Recovery Of Essential Oil Research Articles

Progress in biosynthesis of santalene and santalol

Santalene and santalol are the main components of valuable perfume sandalwood essential oil, and have good antibacterial, anti-oxidation and anti-tumor activities. Commercial sandalwood essential oil is mainly extracted from sandalwood tree that grows slowly and is difficult to cultivate. In addition, the extraction recovery of sandalwood essential oil from sandalwood tree is too low to meet the market demand. These factors make sandalwood essential oil expensive. An option is to use genetic engineering and molecular biological methods to heterologously express related synthase of santalene and santalol in microbial host. In this paper, the biosynthesis progress of santalene and santalol synthase, as well as the optimization of mevalonate metabolic pathways in the hosts are summarized. Furthermore, the strategies of applying protein engineering technology to carry out orthomutation of santalene synthase were also discussed, to provide reference for the optimal biosynthesis of santalene and santalol.

Effect of Processing Time on Recovery and Quality of Essential Oil from Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin Benth.)

Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin) is fragrant herb produce essential oil, known as patchouli oil having high economic importance. Patchouli oil is widely used in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Global demand is very high for Patchouli oil as compare to its production. Patchouli oil extraction is still new but has large market demand due to therapeutic and healing properties of oil. In this study an effort to increase the recovery of patchouli oil by standardizing the extraction process was performed. Drying of herbage before extraction was done in oven at 50°C. Recovery of patchouli oil at different intervals of processing time viz., 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 hours at 15% moisture was analyzed. It was observed that the oil recovery increased from 1.8 to 2.43% (w/w) as processing time increased from 4 to 8 hours. The patchouli oil samples extracted during the study were also analyzed for its physico-chemical quality. All the extracted oil samples have shown the values of physico-chemical parametre in the satndard permissible range of patchouli oil except long extraction time (after 7 hours), due to which acid value of oil exceds the permissible limit. Hence, from the above work it may be concluded that the extraction of essential oil should be carried out at combination of 15% moisture (db) and 7 hours of processing time intervals for better recovery and quality of oil.

Application of response surface methodology to optimize the extraction of essential oil from ripe berries of Pistacia lentiscus using ultrasonic pretreatment

Pistacia lentiscus is one of the medicinal plants that is traditionally used to cure several diseases such as asthma or burns. The present work focuses on the application of the ultrasound as pretreatment to extract essential oil from the ripe berries of this plant using the hydrodistillation process. The objective of this study was to extract essential oil from the ripe berries of this plant and optimize the extraction parameters using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Design Expert 9.0.6 was used to design the experiments based on the Box-Behnken Design with three parameters, namely extraction time, ultrasonic power and plant material to water ratio. The ranges of the examined independent variables (factors), i.e. the extraction time (30.60–90 h), ultrasonic power (20–60 W) and plant material to water ratio of (1:4–1:12 g dry berries per ml water) were identified by preliminary experiments. The antioxidant activity of the essential oil of P. lentiscus ripe berries was measured by different chemical assays: 2, 2- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2, 2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity and reducing power. The butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) was used as positive control. The experimental data obtained from a 17 run experiment were fitted to a second-order polynomial equation. The optimal conditions were determined by the 3D response surface and the contour plots derived from the models. Results showed that the extraction time, the ultrasonic power and the plant material to water ratio have significant effect (p < 0.001) on the yield extraction of the essential oil. The optimum extraction conditions were found to be extraction time of 60 min, ultrasonic power of 60 W and solid-liquid ratio of 1 g: 12 ml. Under the optimized conditions, the maximum value of essential oil recovery relative to the initial mass of ripe berries powder was 0.66 ± 0.03%. The antioxidant activity of the essential oil evaluated by the scavenging activity of free radicals DPPH (), ABTS (+) and reduction power showed a moderate efficiency with IC50 = 571.22 ± 1.40 mg/l, 528.87 ± 1.65 mg/l and 244.24 ± 0.41 mg/l, respectively. The essential oil of P. lentiscus ripe berries can provide good alternatives to the synthetic antioxidants, to reduce the application of synthetic compounds as antioxidants because of their potential negative health effects and as a result of consumer demand for healthy products.

OPTIMIZING THE PROCESSING OF GINGER ESSENTIAL OIL YIELD (Zingiber collinsii) FROM PUMAT NATIONAL PARK OF VIETNAM USING THE RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY

In Vietnam, ginger (zingiber) belonging to ginger family (zingiberaceae) is a valuable spice plant. Extraction is the first step of great importance for the recovery and purification of essential oil from plant materials. In this paper, we studied on the factors that affect the process of total essential oil extraction from ginger roots originated from Pu Mat National Park, Nghe An province. The total essential oil yield extraction from ginger roots was optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with experimental order of Box-Behnken design. The final optimization value for yield of ginger essential oil is at 570 ml water to 100 g sample at 290 minutes of steam distillation using 1.09 mm material thickness size. In this condition, the maximum total essential oil yield was predicted to be 1.23 %.

Optimization of AlgerianThymus fontanesiiBoiss. &amp; Reut Essential Oil Extraction by Electromagnetic Induction Heating

The present study deals with the determination of optimal values of operating parameters such as the temperature of heating, the mass of the plant material and the volume of water leading to the best yield of electromagnetic induction (EMI) heating extraction of Algerian Thymus fontanesii essential oil. After an appropriate choice of the three critical variables, eight experiments leaded to a mathematical model as a firstdegree polynomial presenting the response function (yield) in the relation to the operating parameters. From the retained model, we were able to calculate the average response, the different effects and their interactions. The maximum of essential oil recovery percentage relative to the initial mass of plant material was 1.69%, and was obtained at (140 ℃, 250 g and 4.5 L). The chemical composition of the Algerian T. fontanesii essential oil under the obtained optimal conditions (140 ℃, 250 g and 4.5 L), determined by GC/MS and GC/FID, reveled of the presence of major components such as: carvacrol (70.6 ± 0.1%), followed by p-cymene (8.2 ± 0.2%).

Registration of variety: CIM-Surabhi: A linalool rich, high essential oil yielding variety of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum)

The essential oil of sweet basil (family: Lamiaceae) is used in falvour, fragrance, food, oral health preparations and traditional house hold medicines. 189 genetic stocks of Genus Ocimum are available at CSIR-CIMAP for research and exploitation. The essential oil of sweet basil with linalool, linalool acetate in desired combinations are in high demand for making various innovative cosmetic and perfumery products. Applying half sib selection technique on an Ocimum basilicum population, a new improved cultivar (namely OBC-1) has been developed. This cultivar has been released for its commercial cultivation in the name of variety CIM-Surabhi. Besides being a high linalool containing genotype, this variety will also provide additional income to farmers as it yield higher herb (221. 30ql/ha) and essential oil (166 kg/ha) recovery. The oil of this variety is rich in 70-75 %(-) linalool. The (-) linalool in this variety is of 99.14 % purity and is superior to that obtained from lavender. The new cultivar also fits in crop rotation / intercropping between wheat and paddy and with other vegetables crops.

Spent cumin seeds generated from ayurvedic industry as a source of bioactive compounds for nutraceutical/functional food applications

Spent cumin (SC) generated from the ayurvedic medicine industry was screened for essential oil, oleoresin and dietary fiber content; and compared with fresh cumin (FC). Significant amount of essential oil and oleoresin was retained in SC as compared to FC. The composition of essential oil from SC and FC were significantly different as evident from GC and GC/MS analysis. Percentage retention of the major flavor compound in cumin, cuminaldehyde, in SC was 80.05% with respect to that of FC. Essential oil from SC exhibited promising antimicrobial activities. Essential oil from SC inhibited C. tropicalis fungi (zone of inhibition 44 ± 2.25 mm), which was better than the standard drug clotrimazole. The oleoresin, soluble and insoluble dietary fiber contents of SC were 6.43, 5.36, and 66.1%, respectively. Soluble dietary fiber from SC exhibited potential water holding and swelling capacities and has better prebiotic properties, suggesting application as a functional food ingredient. Practical applications Value addition of agro-industrial waste pertain great interest for research, as it is a probable source of bioactive phytochemicals. Spent cumin generated from the ayurvedic medicine industry was screened for bioactive components; and compared with fresh cumin. The study indicates that the cumin seed residue from industries could be utilized for further value addition for the recovery of essential oil, oleoresin, and antioxidant dietary fiber. The present work is of great significant to food/pharmaceutical industries in terms of better utilization of natural resources for sustainable development and to address the issue of environmental pollution by better management of industrial waste.

Changes in the Essential Oil Composition of Origanum majorana L. During Post Harvest Drying

To assess the changes in essential oil content and composition of sweet- marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) during post harvest drying / storage, an experiment was conducted in the hilly region of Uttarakhand. Drying of sweet-marjoram herb under shade and field conditions prior to distillation increased the essential oil recovery by 11.1 %. Altogether, twenty-seven constituents, representing 93.23-98.81 % of the total oil compositions were identified using GC/FID and GC/MS techniques. Major constituents of the oil were cis-sabinene hydrate (20.23-46.27 %), terpinen-4-ol (9.32-23.43 %), γ-terpinene (5.67-13.76 %), α-terpinene (2.98-8.38 %), sabinene (4.90-8.17 %), trans-sabinene hydrate (5.01-7.34 %) and α-terpineol (3.41-4.17 %). The amount of cis-sabinene hydrate decreased on shade drying and subsequent storage under shade conditions (from 37.05 to 20.23 %); however, its content was improved on drying under space conditions (37.52-46.27 %) as compared to the fresh herb (37.05 %).

Optimization of Algerian rosemary essential oil extraction yield by supercritical CO2 using response surface methodology

The present study deals with the determination of optimal values of operating parameters such as temperature and pressure leading to the best yield of a supercritical CO 2 extraction of essential oil from local rosemary plants, using the response surface methodology (RSM). The maximum of essential oil recovery percentage relative to the initial mass of leaf powder was 3.52 wt%, and was obtained at 313 K and 22 MPa. A second-order polynomial was used to express the oil recovery and the calculated mass of recovered oil using the RSM was very close to the experimental value, confirming the reliability of this technique. The chemical composition of the Algerian rosemary oil under the obtained optimal conditions (313 K and 22 MPa), determined by GC–MS analysis, revealed the presence of camphor (major compound) (52.12%), 1,8-cineole (9.65%), camphene (7.55%), α-pinene (6.05%), borneol (3.52%), aroma dendrene (2.11%), verbenone (1.97%), α-caryophyllene (1.71%), and others. Le présent travail concerne la détermination des valeurs optimales de paramètres opératoires tels que la température et la pression, qui donnent la valeur maximale du rendement d’extraction par CO 2 supercritique d’huile essentielle issue de la plante de romarin local, utilisant la méthode de surface de réponse (MSR). Le rendement d’extraction maximal a été de 3.52 wt% et a été obtenu à 313 K et 22 MPa. Un polynôme du second degré a été obtenu par le biais de la MSR pour le calcul du rendement d’extraction et a donné des résultats très proches des valeurs expérimentales. Ceci confirme l’efficacité de la méthode de surface de réponse. La composition chimique de l’huile extraite aux conditions optimales (313 K and 22 MPa) a été déterminée par l’analyse GC-MS et a indiqué la présence des composés tels que le camphre (composé majeur) (52.12%), le 1,8-cinéol (9.65%), le camphene (7.55%), l'α-pinène (6.05%), le bornéol (3.52%), l'aromadendrène (2.11%), la verbénone (1.97%), l'α-caryophyllène (1.71%) et d'autres.

Glandular trichome disruption by rapid CO2 depressurization as pretreatment for recovery of essential oil from Leptocarpha rivularis leaves

Leptocarpha rivularis is a medicinal plant used as a treatment for different illnesses. These properties are related to its essential oils. Trichomes are specialized structures located on the leaf surface and are responsible for secreting essential oils. Disruption of trichomes by CO2 rapid depressurization was studied as pretreatment of L. rivularis leaves for subsequent extraction of essential oil with supercritical CO2 at 40°C and 10MPa. The effect of temperature (21–49°C) and pressure (6–13MPa) of static compression on extract recovery was studied. Low temperature and high pressure favored the highest extract recovery, with the pressure effect being more important than the temperature effect. Disruption of trichomes was evidenced by light microscopy images of pretreated leaves. Antioxidant activity in the selected extract, measured as Trolox equivalent (TE) and β-carotene bleaching (IC50 value), were 1.85mmol TE/kg and 8.7mg/mL respectively. The anti-inflammatory activity (IC50 value) was 1.12mg/mL. Three target terpenoids of L. rivularis (α-thujone, β-caryophyllene and caryophyllene oxide) were quantified in the selected extract using GC/FID. Pretreatment by CO2 rapid depressurization can improve the recovery of important compounds from L. rivularis leaves, and since this is performed at a low temperature, this protects heat-sensitive compounds.

EKSTRAKSI 1,8-CINEOLE DARI MINYAK DAUN EUCALYPTUS UROPHYLLA DENGAN METODE SOXHLETASI

Eucalyptus urophylla plants (family: Myrtaceae, order: Myrtales ) usually are used only wooden parts for the manufacture of frames, pulp and paper, whereas their leaves can be used to produce essential oils in the pharmaceutical usage. The aim of this research is to extract the essential oils from leaves of Eucalyptus urophylla with soxhlet extraction method, in order to obtain maximum recovery of essential oils with good quality. Prior to the extraction process, the fresh leaves of Eucalyptus urophylla were reduced so that its size become 1 × 1 cm, and then dried in an oven at a temperature of 70 °C for 1 hour after being wrapped in a filter paper, after that followed by the extraction of the leaves using a variety of solvents, namely 96 % ethanol, n-hexane and dichloromethane, then proceed with the analysis of essential oil products (cineol content analysis). In this study, experiments were conducted with a variety of treatments such as the ratio of the volume of solvent to yield, the ratio of the mass of leaves of Eucalyptus urophylla to the yield on 5 cycles , and temperature of the solvent to yield. The conclusions of this research are the best extraction results with maximum cineol value (29.17 %) was obtained using dichloromethane solvent, while using 96 % ethanol produced the maximum yield of extract.

Adsorptive recovery of high value essential oil from kewda (Pandanus fascicularis Lam) distillation condensate

AbstractKewda (Pandanus fascicularis Lam) essential oil was enriched with phenylethyl methyl ether (65–77%), terpinen‐4‐ol (13–18%) and α‐terpineol (1–3%), which were definitely soluble in distillation condensate. The solubility of phenylethyl methyl ether, terpinen‐4‐ol and α‐terpineol in water were more than 1000 ppm. Adsorption performance of single‐solutes and multi‐solutes over Amberlite‐resins and Indion‐resins were elucidated. XAD‐4 and Indion 1014 MN‐2 were most suitable because of their higher loading capacities of 2.2–3.2 mmol g−1 and 2.3–3.6 mmol g−1, respectively. Temkin adsorption isotherm was best fitted to the experimental results. Adsorption was followed Pseudo‐second order, Ritche's‐second order and Elovich's equation to validate the kinetics of chemisorption. Column breakthrough results revealed that the water soluble essential oil was recovered from the distillation condensate through a resin bed. Then the adsorbed solutes were desorbed from the resins with elution in ethanol to achieve complete recovery of high value essential oil from the distillation condensate. © 2015 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Response surface optimization of Smyrnium cordifolium Boiss (SCB) oil extraction via supercritical carbon dioxide

In this study, the essential oil of aerial parts of a species of a plant called Smyrnium cordifolium Boiss (SCB) was extracted by supercritical CO2. The essence was analyzed by the method of GC/MS. Design of experiments was carried out with response surface methodology by Minitab 16 software to optimize four operating variables of supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extraction (pressure, temperature, CO2 flow rate and extraction dynamic time). This is the first report announcing optimization of the operation of supercritical extraction of SCB in laboratorial conditions. Optimizing process was done to achieve maximum yield extraction. Independent variables were dynamic time (td), pressure (P), temperature (T) and flow rate of SC-CO2 (Q) in the range of 30–150min, 10–30MPa, 40–60°C and 0.5–1.7ml/min, respectively. The experimental optimal recovery of essential oil (0.8431, w/w%) was obtained at 13.43MPa, 40°C, 150min (dynamic) and 1.7ml/min (CO2 flow rate).

Modelling the Kinetics of Steam Distillation of Essential Oils from Lemon Grass (Cymbopogon Spp.)

The kinetics of essential oil recovery from lemon grass was investigated using an experimentally validated first order kinetic model. Essential oil recovery was accomplished in a steam distillation equipment using 100g of plant material in different physical states. The kinetic model developed did not take into consideration the resistance to oil diffusion from the tissues within the plant material to the leaf surface. The integral method of analysis was used to test the fit of the model to the experimental results. The straight lines obtained indicated that the recovery of essential oils from lemon grass followed first order rate kinetics with a mean rate constant, k, of 0.0451. It was observed that oil extraction was not instantaneous as some time was required to wet the plant material to enable the oil diffuse from within the leaves to the surface. Furthermore, loose packing of the plant material within the steam distillation equipment improved oil yield and drying the plant material prior to distillation did not reduce the quantity of oil available for recovery.

Optimization of essential oil supercritical extraction from Algerian Myrtus communis L. leaves using response surface methodology

The present work deals with the application of the supercritical fluid extraction process to extract essential oils from the leaves of an Algerian myrtle plant (Myrtus communis L.). Using the surface response methodology, an optimization of the extraction recovery was carried out, varying the pressure in the range of [10–30MPa], the temperature within [308–323K], a solvent flow rate fixed at 0.42kgh−1 and a mean particle diameter equal to 0.5mm or less than 0.315mm. The maximum value of essential oil recovery relative to the initial mass of leaf powder was 4.89wt%, and was obtained when the SC–CO2 extraction was carried out under 313K, 30MPa and with a particle diameter less than 0.315mm. A second-order polynomial expression was used to express the oil recovery. The calculated mass of recovered oil using the response surface methodology was very close to the experimental value, confirming the reliability of this technique.

Effect of Process Parameters on Extraction of Essential Oil from Cumin

Cumin is an important spice containing about 2.5 to 4 % essential oil. The effect of particle sizes of cumin on distillation time was studied using a completely randomized design. Six levels of particle size, i. e. whole cumin (2.33 mm), 1000 μm, 711 μm, 503 μm, 356 μm, 251 μm of cumin were studied. Particle size of 356 μm and 5 h of distillation time is recommended for higher recovery and good quality of essential oil.

Potential for Utilizing Western Juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) Biomass for Oil Extraction and as a Fermentation Medium

ABSTRACT Steam-distilled essential oils from western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) foliage and twigs were tested for activity against subterranean termites and fungi. Foliage residues were pretreated with dilute sulfuric acid and enzymatically treated to determine their digestibility. Essential oil recovery and sugar yields were higher for foliage than twigs. Foliage essential oil exhibited excellent antifungal and termiticidal activities at the concentrations tested. These results highlight the potential for integrating steam distillation of western juniper foliage to remove essential oil with enzymatic digestion of extraction residues. Additional studies to optimize distillation and pretreatment conditions for foliage are recommended.

Ultrasound induced intensification and selective extraction of essential oil from Carum carvi L. seeds

The influence of ultrasonic pre-treatment of Carum carvi L. seeds cultivated in El Hamadia, Bordj Bou Arreridj (Algeria) was investigated for the recovery of essential oil (EO) by means of hydrodistillation. The results indicate that ultrasound treatment engenders a rapid release of essential oil with 80% of EO recovery after only 30min of extraction for treated seeds versus 90min for untreated seeds. However, almost similar yields of volatile fraction were obtained with 1.72% versus 1.68%, respectively. A total of 21 components accounting for 99% of total oil were identified using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The main constituents for both extracts (treated and untreated seeds) were carvone (5.93mg/g, 5.73mg/g) is predominant over limonene (5.47mg/g, 5.28mg/g). Therefore, the data report higher carvone/limonene concentration ratio for treated seeds in shorter processing time. In addition, the analysis of essential oil obtained from hydrodistillation of seeds, revealed that 61% of EO was recovered in the liquid phase in treated seeds against 63% of EO in the solid phase from untreated samples.

Production of bioethanol by fermentation of lemon (Citrus limon L.) peel wastes pretreated with steam explosion

The application of steam explosion and enzymatic hydrolysis pretreatments on lemon (Citrus limon L.) citrus peel wastes was studied to obtain bioethanol, galacturonic acid and other co-products, such as d-limonene and citrus pulp pellets. Steam explosion pretreatment and recovery of lemon citrus essential oils was carried out at pilot plant scale. The effect of steam explosion on lignocellulosic composition of lemon peel wastes was studied by thermogravimetric analysis. The antimicrobial activity of lemon essential oil on Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its influence on ethanol production during fermentation were also studied. The steam-exploded lemon peel wastes were processed by sequential and simultaneous hydrolysis and fermentation. Concentrations of sugars, galacturonic acid and ethanol were analyzed to measure the efficiency of these processes. Significant antimicrobial activity of lemon essential oils has been observed on S. cerevisiae at concentrations above 0.025%. The steam explosion pretreatment has shown an interesting effect on lemon peel wastes processing for obtaining ethanol and galacturonic acid. This pretreatment reduces the residual content of essential oils below 0.025% and significantly decreases the hydrolytic enzyme requirements. Ethanol production in excess of 60L/1000kg fresh lemon peel biomass can be obtained.

“In situ” extraction of essential oils by use of Dean–Stark glassware and a Vigreux column inside a microwave oven: a procedure for teaching green analytical chemistry

One of the principal objectives of sustainable and green processing development remains the dissemination and teaching of green chemistry in colleges, high schools, and academic laboratories. This paper describes simple glassware that illustrates the phenomenon of extraction in a conventional microwave oven as energy source and a process for green analytical chemistry. Simple glassware comprising a Dean-Stark apparatus (for extraction of aromatic plant material and recovery of essential oils and distilled water) and a Vigreux column (as an air-cooled condenser inside the microwave oven) was designed as an in-situ extraction vessel inside a microwave oven. The efficiency of this experiment was validated for extraction of essential oils from 30 g fresh orange peel, a by-product in the production of orange juice. Every laboratory throughout the world can use this equipment. The microwave power is 100 W and the irradiation time 15 min. The method is performed at atmospheric pressure without added solvent or water and furnishes essential oils similar to those obtained by conventional hydro or steam distillation. By use of GC-MS, 22 compounds in orange peel were separated and identified; the main compounds were limonene (72.1%), β-pinene (8.4%), and γ-terpinene (6.9%). This procedure is appropriate for the teaching laboratory, does not require any special microwave equipment, and enables the students to learn the skills of extraction, and chromatographic and spectroscopic analysis. They are also exposed to a dramatic visual example of rapid, sustainable, and green extraction of an essential oil, and are introduced to successful sustainable and green analytical chemistry.