БЕДРЕНЕЦ РАЗРЕЗАННОЛИСТНЫЙ PIMPINELLA TOMIOPHYLLA (WORONOW) STANK. (APIACEAE) – РЕДКИЙ ЭНДЕМИЧНЫЙ ВИД ФЛОРЫ РЕСПУБЛИКИ БАШКОРТОСТАН

The Bashkir Trans-Urals (the eastern part of the Republic of Bashkortostan) includes the low mountains and foothills of the eastern slope of the Southern Urals, as well as the adjacent Sakmaro-Tanalyk and Kizilo-Urtazym plains. The vegetation is forest-steppe and steppe. Despite the small amount of precipitation (350-450 mm/year), there are quite a lot of mires, especially in the northern part of the study area. Mires are located mainly on the slopes of mountains and hills and at their foothills, in endorheic basins, in river floodplains, and often have a large area (up to several hundred hectares). All mires are eutrophic, their vegetation cover includes paludified birch and black alder forests and treeless reed, reed-sedge, moss-sedge plant communities. In 2023, more than 240 mires were identified in the Bashkir Trans-Urals, 60% of the total area of which (more than 8 thousand hectares) were disturbed as a result of drainage and peat extraction. There are very few publications about the distribution and the state of populations of rare plant species in the mires of the study area. The aim of this work is to summarize and to analyze the data on the representation of rare species of vascular plants in the mires of the Bashkir Trans-Urals. Currently, in the mires of the Bashkir Trans-Urals, 32 rare plant species in need of protection have been identified, including 25 species (Table 1) listed in core list of the Red Data Book of the Republic of Bashkortostan [Martynenko, 2021], as well as 7 species are included in the Appendix II to this book, i.e. “List of flora and fungi that require special attention to their condition in the natural environment and monitoring in the Republic of Bashkortostan” (Carex dioica, Ranunculus lingua, Salix myrtilloides, Salix pyrolifolia, Saussurea parviflora, Baeothryon pumilum, Utricularia intermedia). Two species (Liparis loeselii. and Orchis militaris) are included in the Red Data Book of the Russian Federation [Order ..., 2023]. The largest number of rare mire species belong to the families Orchidaceae (11 species) and Cyperaceae (4 species). About 80% of these rare species are stenotopic and have a fidelity score for the mire ecotope III-V. Therefore, the destruction or degradation of their habitats will lead to the disappearance of their local populations in the Bashkir Trans Urals. Little is known about the population size of rare species growing in the mires of the Bashkir Trans-Urals. Local populations of these species are often small and usually consist of several dozen, rarely hundreds of individuals (Carex serotina, Dactylorhiza russowii, etc.). For few species, for instance, Orchis militaris, the subpopulation size within the mire can amount to several thousand individuals, but, depending on weather conditions, there are extreme fluctuations in the number of plants in different years. A decrease in the number or disappearance of subpopulations of rare plant species depends on different factors, i.e., fluctuations in the water level in lakeside mires, the habitat degradation along the edges of mires due to grazing and haymaking (Artemisia laciniata), drying out of mires due to a decrease in the groundwater level after droughts (Liparis loeselii, Saxifraga hirculus), drainage, peat extraction, peat fires and recreation. Currently, populations of rare and protected species of vascular plants have been identified in 58 mires. The most valuable for the protection of rare species of vascular plants are the mire vegetation complexes of the natural monuments “Nurok Mire”, “Karpis Mire”, “Starobalbukovskoye Mire” [Muldashev et al., 2020]. Most of the mires of the Bashkir Trans-Urals, where habitats of rare species have been identified, do not have conservation status. Searching for new locations and monitoring local populations of rare plant species are a necessary for organizing effective protection of the biodiversity of this region, which is characterized by a high degree of agricultural development. Factors causing a reduction or disappearance of local populations of rare species in the mires of the Bashkir Trans-Urals are the consequences of drainage, fluctuations in the water level in lakeside mires, grazing and haymaking along the edges of mires, drought and recreation.

We began a targeted study of the entomofauna of the Chelyabinsk and Kashtak forests in 2007, and in the period from 2010 to 2023 were carried out regularly from spring (May) to autumn (September), annually performing from 5 to 10 expedition trips. In addition, after the publication in 2017 of the second edition of the Red Data Book of the Chelyabinsk Region, we also conducted annual monitoring of the status of populations of protected, rare, and vulnerable species throughout the region. The purpose of this work is to highlight the main results of the study of protected, rare and some little-known insects living in the territories of the natural monuments «Chelyabinsk (urban) forest» and «Kashtaksky forest». The material was collected along regular routes and key areas, including water bodies (streams, rivers, ponds, temporary reservoirs) and coastal biotopes. The length of the routes, depending on weather conditions and specific tasks, ranged from 3 to 15 km. They covered almost all the most typical types of communities, incl. partially transformed by man. We used manual collection, catching using a mowing net, air and water entomological nets. The abundance was determined by adults by direct counting the number of individuals per unit area (within 1 hectare) or count strip. 18 regional Red Data Book species have been identified, belonging to 10 families and 6 orders: in the Chelyabinsk forest there are 12 species from 9 families and 6 orders, in the Kashtak forest there are 11 species from 7 families and 4 orders. These are three species of status category II (declining in numbers) – Anax imperator, Bombus maculidorsis, B. pratorum, 14 species of status category III (rare) – Ophiogomphus cecilia, Leucorhynia caudalis, Sago pedo, Ranatra linearis, Parnassius apollo, Bombus distinquendus, B. hypnorum, B. lucorum, B. muscorum, B. serrisquama, B. terrestris, B. veteranus, Megachila rotundata, Bombylius major and one species of status category IV (uncertain status) – Laphria gibbosa. We classified 26 species from 15 families and 7 orders as rare and little-known (little studied). We consider Anas parthenope, Aeschna isosceles, Decticus verrucivorus, Meloe proscarabaeus, Iphiclides podalirius, Pieris brassicae, Glaucopsyche alexis, Apatura iris, Limenitis camilla, L. populi, Euphydryas maturna, Vanessa atalanta, Aglia tau, Oeneis tarpeja, rare. Megarhyssa perlata, Rhyssa persuasoria, Conops flavifrons. Little-known species, the biology and ecology of which have not been sufficiently studied (not only in forest conditions) are Libellula fulva, Sympetrum pedemontanum, Scaphidium quadrimaculatum, Ostoma ferruginea, Peltis grossa, Raphidia ophiopsis, Coenonympha hero. The only possible inhabitants of the Chelyabinsk Forest are the Chazara briseis and the Coenonympha oedippus, but this seems doubtful. A considerable number of «Red Data Book» species indicates that today, despite experiencing significant anthropogenic impact, our forests are still reserves of biodiversity and provide the necessary conditions for life even for species included in the Red Data Book of the Russian Federation (2021): Anax imperator (category 5), Saga pedo (category 2), Parnassius apollo (category 2). Seven species living in forests are also protected in regions neighboring the Chelyabinsk region – in the Republic of Bashkortostan (3 species), Kurgan (6), Orenburg (2), Sverdlovsk (3) regions.

Наводиться аналіз проблеми щодо актуальності питань інвентаризації раритетної компоненти лісової флори України, її природно-зональних та адміністративно-обласних спектрів. Визначено причини раритетності видів лісової флори та запропоновано заходи щодо їхньої охорони. Для організації моніторингу чисельності та поширення судинних рослин міжнародного, національного та регіонального статусів охорони як складової системного моніторингу лісів досліджено стан популяцій раритетних видів рослин та їхнього розповсюдження в лісових фітоценозах Лісостепу (рясність-покриття та участь у складі рослинного покриву, розповсюдження в межах адмінистративних областей, Лісостепової лісогосподарської області та чотирьох її округів). Об’єкти досліджень – ділянки моніторингу 1-го рівня (642 ділянки) у межах Лісостепу України.

The issue of the conservation status of Trifolium alpestre L. (Fabaceae) on the territory of the Republic of Bashkortostan is considered in the article. The species was included in the first edition (2001) and the second edition (2011) of the Red Data Book of the Republic of Bashkortostan (category and status: 3 – rare species). The article provides the following information about the species: morphological description with an indication of the main diagnostic features; modern data on the distribution of the species in the republic, new finds of the species in the Bashkir Cis-Ural; brief ecological and phytocenotic characteristics; features of biology (according to data from literature sources); modern data on the number and state of local populations; limiting factors; adopted and recommended protection measures, data on the possibility of preserving the species in culture. Currently, the state of Trifolium alpestre on the territory of the Republic of Bashkortostan can be considered satisfactory. There are no direct threats to the species. It has been established that the species is distributed much more widely in the Republic of Bashkortostan (the species is known from more than 30 points in 16 administrative districts) than previously assumed (it was known in 16 points in 12 administrative districts during the preparation and publication of the Red Book of the Republic of Bashkortostan in 2011). The species shows significant tolerance to adverse factors and tends to increase in number. It is satisfactorily provided with territorial security The data presented in the article fully justify the possibility of excluding the species Trifolium alpestre from the list of the Red Data Book of the Republic of Bashkortostan and including it in the regional list of species that need biomonitoring – «List of flora and fungi objects that are not included in the Red Book of the Republic of Bashkortostan, but need special attention on the territory of the republic to their state in the natural environment and monitoring».

Theory predicts that genetic variation is a determinant of persistence, and that the abundance and distribution of variation is strongly dependent on genetic drift and gene flow. Small, isolated populations are expected to be less diverse and more differentiated than large, inter-connected populations. Thus rare species may be more at risk of extinction. We used 389 putative AFLP loci to compare genetic variation and structuring in two pairs of closely-related common (large populations geographically widespread) and rare (small populations spatially restricted) Persoonia species. We genotyped 15–22 adult plants, from four populations, covering the geographic range of each species. Although genetic diversity was low for all four species (for long-lived outcrossing perennials), we found significantly more diversity within populations of the rare species than within those of the common species. AMOVA revealed significant levels of structure both among species (21%) and populations (15%). The proportion of inter-population variation within species did not vary consistently with rarity (Pair 1 rare 21.1% versus common 16.5%; Pair 2 rare 15.8% versus common 20.6%). However populations of the rare species were more differentiated than common species with similar geographic separation, suggesting greater gene flow between populations of the common species. Therefore, even relatively small genetically isolated populations of rare Persoonia species were more diverse than large populations of common Persoonia species. We hypothesise that common Persoonia species have undergone a rapid range expansion from a narrow gene pool, while genetic diversity is maintained in the soil seed-bank of rare remnants.

Peter S. Maitland, Ireland's Most Threatened and Rare Freshwater Fish: An International Perspective on Fish Conservation, Biology and Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, Vol. 104B, No. 3, Threatened Irish Freshwater Fishes (Dec., 2004), pp. 5-16

The issue of the conservation status of the species Cephalaria uralensis (Murr.) Schrad. ex Roem. et Schult. (Dipsacaceae Juss.) в) on the territory of the Republic of Bashkortostan is considered in the article. The species was included in the first edition (2001) and the second edition (2011) of the Red Data Book of the Republic of Bashkortostan (category and status: 3 – rare species, the species is located on the territory of the republic at the northern and eastern borders of the range). The article provides the following information about the species: morphological description with an indication of the main diagnostic features; modern data on the distribution of the species in the republic, new finds of the species in the Bashkir Cis-Ural и South Ural (western macroslope); brief ecological and phytocenotic characteristics; features of biology (according to data from literature sources); modern data on the number and state of local populations; limiting factors; adopted and recommended protection measures, data on the possibility of preserving the species in culture. The state of the species Cephalaria uralensis at the present time on the territory of the Republic of Bashkortostan can be considered satisfactory. The species shows significant resistance to adverse factors. It was found that the species is widespread in the republic much wider than previously thought. The species is satisfactorily provided with territorial protection, a significant part of its known populations are located within the boundaries of existing or projected specially protected natural areas. The data presented in the article substantiate the reasons for the exclusion of the species Cephalaria uralensis from the list of the Red Data Book of the Republic of Bashkortostan and its subsequent inclusion in the regional list of observed species – «List of flora and fungi that need special attention to their state in the natural environment and monitoring (observed species)» [Red Data Book..., 2021].

The presence of numerous publications on populations is explained by the exceptional value of this branch of knowledge for understanding of the structural and functional organization of wildlife, natural resource exploitation, management and conservation of them for future generations. A short list of scientific directions in the study of the role and place of a population shows that in the scientific literature there are no studies of rare plant species populations, development of theoretical principles and methodology of their study. The experienced team of the Botany Department of Sumy National Agrarian University has started this work. Not regard to the objective of comparison and disclosure of several publications on this topic, you must immediately emphasize its originality, depth of knowledge of the problem, innovation, and the importance and need for conservation of biological diversity of vegetation, which is often in a state of crisis and requires urgent measures to save it. The book was published by the editorship of the well-known biogeocenologist and ecologist, Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor, Honored Scientist of Ukraine Julian A. Zlobin together with well-known scientists in the filed of ecology and biogeocenology of Yu. A. Zlobin scientific school Victoria G. Sklar and Anna A. Klimenko. Structurally, the monograph consists of thirteen chapters, conclusion, bibliography and applications. A special place is occupied by the section "Methodological blocks", which is a kind of satellite for each section and which equip the reader with modern methodological approaches to complex problems solution of the population structure of the plant world. Here the authors examine the current level of rare species research organization, complexity and pivotal scientific idea, which is an organizing and centripetal force of varied complex research. There are four scenarios, which aim the saving, restoration, protection and rational use of the planet's vegetation. The book summarizes the collective work for one of the most important problems of modern biological science - conservation of rare plant species. Helpful tips for the organization of similar research in scientific institutions, biogeocenological stations by well-organized scientifically based plan at the level of the modern achievements of environmental science are given. In general, we believe that the reviewed scientific work of Yu. A. Zlobin, V. G. Sklar, A. A. Klimenko "Populations of rare species of plants, theoretical principles and methods of the study" is a major contribution to the scientific literature on ecological populations of rare species, their functions, complex relationship in vegetation cover. It will undoubtedly find a positive response in the wide circles of geobotanists, ecologists, biogeocenologists in our country and abroad.

of the Southern Urals, candidate of biological sciences, senior researcher at the laboratory of Geobotany and Plant Resources of the Ufa Institute of biology of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, honored ecologist of the Russian Federation Albert Akramovich Muldashev in connection with his 70th anniversary, which was celebrated on August 25, 2024. The species Potentilla muldaschevii Kniaz. et Semerikov (family Rosaceae) is a narrow-local endemic of the Southern Urals (Uchalinsky Uplands). This species was described in 2006 from the territory of the Republic of Bashkortostan (RB) by famous scientists from Yekaterinburg M.S. Knyazev and V.L. Semerikov [2006]. The species is included in the Red Data Book of the RB 3rd edition [2021] with the regional protection status: 1) rarity status category: 1 – endangered species; 2) endangered status category: endangered species (EN – Endangered); 3) conservation status: II priority (it is necessary to implement one or more special measures to preserve the species in the Southern Urals). This species is very rare. In the RB, the species is known from 3 points in the Uchalinsky district: the Maly Irendyk ridge west of the village Tungatarovo (locus classicus), ridges to the north and south of the village of Polyakovka [Knyazev, Semerikov, 2006; materials of the LE Herbarium and the SVER Herbarium; Red Data Book…, 2021]. In the Chelyabinsk region, the species is found on the limestone Ustinovskie cliffs along the right bank of the Miass River (Miass district) [materials of the CSUH Herbarium; Knyazev, Semerikov, 2006; Red Data Book…, 2017].

The article presents a review of data on the rare Pleistocene relict species of the Siberian origin of the flora of the South Ural – Gentiana decumbens L. fil. (Gentianaceae Juss.). The species is included in the third edition of the Red Data Book of the Republic of Bashkortostan (RB) [2021] in the conservation status: category 2 – a species that is declining in abundance and/or distribution; vulnerable species (VU); II priority (Bashkir Trans-Urals). In the RB there is an isolated relict fragment of the range of G. decumbens on the eastern slope of the Southen Urals – in the Baymak district. Currently, 10 locations of the species are known. The known populations of the species are small, fragmented, which makes the species vulnerable. Populations are subject to negative anthropogenic and natural influences, to which the species is weakly resistant. Only one population of G. decumbens has territorial protection, which is located within the limits of the botanical natural monument "The population of Allium hymenorhizum near Bogachevo village" in the Baymak district. The necessity of a set of additional measures for the protection of G. decumbens in situ and ex situ is substantiated.

Monitoring of protected fungi species by methods of modern information technologies

Подходы европейских экологов к типологии и картографированию местообитаний

The issue of the conservation status of Euphorbia glareosa Pall. ex Bieb. (Euphorbiaceae Juss.) on the territory of the Republic of Bashkortostan is considered in the article. In the second edition of the Red Data Book of the Republic of Bashkortostan [2011] this species was included in the regional list of rare species that need biomonitoring – «List of objects of flora and fungi that are not included in the Red Data Book of the Republic of Bashkortostan, but need special attention on the territory of the republic to their state in the natural environment and monitoring». The article provides the following information about the species: morphological description with an indication of the main diagnostic features; modern data on the distribution of the species in the republic; brief ecological and phytocenotic characteristics; features of biology (according to data from literature sources); modern data on the number and state of local population; limiting factors; adopted and recommended protection measures, data on the possibility of preserving the species in culture. On the territory of the Republic of Bashkortostan, the species E. glareosa достоверно is known only from one point – the southern shore of Lake Aslikul in the Davlekanovsky district (the territory of the Asly-Kul natural park). In the republic, E. glareosa is a poorly studied species and is located at the edge of the range (at the eastern and northern limits of distribution). The known population is small 50-80 generative individuals). The population is subject to negative anthropogenic and natural influences. The species is poorly resistant to these influences. The species is on the verge of extinction. The data presented in the article fully justify the possibility of excluding the species Euphorbia glareosa Pall. ex Bieb. from the regional list of rare species «List of objects of flora and fungi that are not included in the Red Data Book of the Republic of Bashkortostan, but need special attention on the territory of the republic to their state in the natural environment and monitoring» and including it in «List of objects of flora and fungi listed in the Red Data Book of the Republic of Bashkortostan» (third edition, 2021) (category and status: 1 – endangered species).

The conservation of phyto-diversity should be based on original data on the structure and condition of natural populations, plant biology and ecology. The purpose of this study is to identify and compare regional features of the ontogenetic structure and state of coenotic populations of the rare species of the Southern Urals and Middle VolgaDictamnus gymnostylis(in the Samara Region and the Republic of Bashkortostan). In the Republic of Bashkortostan 20 geographical populations of the species are currently identified. In the Samara Region various published sources indicate 712 geographical populations ofD.gymnostylis. The demographic structure, density of coenopopulations and habitat characteristics were studied with the use of traditional research methods in 18 trial plots: 9 in the forest-steppe zone of the Samara Region (Zavolzhye) and 9 in the southern forest-steppe zone in the Republic of Bashkortostan. Populations of the species were recorded in various types of communities: mainly meadow and shrub steppes, at the edges and under the canopy of oak groves. The number of populations in Bashkortostan is different: they number from 70100 to 20005000 or even more. Presumably, the total number of species in the region is from 15 to 20 thousand copies. The total area of all known populations in the Samara Region is estimated by us at 5 hectares. The total number of individuals is approximately 20003000. Most of the coenopopulations ofD.gymnostylisin the region are normal, incomplete. The absence in the spectrum of regenerative stages (seedlings and juvenile), as well as senile plants is typical. The absolute maximum falls on middle-aged generative individuals (24,159,0%). Almost all cenopopulations in the Samara Region are mature, and in Bashkortostan they are young (with a large share of regenerative plants). The recovery index is equal to or close to zero in the Samara Region; seedlings and juvenile plants are often absent here. In cenopopulations of the Republic of Bashkortostan, the recovery index in most cases is opposite to unity, which indicates a good replenishment of the population by young individuals. The aging index throughout the territory is close to or equal to zero (does not exceed 0,05). The state of the examined populations in Bashkortostan does not cause concern for their safety, but in the Samara Region they are vulnerable and require protection.

The plant communities of base-rich fens are locally rare and have high conservation value in the Republic of Bashkortostan (Russian Federation), and indeed across the whole of Russia. The flora and vegetation of the calcareous spring fen in the protected area (natural monument) “Arkaulovskoye Mire” (Republic of Bashkortostan, Southern Urals Region) was investigated. The species recorded comprised 182 vascular plants and 87 bryophytes (67 mosses and 20 liverworts), including 26 rare species listed in the Red Data Book of the Republic of Bashkortostan and seven species listed in the Red Data Book of the Russian Federation. The study area is notable for the presence of isolated populations of relict species whose main ranges are associated with humid coastal and mountainous regions in Central Europe. The vegetation cover of the protected area consists of periodically flooded grey alder - bird cherry forests, sedge - reed birch and birch - alder forested mire, sparse pine and birch forested mire with dominance of Molinia caerulea, base-rich fens with Schoenus ferrugineus, islets of meso-oligotrophic moss - shrub - dwarf pine mire communities, aquatic communities of small pools and streams, etc. Examination of the peat deposit indicates the occurrence of both historical and present-day travertine deposition. A retrospective assessment of the seasonal development of vegetation and surface temperature at Arkaulovskoye Mire, using earth observation data, suggests that the microclimatic conditions of the mire habitat can mitigate extremes of continental climate in the forest-steppe zone and thus support the survival of the mire’s relict floristic complexes. Finally, a comparison of climatic data between the Arkaulovskoye Mire and Nätsjöbäcken Mire in Sweden, which is a site for Schoenus ferrugineus within its main European range, shows that the annual temperature regimes of these two locations are rather similar.