Recreational Load Research Articles

The influence of recreational load on the anti-erosion properties of the soils of park stands

Changes related to urban infrastructure directly affect the ecological environment, including soil properties. The purpose of this study is to investigate the anti-erosion and flow-regulating effect of park stands in complex terrain conditions of Kyiv. Forestry and tax indicators of plantings are established according to recognized tax methods. The upper layers of the soil were studied by determining the hardness, water permeability, density, and humidity on paths and in stands. Soil hardness in plantations increases from 9.1 ± 0.76-10.8 ± 1.01 kg/cm2 to 15.4 ± 0.25-30.8 ± 0.15 kg/cm2 , which is associated with the intensity of trampling them. Therewith, the soil changes from loose to medium loose and even dense. Determination of water permeability also showed a significant discrepancy, from 18.6 ± 0.76-20.6 ± 0.66 mm/min to 1.9 ± 0.10-5.7 ± 0.33 mm/min, respectively. Research has confirmed the inverse correlation between soil hardness and water permeability. The obtained indicators of soil density in the stands (1.12-1.20 g/cm3) and on the paths (1.34-1.66 g/cm3), albeit without sharp differences, in both cases indicate their criticality for further normal development of stands. Changes in soil moisture data in stands (16.9-20.6%) are decreasing in comparison with paths (11.2-12.6%), which also indicates the deterioration of growing conditions. The presence of active roots in the upper thickness of the soil on the control was 5.8-9.8 g, and on the paths, depending on the intensity of trampling, from 0.0 to 2.2 g. The territories under study were surveyed to identify characteristic erosion processes. It was established that the park spaces are in a satisfactory condition and fully perform an anti-erosion effect. The threat of erosion processes occurs on paths of intense load. The results obtained can be used for monitoring and regulating anthropogenic load

Гіллястовусі (Cladocera) й веслоногі (Copepoda: Calanoida, Cyclopoida) ракоподібні масивів Руна, Боржава, Вододільний (Українські Карпати)

The article summarizes current information on the ecological features of sphagnum mosses in the Gorgany massif on the basis of own field research, literature and herbarium data. Gorgany’s territory is of particular interest since it owns a great amount of debris fields (gorgan, grekhot, tsykot). What is more, the area is unique as it is almost impossible to encounter any mountain meadows there typical of other mountain ranges in the Ukrainian Carpathians. This is one of the most forested and the least inhabited area in Ukrainian Carpathians, it is a relatively inaccessible mountain range, thus the research of biota, including sphagnum mosses is highly newsworthy. In total, 23 species of sphagnum are known for the study area. Sphagnum quinquefarium, S. capillifolium, S. girgensohnii, S. russowii, S. squarrosum were found to be the most common species of the genus in the study area. Among the ecogroups of sphagnum mosses, subheliophytes predominate in relation to the light regime (39 %), regarding the hydromorph spectrum the predominance of hygrophytes (76 %) is observed. According to the trophic nature of the medium, the vast majority of sphagnums are olihomesotrophs (30 %), in terms of soil pH 39 % of mosses are acidophiles. Sphagnum is characterized by two main life forms: turf (Tf) and tuft (Tuft), and S. cuspidatum under certain conditions can form a secondary life form, represented by a water colony (Ac). Species S. centrale, S. majus, S. obtusum, S. warnstrofii are the most sensitive to the degree of landscape cultivation. They usually grow in ahemorob groups, and the species S. fallax is the hardiest and can occur in a wide range from ahemerob to euhemerob ecosystems. The topicality of the study of sphagnums is shown, as they are much less common than other species of mosses, because they are confined to a narrow range of habitats. Sphagnum populations and their ecological indicators have great potential for use as indicators of the state of natural ecosystems, as they are sensitive to both climate change and anthropogenic pressure. Due to global changes in the ecosystems of the Carpathian region, drastic changes in humidification conditions, transformation of potential vegetation, destruction of natural habitats, moderate recreational load, there are possible threats to sphagnum moss populations. Therefore, in order to preserve them, it is necessary to study the changes that occur with sphagnum in recent decades.

Environmentally balanced preconditions for use of logging residues in forests of Ukrainian Carpathians for energy production

Use of woody biomass of logging residues at plots where different types of logging has occurred as a planned management activity has to be based on the analysis of relevant environmental risks. These risks include biodiversity losses, soil fertility reduction, and formation of dangerous volumes of flammable materials in forests during the fire-hazardous period, which is especially relevant on plots with high recreational load. As a result of the research, we propose indicative utilization rates for logging residues at sites where care or final cuts occur in spruce, beech and fir dominated stands in various growth conditions. The information basis of the research is formed by the research data on distribution of the relevant forest stands in different types of forest growth conditions, as well as on influence of forest growth conditions on processes of biological destruction and accumulation of forest flammable materials at plots with intensive recreational load. The proposed utilization rates for logging residues serve as an information component in the process of formation of regional strategy of forest bioenergy development.

Почвенная мезофауна черноольховых лесов Казахского мелкосопочника в условиях рекреационной и пастбищной дигрессии

The soil mesofauna of the black alder forests of Kazakh upland is studied as an indicator of the functional features of Alnus glutinosa plantings on the southeastern border of the area. Forests do not form massifs of a large area and are associated with the type of relief, valleys of streams and rivers, and the groundwater. Relict species of flora and fauna testify to the ancient origin and importance of black alder forests as refugia. The forest communities are changing under the influence of recreational load and grazing. It requires an early assessment of the state of terrestrial biocenoses. It has been established that black alder forests are characterized by high total biomass of mesofauna (from 13,6 g/m2 to 42,1 g/m2), where more than 85 % of the zoomass falls on the saprophilic complex. The density of the soil population is significant (from 272,6 copies/m2 to 503,55 copies/m2), i.e., in general, forests retain the features of zonal broad-leaved formations. Anthropogenic changes in the structure of pedobionts in black alder forests associations at different stages of recreational and pasture digression are revealed. There is a consistent decrease in the density index of the soil population (P = 145,6; 80,19; 69,7) and the proportion of forest species. A change of life forms in the model (Carabidae) and dominant (Lumbricidae) groups, an increase in the number of zoophages, a decrease in the total number and depletion of the species composition of saprophages are noted. The soil mesofauna reflects in its structure the biocenosis originality of relict black alder forests of the steppe zone and the continuity of biocenoses.

Changes in the Bacterial Community in the Littoral Zone of the Ecosystem of the Southern Part of Lake Baikal under the Influence of Anthropogenic Load

The article discusses the issue of the pollution of the residential and recreational areas of Lake Baikal with residential wastewater, which brings broad-spectrum antibiotics into the lake. The dynamics of the anthropogenic influence on the ecosystem of the lake due to the growing recreational load caused by the pandemic on the area of the world natural heritage is considered. The risk of the spread of antibiotic resistance of the local microbiota through the factors of the environment is analyzed. The purpose of the paper was to reveal the resistance of bacteria in different ecotopes of Baikal to pollutants — antibiotics. The research was conducted with the help of microbiological analysis. During the research, resistance of bacteria to 14 medicinal drugs was revealed using the techniques of State Sanitary and Epidemiological Surveillance Department of Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. Long-time sampling points along the coastline of Baikal are shown and the pollution of its ecosystem is assessed. A proposal to conduct monitoring in the littoral area of Baikal’s ecosystem and along the coastline of Maloe More for microbiological analysis of the state of the lake is substantiated. An opinion on necessity for introducing a system of collecting expired medicinal drugs was expressed. It will allow us to contribute to the preservation of the unique ecosystem of lake Baikal.

Development of spatial-recreational frame in dense residential areas of megapolis

The study analyzes aspects of the impact of high-density development on the periphery of the largest cities. The relevance of the study is dictated by the current situation of large-scale housing construction on the border of St. Petersburg and adjacent districts, which create preconditions for a further reduction in the area of ​​forest areas and an increase in the recreational load on the preserved natural objects. The aim of the study is to develop scientifically grounded recommendations for the functional planning development of the buffer zone between the built-up, subject to development and natural territory in the suburban areas of St. Petersburg in order to preserve the ecological balance of the territory.

Orchidaceae species in the flora of Krasnoyarsk suburban pine cenoses

The Orchid species cenopopulations (Cypripedium calceolus, C. macranthon, C. guttatum, Neottianthe cucullata) growing in Krasnoyarsk suburban pine cenoses at the forest-steppe were studied. Orchid species are included in the Red Book of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The investigation objectives are Orchid species occurrence studying and population’s age structure determining in the Krasnoyarsk suburban pine cenoses, both under recreational load and in control. The results of the four species occurrence dynamics at the period 2017-2021 in the control cenosis and cenoses under the anthropogenic influence are presented. In the studied period, the Neottianthe cucullata occurrence did not change, regardless of the level of recreational impact. This species blooms in August, when the recreant’s activity decreases, which can explain its numbers preservation at the same level. The Cypripedium occurrence dynamics depends on the degree of recreational impact. As a result of the ontogenetic analysis, the populations of Neottianthe cucullata, Cypripedium macranthon, and C. guttatum in the control sample area belong to the middle-aged normal complete populations. Populations of Neottianthe cucullata, Cypripedium macranthon, C. calceolus in suburban pine cenoses under the recreational impact should be classified as middle-aged normal incomplete.

Effect of recreation on the spatial variation of soil physical properties

Recreation affects various components of ecosystems. A significant transformation occurs in the soil cover in urban parks. The physical properties of soil are sensitive indicators of the level of anthropogenic transformation, and also allow to assess the state of soil as a habitat for plants and soil animals. The question of quantitative patterns of soil properties variability under the influence of recreation is not solved. There is also little information on the spatial aspect of the variability of soil physical properties in urban ecosystems. The aim of our study is to test the hypothesis that the recreational loads cause the formation of spatial patterns of soil properties, which by their extent greatly exceed the zone of direct influence. The spontaneous walkways within an urban park were investigated as an example of recreational loading. The physical soil properties were measured on a regular grid. The distance to the walkway was treated as a proxy variable that indicates recreational load. The application of multivariate statistical methods allowed to reveal the components of the variation of soil properties of different nature. The effect of recreational load is superimposed on the natural variability of properties. The peculiarity of the influence of recreation consists in sharp increase of soil penetration resistance in the upper soil layers and decrease of this index in the lower layers. The recreational load affects the physical properties of the soil. The soil compaction is the main direction of transformation. This effect gradually attenuates with distance from the source of exposure while occupying a significant portion of the space. The variation of soil properties affects the redistribution of soil moisture and soil air, which significantly affects the living conditions of soil biota.

Spatial distribution of micromollusks under the impact of recreation

Anthropogenic impacts lead to a decrease in the abundance and diversity of communities of living organisms. The rate of recovery of populations is inversely proportional to size: the smaller the size, the greater the potential for population recovery after negative impact. Therefore, under conditions of extremely high levels of anthropogenic impact, small-sized animals are a reliable source of ecosystem state. The aim of the work is to: 1) to evaluate rates of the micromollusc Vallonia pulchella (Müller, 1774) abundance in ecosystems that are subject to extremely high levels of recreational pressure; 2) to identify factors that influence the spatial patterns of soil micromollusks; and 3) to investigate the possibility of using micromollusks for the purposes of bioindication of recreational pressure. The soil sampling was performed on a regular grid with recording of local coordinates. The micromollusks were extracted from the soil samples by hand sorting. Physical properties of soil sensitive to recreational load were also measured. Micromolluscs were found to exhibit a non-linear response to recreational impact. The maximum abundance of animals is observed at a certain distance from recreational trails. This distance is specific for different species of micromollusks. Micromollusks have high population abundance even under conditions of high recreational load. The regular spatial patterns of these animals are caused by changes in the soil habitat, which are induced by recreational load. This circumstance allows to consider micromollusks as a reliable indicator of the level of recreational load.

Response of earthworms to changes in the aggregate structure of floodplain soils

Earthworms are actively involved in the transformation of organic matter and in the formation of water-resistant soil aggregate structure. In the short time perspective earthworms are a factor that affects soil properties. However, other factors also influence soil properties and it is these factors that determine the total level of earthworm abundance and patterns of their spatial distribution. In urban park environments, the recreation load is an additional factor. The recreational load significantly affects the physical properties of the soil. An aggregate soil structure regulates the ratio of solid, liquid, and gaseous soil fractions and thus determines the living conditions of soil animals. Purpose/objective. The study tested the hypothesis about the influence of the aggregate structure of soil on the spatial distribution of earthworms under recreational load conditions. Methodology. Geostatistical methods and evaluation of animal response models to environmental factors. Results/findings. The aggregate structure of the soil is an important factor that affects the spatial patterns of earthworms under recreational load conditions. Earthworms prefer sites with a predominance of meso-aggregates. A recreational load leads to an increase in the proportion of macro- and micro-aggregates, which negatively affects the living conditions of earthworms. Conclusions. The processes of mutual influence of earthworms and soil aggregate structure have different temporal scales: earthworms influence soil structure in the time range of a few days or weeks, and aggregate structure influences in the time range of a few months or years.

BASIN APPROACH TO RESEARCH OF PROBLEMS OF NATURE RESOURCE MANAGEMENT (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE KACHAVA RIVER)

Due to the analysis of the structure of land use in the Kachava river basin, significant deviations from scientifically sound norms were revealed (anthropogenically transformed territories predominate (72.9%), including arable land (62.2%). Excessively high and ecologically dangerous plowing was revealed: in many cases the lands were plowed up to the riverbed, which can be observed in all villages, due to which the eco-corridors, which are an important part of the ecological network, are broken in the basin.
 The coefficient of anthropogenic transformation of geosystems in the Kachava river basin (according to the method of P.G. Shishchenko) is calculated, which is equal to 7.2 and indicates a high level of transformation of geosystems in the study area.
 A positive balance of greenhouse gases over the river basin has been established due to the large share of arable land (1,079 tons of CO2 per year) and due to the operation of livestock complexes (as a result of internal fermentation and manure treatment) - about 300 tons.
 The impact on the environment of industrial facilities (furniture company (SAMM) in the village of Romanivka, brick factory LLC "Western Trade Organization" in the village of Maly Khodachkiv, Galushchynets quarry, area 45.75 ha, in which limestone is mined, with a capacity of 700 thousand tons per year). The following main environmental problems have been identified: air pollution due to improper disposal of waste in the furniture industry, mining. The level of traffic load in all settlements of the Kachava river basin is studied. The recreational load and recreational capacity of the territory are investigated. Recreation is based on ponds, which are used for fishing, swimming or just relaxing in nature. The ecological condition of the Kachava, Romanivsky, Kolodiyivsky and Malokhodachkivsky ponds was analyzed according to physical and hydrobiological indicators. It was found that they are satisfactory for all ponds, except Malohodachkivsky, which can be used for recreational purposes. Despite the fact that the recreational load does not exceed the recreational capacity of the territory, there are environmental problems such as neglect of the coast, pollution by solid waste. The ecosystem of the Kachava, Romanivsky, Kolodiyivsky and Malokhodachkivsky ponds are analyzed according to physical and hydrobiological indicators.
 Measures to optimize land use in the Kachava River basin are proposed: it is proposed to reduce arable land by an average of 97.65 hectares (5.7%) due to mostly afforestation; creation of а new protected object (landscape reserve near the village of Maly Khodachkiv). The submitted proposal will increase the share of land under natural eco-stabilization lands from 27.1 to 33% of the total area of the river basin and achieve the formation of a continuous eco-corridor, which will connect nature reserves.
 Key words: river, pond, river basin, ecological situation, nature resource management, anthropogenic impact, anthropogenic transformation, optimization.

Сезонная динамика влажности и плотности дерново-подзолистых почв на склоновой катене ЛОД РГАУ-МСХА им. К.А. Тимирязева при различных уровнях рекреационной нагрузки

The seasonal dynamics of soil moisture, bulk density and moisture reserve in the topsoil of Podzoluvisol representative variants at the Forest Experimental Station of the RSAU-MTAA at various levels of recreational load is investigated. The assessment of the influence of recreational load on the surface horizons (A1, A1A2, A2) of Podzoluvisols within the slope catena (the summit of the moraine hill – the middle part of the slope – the lower part of the slope) is given. Three levels of recreational load are considered: minimal (background), medium and strong. The analysis of soil moisture was carried out by the thermal weight method, one of the bulk density – according to N.A. Kachinsky method, using 100 cm3 mortise cylinders – in triple repetition. The results were statistically processed using ANOVA in accordance with the GLM (IBM SPSS) version 25 procedure. The conducted research revealed a pronounced seasonal dynamic of the studied properties of Podzoluvisols with a clear differentiation according to their position in the catena and the level of recreational load. Summer soil moisture values of the surface A1 horizons can be 2.5 times lower than spring ones. Soil moisture at the slope foot is 1.1–1.5 times higher than at the summit of the moraine hill. The main consequence of the recreational load increasing is a significant rise in the bulk density of the topsoil horizons A1 – A2, maximally expressed in conditions of increased soil moisture in the lower part of the catena. Moisture reserves in the topsoil significantly decrease with an increase in recreational load and the associated soil bulk density. The soil bulk density is higher in summer than in spring and early autumn. The established dependences of seasonal dynamics of soil moisture, bulk density and moisture reserve in the topsoil on the slope steepness and recreational load will be useful for planning and environmentally safe regulation of spatially differentiated recreational load in different parts of the urban slope landscape, even in case of a slight slope steepness (up to 3-4 °) and of the presence of vegetation cover close to natural conditions. Keywords: RECREATIONAL LOAD, ECOLOGY OF FOREST SOILS, HETEROGENEITY OF FOREST SOILS, SEASONAL DYNAMICS OF SOILS, SOIL MOISTURE, SOIL BULK DENSITY, PODZOLUVISOLS, CATENA

PYROLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FOREST EDGES UNDER INTENSIVE RECREATIONAL LOADS

-The increase in fires in urban landscapes causes adverse and sometimes irreversible changes in forest ecosystems. The modern solution is to find the places of primary fires and the most dangerous areas. The purpose of this study was to find dependences between the forest typological features of forest stands and their fire danger. To fulfil this purpose, a systematic analysis of forest fire danger and phytoindication were performed. The composition of the flora of edge biotopes was figured out using the route geobotanical method. The article analyses forest fires that occurred in urban forests of Kyiv during 2014-2021. Primary ignition locations have been identified. It was proved that fires often occurred on the forest edges, as well as along highways and railways. Among the standard indicators of fire danger (number and area of forest fires), the method makes provision for establishing the fire frequencies in the same forest area. This indicator allows figuring out the most dangerous areas from the pyrogenic standpoint. It was found that the simple edge is characterised by a minimal taxonomic composition in the ground vegetation and its projective cover of up to 20%. The grass tier stabilises the environment and mitigates the effects of extreme natural phenomena. The vegetation cover of an elementary and multicomponent edge is one of the barriers that can stop surface fires. Taxonomic diversity, especially of deciduous species, determines the pyrological features of forest edges. Analysis of the flora of marginal biotopes showed that oligotrophs, xerophytes, and xeromesophytes predominate among the species of simple edges. The share of ruderal elements in the ground vegetation was 36%, which indicates a significant anthropogenic impact and synanthropisation of the flora of the edges. These processes adversely impact the conservation of typical species but have a fire-retaining effect. Analysis of forest fires dynamics under intensive recreational loads allows substantiating the vectors for fire safety improvement, choosing a strategy for ensuring fire safety, and increasing the economic and social efficiency of fire prevention measures. It is proved that the forest edge is one of the decisive factors in the fire behaviour arising from a nonwooded area. The formation of multicomponent edges will help minimise the risks of fires

Аллелопатический режим почвы после разовой рекреационной нагрузки в лесных экосистемах Сочинского Причерноморья

The method of testing water soil extracts was used to study the allelopathic regime of the soil one day and 30 days after the simulated recreational impact in seven forest ecosystems of the Sochi Black Sea region with a monodominant forest stand. It was determined that one-time recreational loads in the analyzed ecosystems are accompanied by an increase in allelopathic soil activity. A noticeable increase in phytotoxicity (16-66 %) is recorded at a load of 2.78-4.17 people/ha. Greater recreational impact (6.2-8.33 people/ha) leads to the formation of a path network, anaerobic conditions and inhibition of the biotest in the range 0.8-1.0. It was found that 30 days after a one-time recreational impact, soil activity is restored to control values only after a load of 1.39 people/ha. After a load of 2.78-4.17 people/ha, only a decrease in phytotoxicity by 9-21 % is observed. In areas after maximum exposure (6.25-8.33 people/ha), phytotoxicity decreases below control values in ecosystems dominated by Fagus orientalis L., Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl., Quercus pubescens Willd. and Carpinus betulus L., indirectly explaining the likelihood of introducing species alien to forest ecosystems along the trails. Significant soil activity persists in ecosystems with Taxus baccata L., Castanea sativa Mill., and Buxus colchica Pojark., explaining their resistance to one-time recreational loads.

Динамика аллелопатических эффектов почвы в лесных экосистемах с монодоминантным древостоем после моделирования рекреационной нагрузки

The dynamics of allelopathic effects of the soil was assessed within seven months of the growing season after simulating a one-time recreational load in seven forest ecosystems of the humid subtropics of the Sochi Black Sea region. Using the index of allelopathic activity of the soil and the index of the relative allelopathic effect, the seasonal dynamics of stimulation and inhibition of the growth processes of the biotest was traced, depending on the presence of a certain tree species, the magnitude of a one-time recreational load and the time elapsed since anthropogenic impact. The rows of forest ecosystems were compiled in terms of the resistance of edaphic conditions to recreational impact and the resistance to the introduction of new species under the canopy of the forest stand in the range of recreational loads of 1.39–8.33 people/ha.

Экологическая оценка качества воды Большого Садового пруда на территории Тимирязевской академии в Москве

The paper presents the results of the assessment of water quality in a Large Garden pond, which is located in the Timiryazevsky district of the Northern Administrative District of Moscow, on the territory of the park RGAU-MSHA named after K. A. Timiryazev. Oxygen dissolved in water, temperature, hydrogen index (pH) and the content of iron, copper, chlorides, nitrites and ammonium nitrogen were measured in the studied reservoir in winter and summer 2020 according to a single sampling and analysis scheme. Water sampling for analysis was carried out in accordance with GOST 51592-2000 "Water. General requirements for sampling" at 7 points distributed along the horizontal and vertical axes of the pond, at three levels (on the surface, in the middle of the water column and at the bottom). Determination of chemical indicators of water quality was carried out on the day of water sampling by photometric method, on the spectrophotometer "PC spectro Lovibond". Studies have shown a significant spatial variation of most of the studied indicators both in the pond area and in the depth of the reservoir, reaching multiple differences in the case of ammonium content and pronounced in the content of chlorides, iron and copper. On average, an almost twofold increase in the chloride content in winter indicates a significant impact on the water quality in the pond of the use of anti-icing reagents in the adjacent territory. The copper content increases significantly in the summer, with the highest values in the dam part of the pond with the maximum level of technogenic load. The lowest content of pollutants is observed in the upper part of the pond with minimal anthropogenic load. The negative impact of the roadway of Pryanishnikov Street is much more pronounced than the intense recreational load in the beach area. The anthropogenic alkalinization of the environment characteristic of Moscow is less evident in the central part of the pond with maximum depths. The dissolved oxygen content is closely related to the temperature of the water and the depth of its sampling. In summer, it is more at the bottom than at the surface of the pond. In winter, samples taken in the surface horizons of the reservoir are characterized by a lower temperature and are more saturated with oxygen than water samples taken at depth. The results obtained show the importance of the depth and area of the pond mirror for preserving the quality of its water in Moscow. Anthropogenic water pollution, which does not reach the maximum permissible concentrations, but is pronounced even in the conditions of one of the most environmentally friendly areas of the city, is actualized by the task of further reducing the regulated level of man-made load on the territories adjacent to urban reservoirs. The increased spatial variation of water quality and the patterns of its changes in the water area and depth of the reservoir noted in the work should be taken into account when planning and evaluating the results of monitoring and reclamation measures. Keywords: WATER QUALITY, AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS, HYDROCHEMICAL PARAMETERS, TEMPERATURE, CHEMICAL ELEMENTS, DISSOLVED OXYGEN

Assessment of effects of the anthropogenic disturbance on plant communities and soils in urbanized territories

The research was conducted in forest and forest park zones of industrial cities of Irkutsk, Angarsk, Usolie-Sibirskoye, and Shelekhov (Irkutsk region, Eastern Siberia, Russia). The disturbance of biogeocenoses in the urban environment was assessed by a set of visual and morphostructural parameters of trees, the state of the grass cover, morphological and physical properties of soils. The study showed to what extent the structural and functional parameters of trees, grass cover, and soils of urbanized areas have changed in comparison with the background, what is the main trend of their transformation. It has been established that in urban forest parks, under conditions of high recreational load, the morphological and physical parameters of the topsoils are informative, as evidenced by their high correlations with the morphostructural parameters of trees. The results indicate that the most weakened trees grow on soils with a high density of the soil's upper horizons and unfavorable water-air conditions. For recreational areas, an increased level of degradation of organic matter, as well as a reduced content of plant nutrients were found. The selected set of parameters of plants and soils allows to estimate reliably the degree of their disturbance and can be used when substantiating the levels of anthropogenic loads on forest ecosystems within urbanized territories.

Microbiological features of the salt lakes of the Kulunda lake system

The object of the study was the water and bottom sediments of the Bolshoye Yarovoye and Burlinskoye salt lakes located in the Kulunda steppe lowland and having recreational value. The aim of this work is to study the antibacterial and anti-candidiasis properties of water and bottom sediments of lakes in the Kulunda lake region in the context of their ecological state. The main factors affecting the basins of lakes B. Yarovoe and Burlinskoe are the intensification of the recreational load due to the development of domestic tourism, the activities of industrial enterprises, and, as a consequence, the washout of pollutants, the extraction and transportation of salt (in Lake Burlinskoe) and the almost complete extraction of silt mud. (in Lake B. Yarovoe), plowing of adjacent territories. No causative agents of infectious diseases were found in the water and bottom sediments, and the total microbial count is about 102 CFU / ml. The predominant group of microorganisms found on agar culture media are non-spore-bearing bacteria. The water of the salty lake B. Yarovoe, filtered from microorganisms, possesses inhibitory properties in relation to all studied 14 gram-positive and gram-negative test strains of microorganisms, and the water of Lake Burlinskoye in relation to nine strains: gram-negative bacteria Salmonella sonnei 32, Klebsiella pneumonia В-4894, Рseudomonas mirabilis 160205, Serratia marcescens d, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027, Escherichia coli 6645 ATCC 25922, gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Mycobacterium smegmatis GK and regarding the causative agent of candidiasis Candida albicans 620. It was also shown that pure cultures of spore-forming bacteria isolated from the water and bottom sediments of the studied lakes also have antagonistic activity. The ecological stability of lake ecosystems, in spite of anthropogenic transformation and climatic changes affecting the water and salt regime, is based on biogenic processes that provide resistance to microorganisms introduced from outside, including pathogenic ones, and their elimination.

BIOECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE STATE OF THE ADVENTITIOUS FRACTION OF THE DENDROFLORA OF RECREATIONAL AND PARK LANDSCAPES (DNIPRO)

The state of seed self-regeneration of woody plants of Kyrylivka Park (Dnipro, Ukraine) in areas with a strong, moderate and non-existent level of recreational load was studied. Floristic methods (estimates of species richness, determination of floristic community and homogeneity), methods of ecological analysis of vegetation, physico-chemical methods of soil analysis, statistical methods are applied. It was established for the first time that in Kyrylivka Park, artificial stands are capable of forming a sufficient amount of viable undergrowth of autochthonous (53,5%) and introduced (46,5%) species. The amount of tree growth of adventitious plants in the areas according to the level of recreational load is distributed as follows: with no load – 32,2% of the number of self-regenerating trees, with moderate – 41,3%, with strong – 89,7%. The indices of species richness of Margalef and Menkhinik of self-regenerating tree species for the site with a strong recreational load turned out to be the largest (at the expense of adventitious species) compared to the sites with a moderate recreational load and without it. The calculated Koch index of biotic dispersion (40.0%) indicates a certain process of floristic homogenization of the tree stand in the investigated territory of the park. The correlation coefficients between the number of self-restored allochthonous and autochthonous tree species for the studied areas with strong, moderate and absent recreational loads are significant (0.90, 0.92 and 0.88 respectively). The need to analyze and forecast the possible remote consequences of the introduction of alien species in the composition of the dendroflora is emphasized.

БЕДРЕНЕЦ РАЗРЕЗАННОЛИСТНЫЙ PIMPINELLA TOMIOPHYLLA (WORONOW) STANK. (APIACEAE) – РЕДКИЙ ЭНДЕМИЧНЫЙ ВИД ФЛОРЫ РЕСПУБЛИКИ БАШКОРТОСТАН

The article presents a review of data on a rare endemic species of the flora of the Republic of Bashkortostan (RB) – Pimpinella tomiophylla (Woronow) Stank. (Apiaceae). The species is included in the third edition of the Red Data Book of the RB [2021] in the following status: category 2 – a species that is declining in abundance and/or distribution; vulnerable species (VU); II priority (Bashkir Cis-Urals). The article provides the following information about the species: conservation status; nomenclature reference; morphological description; distribution in the republic; brief ecological and phytocenotic characteristics; features of biology; modern data on condition of the local population; limiting factors; measures for the protection. The species was first described for science in 1931 from Mount Tratau (RB, Ishimbai district) according to herbarium collections in 1915 and 1926 (LE) [Voronov, 1931; Flora of the USSR, 1950]. In the republic, P. tomiophylla is a poorly studied species and is located within a narrow local range. At present, the species is reliably known only from one point – the territory of the natural monument «Mount Tratau» (UFA) [The Red Data Book…, 2021]. The species occurs in plant communities with typical petrophytic species. It grows mainly in the lower part of the western and southwestern slopes of the mountain. The known population of the species is numerous. In recent years, the recreational load on the populations of rare species on Mount Tratau, including the species P. tomiophylla, has increased, which will inevitably lead to a reduction in the area and number of its population. The necessity of a set of additional measures for the protection of P. tomiophylla in situ and ex situ is substantiated.