, a bi-objective two-stage stochastic programming model is formulated and an exact ɛ-constrained method is proposed, transforming the bi-objective problem into a series of single-objective problems. Especially, an improved Benders decomposition approach is developed to solve each single-objective problem efficiently. Numerical experiments comprising an illustrative case and 200 random instances are conducted to evaluate the performance of proposed methods. Moreover, some managerial insights are drawn.

Pemberdayaan Pemulung Melalui Pengembangan Produk Daur Ulang dalam Meningkatkan Kemandirian Usaha dan Kesejahteraannya

One of the impacts of population growth is the increase in the amount of waste produced by humans. The majority of household waste is simply thrown away and ends up in integrated waste disposal sites (TPST). One of the largest TPSTs in Indonesia is the Bantar Gebang Bekasi TPST with a land area of 110.3 hectares. This TPST is the final disposal site for waste originating from DKI Jakarta, Bekasi City and Bekasi Regency. Every day, 11,200 tons of household waste is thrown into the Bantar Gebang TPST. The rubbish was piled up into mountains. Waste that still has sales value, such as plastic waste, used tires and metal, is picked up by scavengers. The aim of this PkM activity is to improve the welfare of scavengers through developing waste recycling product businesses and increasing business independence. The implementation method used is training carried out several times. The results of implementing PkM show that scavengers who were given training experienced an increase in income. The increase in income comes from the sale of recycled waste products that they process. Sales are carried out via e-commerce so the scope of sales is very wide. Increasing the income of scavengers has an impact on improving their welfare.

Optimizing closed-loop supply chain design with multi-objective demand fulfillment in a fuzzy environment using novel metaheuristic algorithm

Establishing a closed-loop system that could facilitate the reusing, renovation, and recycling of the various garbage products generated by this business could prove significant value to the particular business chains involved. A system of shipping that is mindful of the surroundings and takes accountability regarding all the relevant money, sustainable, and societal concerns. The sustainability Closed-Loop Supply-Chain Networks (CLSCN) architecture and the marketplace are brought together in the present article, which serves as the study’s primary part in the body of knowledge. As a result, an optimization with multiple objectives paradigm has been offered to arrive at their choices regarding position, allocations, and stock in relation to the challenge under consideration. The goals of the optimized model, derived from the triple bottom line strategy, are aimed at lowering overall expenditure and emissions of CO2 as much as possible while increasing the number of employment possibilities. In this study, we have proposed Hybrid electromagnetism with a genetic algorithm (HEGA) and compare our proposal with the existing methods. The obtained results show that the proposed model integrated with HEGA gives significant improvements with significant outcomes in terms of sensitivity (97%), specificity (95%), transportation cost (30%), and computational time (5.3s). This knowledge serves as a driving force behind the development of CLSN in the sector to establish a viable and affordable approach.

Assessment of Knowledge, Perceptions, and Practices Toward Climate Change and it’s Effects on Health Among University Students in Jalalabd, Afghanistan

Climate change (CC) is a complex global environmental challenge that has a worldwide effect on public health, development, agriculture, water supplies, and energy production. In addition to international efforts, youth engagement is vital to environmental conservation and climate action support. Therefore, the study aimed to assess knowledge, perceptions, and practices toward CC and its effects on health among university students in Jalalabd, Afghanistan. A cross-sectional online survey was conducted on 471 public and private university students in Jalalabad, Afghanistan, from September 2023 to December 2023. A non-probability-convenient sampling technique was used to select study participants. The data were analyzed using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 28. In this study, a total of 471 students were enrolled. 87.3% were male and 12.7% were female. Majority of them (95.5%) had heard of CC and believed that it affected their communities. The main sources of information about CC were television and radio (77.5%). Water-borne diseases, disruption of health services, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, malnutrition, vector-borne disease, were identified by students as CC related health impacts. Among the students, (72.8%) had adequate knowledge, and (27.2%) were having inadequate knowledge regarding CC and its effects on health. Raising public awareness, adopting environmentally friendly technologies, increasing tree planting, and proper waste disposal were mentioned by over 90% of the students as ways to reduce CC. Most common eco-friendly practices among the students were using recyclable products (77.2%), using public transportation (77.1%), and using energy-efficient lightbulbs (75.2%). There was a significant association between the students’ knowledge and their practices. In addition, university type, academic year level, and information sources were significantly related to their knowledge. The study concluded that the majority of the participants were aware of CC and agreed that CC is a serious problem, but they had inadequate practices compared to their knowledge. It is crucial to translate students' knowledge into deliberate practices. In order to implement eco-friendly practices, students must be inspired to care for the environment through various activities on important environmental days, like world environment day.

Research on the Resource Treatment and Comprehensive Utilization of Carbon Containing Wastes Using Pyrolysis–Gasification Two-Stage Recycling

Carbon containing waste has a certain calorific value and utilization value due to the presence of carbon elements. However, the current treatment methods are mostly traditional landfill disposal, incineration, or expensive physical and chemical reaction methods, which clearly do not comply with the rules of the current clean and resource-saving society. In this paper, a new technology and system for carbon containing wastes is proposed, which comprehensively treats and recycles carbon containing wastes, including solid waste, wastewater, waste gas, etc., using pyrolysis–gasification two-stage-cycle technology. The calculation results indicate that the technical scheme proposed in this article is feasible and can achieve the recycling of intermediate and final products, the efficient and clean utilization of carbon containing waste, and the graded utilization of energy. The clean utilization rate of carbon containing waste can be effectively improved, the energy consumption and cost of separate treatments can be reduced, and zero waste emissions can be completely achieved by the comprehensive pyrolysis–gasification two-stage-cycle treatment and resource utilization technology, which is one of the preferred solutions for future resource-saving societies.

Feasibility of wood as a renewable carbon feedstock for the production of chemicals in Europe

AbstractIn transitioning to a carbon‐neutral chemical industry, the intake of fossil feedstocks will have to be reduced by maximizing end‐of‐life product recycling and introducing alternative feedstocks based on renewable carbon. This perspective article analyses the potential of domestically grown and sourced woody biomass for the supply of renewable carbon for chemicals in Europe. The European chemical industry can become a major consumer of woody biomass in a context where burning wood for energy production is viewed as an unsustainable practice.

Stakeholders’ role towards circular economy implementation: a scientometric review

Purpose This study aims to identify in literature the role of construction stakeholders in the implementation of circular economy (CE) in the construction industry (CI). This study also sought to identify the status quo and research trend, “hot themes”, areas requiring more research and future research direction of stakeholders’ role in CE implementation in the CI. Design/methodology/approach A literature search was conducted using the Scopus search engine, augmented by Google Scholar to produce 50 relevant articles for the identification of stakeholders’ roles using content analysis. The scientometric study was undertaken using VOSviewer on 42 articles obtained from Scopus search to identify the status quo, “hot themes”, knowledge gaps and future research direction of the role of stakeholders in CE implementation. Findings Through content analysis, the identified roles of government as a stakeholder are to develop efficient policy instruments, legislation support and financial investment in research and development activities that will promote the smooth implementation of CE. The role of academia/research is to engage in research aimed at investigating both the short-term behaviour and the durability of recycled materials and products. In addition, the roles of professionals in the consultant/design/procurement team are to design with life cycle assessment and reused materials, design for deconstruction and disassembly, etc. The role of the user/consumer is to ensure knowledge diffusion and awareness exchange that recognize the available opportunities for long-term material usage (including repair, reuse, refurbishment and recycling). The research status quo identified from the scientometric analysis include how stakeholders can come up with innovative ways in demolition that will ensure that more of the materials can be reused. Stakeholders should focus on enacting policies and laws that can promote the use of recycled materials in buildings, etc. Research that focuses on how to engage the various construction stakeholders to come up with specific public policy that will promote CE implementation, identifying the specific roles to be played by stakeholders during policy enactment as well as managing the environment, laws and legislations towards CE implementation. The role of stakeholders in the extension of the life span of projects, the use of strategies to minimize waste generation and standardization of building materials, components and connectors with the purpose of simplifying disassembly are the research gaps and areas for future research studies. Some of the research “hot themes” include “circular business models in the CI”, “environmental sustainability policy implementation”, “environmental, economic and social sustainability”, “policy, laws and legislations on waste management” and “environmental and industrial economics” towards CE implementation. Practical implications The findings from this study serve as a valuable reference for construction stakeholders to assess their specific roles as stakeholders and to identify the status quo and research trend, “hot themes”, areas requiring more research and future research directions on stakeholders’ roles in CE implementation in the CI. Originality/value Identifying the role of stakeholders for CE implementation is one bold step towards the achievement of CE implementation in the CI.

Analysis of different polypropylene waste bales: Evaluation of the source material for PP recycling.

The use of the polypropylene (PP) recyclates in certain processing methods and applications is still limited by their quality. The high melt flow rate (MFR) and the inconsistent properties of recyclates are common obstacles to their use. Therefore, this work aims to identify possible reasons for the low and inconsistent quality of PP recyclates depending on the source material in PP waste bales. The levels of polymeric and non-polymeric contaminants were assessed. As mixing of different PP grades is an issue for the MFR, the proportions of the different processing grades were also investigated and the potential of sorting by processing method to produce lower MFR recyclates was assessed. The analysis showed that the waste bales, although pre-sorted, still contained high amounts of contaminants. Injection moulding was found to be the predominant processing method in the bales, explaining the high MFR of PP recyclates. However, a sufficiently high amount of low MFR products was found in the bales, which seems promising for the production of low MFR recyclates. Seasonal variations in the composition of the waste bales were identified as one of the reasons for the inconsistent qualities of recyclates. These results highlight the importance of proper sorting and treatment of PP waste bales prior to reprocessing in order to obtain high-quality recycled products.

Sustainability challenges of clean-energy critical minerals: copper and rare earths

The transition to a clean-energy economy in an effort to mitigate climate change has brought a need for intense mining exploration of a critical class of minerals, previously mined and used at a fraction of what is required today and for the upcoming decades. For some common metals, such as copper, major deficits are forecasted for 2030, and for some less common ones, such as rare earths, mined quantities have recently increased 32 times relative to those in the mid-1950s and are expected to increase sevenfold from current levels by 2040. This situation is expected to become more severe given the long time span needed for exploration of new sites, the declining ore grade of existing mines, the geographical distribution of these minerals and the environmental degradation caused by mining and mineral processing activities. It becomes, hence, critical to improve existing mining operations vastly, reduce waste volumes and fresh water use, reduce environmental impacts and recover increased quantities of minerals from mine tailings, as well as from the recycling of post-production products. This paper focuses on copper and rare earths to expound on their exploitation issues, their processes, the sustainable utilisation of mineral waste and tailings and their recovery from end-of-life consumer and industrial items.

Network data envelopment analysis for carbon emission abatement allocation in a recycling production system

Network data envelopment analysis for carbon emission abatement allocation in a recycling production system

Eurocode 2 design of recycled aggregate concrete elements under compression: Evaluation through model uncertainties from tests on columns

AbstractRecycled aggregate concrete contributes to the recovery of construction and demolition waste, which is a growing societal concern. The technical feasibility of recycled aggregate concrete has been extensively tested and validated and the revisions of codes are already including clauses for recycled aggregate concrete specification and design. However, there are still doubts regarding its structural behavior. This article assesses the suitability of Eurocode 2 design clauses for concrete elements under compression when used for recycled aggregate concrete design. This is done through the analysis of model uncertainties that are estimated from a database collected from laboratory experiments on columns. Both the current version of Eurocode 2 (with and without taking confinement into account) and the upcoming (second generation) Eurocode 2 are considered. A database was collected with clearly defined criteria and includes coarse recycled aggregates produced from concrete waste, since columns made with other types of recycled aggregates are scarcely tested and do not represent the current status for structural recycled aggregate concrete design and production. The statistics of the model uncertainty for natural and recycled concrete columns were compared and it was observed that the mean model uncertainty tends to decrease slightly when recycled aggregates are used. However, a preliminary assessment of whether a partial factor for recycled aggregate concrete compression design should be used concluded that this partial factor is not necessary to ensure reliable design and the design of columns may be carried out using the same formulae used for conventional concrete. The format proposed may be used for other resistance models, provided that the partial factor is calibrated for each resistance model.

Training on the Use of Canva Application as a Promotion Media for Recycled Products at Kebumen Gemilang Sejahtera Waste Bank

Berdasarkan observasi ke lokasi Bank Sampah KGS (Kebumen Gemilang Sejahtera) Palembang sebelumnya terdapat kelemahan yang dimiliki yaitu kurangnya keterampilan dalam melakukan promosi dan menciptakan materi konten untuk diunggah ke media sosial. Sehingga memutuskan untuk menggunakan pendekatan sosialisasi dan pelatihan untuk menyampaikan materi yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan keterampilan anggota Bank Sampah KGS dalam melakukan promosi melalui pembuatan konten yang efektif untuk media sosial, dengan menggunakan aplikasi Canva sebagai alat bantu. Aplikasi Canva telah dilengkapi berbagai fitur yang user friendly untuk para pengguna dalam media promosi. Pelaksanaan kegiatan pelatihan ini dilakukan dengan metode Project Based Learning (PBL) menjelaskan mengenai manfaat dari aplikasi Canva sebagai sarana pembuatan media promosi produk hasil daur ulang Bank Sampah KGS serta bagaimana cara menggunakan fitur-fitur yang ada di aplikasi canva. Selama kegiatan berlangsung para peserta pelatihan mengikuti dengan sangat antusias karena peserta pelatihan dapat mencoba mempraktekkan secara langsung dengan membuka website www.canva.com. Hasil dari kegiatan pengabdian ini menunjukkan tingkat keberhasilan yang sangat memuaskan dalam mentransfer ilmu dan pengetahuan dengan baik dan menyenangkan sehingga anggota Bank Sampah KGS mampu memahami dalam penerapan aplikasi Canva dalam promosi produk daur ulang yang dihasilkan oleh Bank Sampah KGS lebih interaktif dan inovatif.

Innovating Household Food Waste Management: A User-Centric Approach with AHP-TRIZ Integration.

Food waste management remains a paramount issue in the field of social innovation. While government-led public recycling measures are important, the untapped role of residents in food waste management at the household level also demands attention. This study aims to propose the design of a smart system that leverages sensors, mobile terminals, and cloud data services to facilitate food waste reduction. Unlike conventional solutions that rely on mechanical and biological technologies, the proposed system adopts a user-centric approach. By integrating the analytical hierarchy process and the theory of inventive problem solving, this study delves into users' actual needs and explores intelligent solutions that are alternatives to traditional approaches to address conflicts in the problem solving phase. The study identifies five main criteria for user demands and highlights user-preferred subcriteria. It determines two physical conflicts and two technical conflicts and explores corresponding information and communications technology (ICT)-related solutions. The tangible outcomes encompass a semi-automated recycling product, a mobile application, and a data centre, which are all designed to help residents navigate the challenges regarding food waste resource utilisation. This study provides an approach that considers users' genuine demands, empowering them to actively engage in and become practitioners of household food waste reduction. The findings serve as valuable references for similar smart home management systems, providing insights to guide future developments.

The environmental impacts of reusable rice packaging: An extended comparative life cycle assessment

Plastic packaging recycling has gained momentum as it can improve the circularity of this typical linear product. However, reuse ranks as a preferred strategy over recycling because product reuse can reduce material usage compared to product recycling and keeps material value higher for a longer time. Such reusable plastic packaging requires, besides a more robust product design, an additional return system. It is crucial to minimize the impact of this product system and ensure that reusable plastic packaging is not only more circular, but also more environmentally friendly than its single-use alternative. For this purpose, understanding the factors contributing to its environmental impact is key. In this paper, a new design of reusable packaging for two kilogram rice is compared with a conventional fully-optimized single-use packaging using a prospective extended life cycle assessment, including a circularity (using material flow analysis and specific circularity indicators, among which the Material Circularity Index), environmental impact (using a life cycle assessment with 16 midpoint indicators) and packaging-related food losses and waste assessment (using the food-to-packaging ratios). On average, the reusable rice packaging could be reused five times, due to losses at the distribution, use, and reuse preparation phase. While the reusable packaging scores better on the circularity indicators (a Material Circularity Index of 91 %, compared with 39 % for single-use packaging), its global warming and fossil resource depletion impact are respectively two and three times higher, considering a functional unit of one kilogram cooked rice to be consumed. The reusability and return rate, providing the retention of reusable packaging at the reuse preparation and use phase, respectively, were identified as the most determinative parameters by the sensitivity analysis. If these parameters could be optimized to a value of 99.75 %, corresponding to a total of 16 uses, the climate change impact of reusable packaging would be lower than its conventional single-use counterpart. The high food-to-packaging ratios (more than 18 for all impact categories) point to the importance of reducing food waste. If the packaging design could reduce food losses in the product system with 0.2 %, the reusable packaged rice would have a lower water use and mineral and metal resource use impact compared to the single-use packaged rice, despite the higher environmental impact of the reusable packaging unit itself. Therefore, this should be prioritized when further optimizing the reusable packaging design.

Balancing the Components of Biomass and the Reactivity of Pyrolysis Gas: Biomass-Assisted Recycling of Spent LiCoO2 Batteries.

Waste biomass is one of the promising feedstocks to supply syngas that can be used as fuels, chemicals, reductants, etc. However, the relationship between the component of biomass and the constituent of pyrolysis gas remains unclear. Here, we study the pyrolysis behaviors of various biomasses and reveal the relationship between the biomass components and gas compositions. Further, different pyrolysis gases are applied for the reduction of spent lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) below 500 °C. The pyrolysis gas with a higher concentration of CO has a higher reductivity to convert LiCoO2 to CoO and Li2CO3 with a conversion rate close to 100% in 1 h at 500 °C. The biomass rich in cellulose and with a lower content of lignin tends to produce pyrolysis gas with a high concentration of CO, which comes from the deliberate breakdown of carboxyl, carbonyl, ether, and ester linkages. Moreover, LiCoO2 exerts catalytic functions over the deoxygenation and enhancement of oxygenates and single-ring aromatics. Overall, this paper offers a tailored approach to regulating biomass pyrolysis gases, enabling highly efficient battery recycling and syngas production.

Buyers Perception in Routine Life about Green Marketing Concept

Green Marketing is the new concept for India from last decade as going on the implementation of environmental rights for the sake of people. Producers are showing as environmental friendly behavior at public platform. In buyer oriented society, demand is the weapon of consumer which can’t be easily neglect by the producer i.e. U.S.A., Japan, Canada etc. but it is very difficult in seller oriented society due to the conventional perception of producer. Sensitiveness of consumers can play a significant role to implement eco-friendly products concept in developing countries like us. Indian consumers have diversity in perception about product uses in routine life. So, that’s why, how much Indian consumers are aware about green products and degree of implementation of their perception in routine life is remain fact finding process in India. Green marketing includes all the activities which make safer environmental sustainability from seller and buyer both points of view. As a seller point of view, green marketing activities includes design and developing eco-friendly products, recyclable and biodegradable packaging, steps of technology improvement and waste management etc.. Buyers green marketing activities follow to demand of eco-friendly products, proper uses of products, contribution in product recycle process etc.. Green marketing comes under the preview of internal and external environment of the firm. In this research paper, the main emphasis has been made of consumers’ perception about green marketing and patter to follow their perception in ordinary life. Research paper aims to find out what actually Indian consumers view about ‘green’? Keywords: Green marketing, eco-friendly products, environmental marketing, ecological marketing, consumer behavior, sustainable development

Recycling belite cement clinker from post-demolition autoclaved aerated concrete – assessing a new process

Increasing post-demolition autoclaved aerated concrete (pd-AAC) waste is mainly landfilled due to its physical properties and lacking recycling processes. A promising technology is the production of recycled belite cement clinker, which can partially substitute Portland cement clinker. This paper presents experimental data of recycled belite cement clinker production from pd-AAC that has been successfully demonstrated on technology readiness level 4–5 and its associated lifecycle assessment. Different supply chains for pd-AAC and energy are examined. The closed-loop pd-AAC recycling via the belite route that aims for Portland cement clinker substitution shows significant potential savings in environmental impacts. These savings could reach 0.77 kg CO2-Eq/kg pd-AAC compared to the status quo (landfilling) by using renewable electricity, and 0.34 kg CO2-Eq/kg pd-AAC by using natural gas. The gained reduction of around 13.5 % is significant considering that it is the result of substituting only 15.5 % of the overall input material.

A Novel Model for Economic Recycle Quantity with Two-Level Piecewise Constant Demand and Shortages

This paper focuses on the production systems that may produce a proportion of recyclable defective products. The developed model is called an Economic Recycle Quantity (ERQ) model with the assumption of a full recovery of defective items. The defective parts are collected during the production-off time and can be used during the next production cycle of the same category. The demand rate of the non-defective items is a two-level piecewise factor—one during the production-run time and another during the production-off time. The developed model aims to optimize the total inventory cost, the order quantity, and the amount of recyclable defective items that represent the ERQ. The mathematical formulations of the model are deduced theoretically. The model was solved analytically, and the optimal results are illustrated. Sensitivity analysis is carried out to investigate the effect of varying system parameters and validate the proposed model. Results of the sensitivity analysis show that the consideration of defective part recycling reduces the total inventory cost where the raw material is reduced. The cost reduction is about 1%; of course, the environmental impact is more appreciated. Furthermore, the managerial implications are described, and the future perspectives are discussed.

White Paper on Textile Fibre Recycling Technologies

As both governments and customers push for sustainable and recyclable textile products, textile companies will have to change their linear business model to a circular one. The aim of the present work is to help these companies take action by providing an update of the state-of-the-art of textile recycling technologies. Extensive desktop research was performed in order to prepare an overview of existing textile recycling technologies, their current state, and projected developments, also including facilitating technologies for sorting and disintegration of textile products, as well as virtual platforms that connect stakeholders and inform consumers.