Reconstruction Of Text Research Articles

Concrete poetry for the sign language classroom

Concrete poetry creates meaning by relying primarily on visual iconicity likewise sign languages (SLs). As they are visual-gestural languages, their modality allows a more transparent relation between the form of the sign and its meaning. Due to this common characteristic, the paper introduces the construction of SL literary material on the basis of the visual stimuli (mainly written) of concrete poetry. In this process, both languages (written and signed) are equal, since the reconstruction of the original text requires the close reading of their grammar and literary traditions.Keywords: concrete poetry; sign language; philology.

Objective Reality: Philosophical Justification (Descartes-Nesmelov-Vl. Solovyov)

The relevance of the study is due to the fact that the truth of knowledge about the existence of the external world, which all scientific knowledge is based on, has not received final philosophical and theoretical justification in Russian philosophy, and the works of some domestic philosophers, for example, V.I. Nesmelov, who specifically studied this problem, are practically unknown to the modern philosophical public. The purpose of the article is to reflectively critically examine the epistemological significance of Descartes’s principle of “cogito”, presented in the works of V. I. Nesmelov and Vl. Soloviev in order to justify the truth of knowledge about the existence of the objective world. The leading approach to the study of this problem is based on a theoretical reconstruction and interpretation of texts, which allows not only to reveal the semantic content of the philosophical reflections of these philosophers on the problem of substantiating the existence of the external world and the identity of thinking and being, but to critically reflectively evaluate and compare their approaches and the obtained results. The main results obtained in this article: it is shown how, recognizing the full legitimacy of the skeptical position about the inaccuracy of our knowledge about the existence of objective reality, Descartes tried to overcome skepticism in this matter; it is explained why Descartes, having discovered the incontrovertible truth “cogito”, “threw it as completely unnecessary to him” (V.I. Nesmelov) to justify the existence of the objective world and set about looking for other criteria for substantiating reliable knowledge about this world; the inconsistency of the idea of God proposed by Descartes as a criterion for such a justification is analyzed; the analysis of V. I. Nesmelov's attempt to use the incontrovertible truth "cogito" left by Descartes to justify the reliability of our knowledge of the existence of the objective world is given; it is considered why Vl. Solovyov’s reflections, who considered the principle of Cogito ergo sum to be not fully clarified by Descartes, himself requires further clarification of V.I. Nesmelov’s solution of the question of the criteria for the reliability of our knowledge of the existence of objective reality.

Evidence for Transposition Errors Affecting the Text of Gildas’s De Excidio

Scholarly consensus maintains that the British writer Gildas was effectively ignorant of fifth-century events and therefore had no idea where to properly fit the famous passage known as the gemitus Britannorum into his quasi-historical diatribe. This study found that the four distinct groupings of twenty-three, twenty-three, twenty, and twenty-two words that comprise the passage are actually palaeographical evidence of a loose bifolium. By determining the format of the autograph, it will be shown that textual corruption occurred during transmission due to factors both primary (loose folia in the exemplar) and secondary (copyist innovation). This paper also offers a proposed textual reconstruction of the displaced segment, which shall greatly affect our both our appreciation of Gildas and our ability to use his narrative as a reliable historical source.

Семиотический метод и метод языкового поля как способы интерпретации фотопроектов (на материале творчества В. Кламма и Ф. Тёлкова)

The trend in the study of photo content in the modern media space is gaining momentum and actualizes the problems of interpreting a visual image. Under the influence of technological innovations, the photographic process is being transformed and requires not only professional self-reflection, but also a detailed study based on modern approaches and methods of text reconstruction. The method of semiotic analysis and the method of the language field allow us to identify and interpret the meanings embedded in photo projects. The semiotic interpretation is focused on the analysis of the visual image, which is a culturally determined system of signs. In turn, the language field method allows you to identify key concepts in a certain topic and associate them with peripheral ones that complement the core. In this article, the promise of using these methods is demonstrated on the material of photoprojects by V. Klamm and F. Telkov.

An Ecocentric Reading of אמת‎, חסד‎, and דעת אלהים‎ in Hosea 4.1-6

Many critics have blamed the current ecological crisis on an interpretation of the biblical text that legitimates human abuse of the earth’s resources, through a misconstruction of the human relationship with the rest of the created order. The Hebrew text of Hosea 4.1-6 documents a tacit knowledge of the consequence of human action on the ecosystem, evidence that has been eclipsed in various English translations due to the contextual gap between the text and the English recipient. This paper attempts a reconstruction of the Hebrew text, and undertakes a fresh translation that exposes the cosmological underpinnings of the text. The passage is then interpreted from an ecocentric perspective in a synchronic reading with other passages. This reveals an awareness of an intricate relationship among humanity, the earth, and non-human inhabitants of the earth, a relationship that Hosea describes with the terms אמת‎, חסד‎, and דעת אלהים‎.

L2 Spanish morphosyntactic development through collaborative writing: An analysis of mood production, text length and syntactic complexity

This study discusses the impact of interactionist output-oriented approaches, specifically, the effects of collaborative text reconstruction on subjunctive recognition and production in the written modality by English-dominant Spanish second-language learners. It also examines whether students’ text length and text complexity increase after treatment. A total of 104 fifth-semester Spanish learners participated in the study and were assigned to three conditions: control ( n = 36), dictogloss ( n = 33) and dictogloss plus explicit instruction ( n = 35). In order to measure target form recognition and production as well as text quality, participants completed a pre-, post- and delayed-post-test that included a guided written task and a recognition task. Results indicated that participants in both treatment groups increased their production of the subjunctive mood in the written modality in expected contexts at similar rates, which was also maintained over time. Participants also increased recognition rates, irrespective of group, pointing to a lack of relationship between this type of collaborative text reconstruction and subjunctive recognition. Lastly, an effect of group and time was also observed for text length and syntactic complexity, as participants in the treatment groups produced significantly longer texts, as well as a higher number of complement clauses.

Reconstruction of Typical Wedding Melodies Based on a Collection of Texts from the end of the XIX century from the Vicinity of Nizhyn Recorded by O. Malinka

This article is devoted to analysis of wedding texts from the Mryn city by folklorist O. Malinka in his work “Malorusskoe vesilie (Svadebnyie obryady і pesni, zapys. v m. Mryn Nezhynskoho uez. Chernigovskoy gub.)”, which was published in 1897. Materials were probably collected during 1886-1890. In the collection, which contains a detailed description of the wedding ritual and 179 texts of wedding songs, unfortunately, there are no musical transcription of the lyrics. This void inspired several expeditions in order to find the “sound" of the texts. Ethnographers had a similar research experience who, since the 1970s, repeated fixations of folklore prose with “traces” of 19th-century folklorists. As a result of field investigations, 4 traditional wedding tunes were recorded, 30 texts of this collection were voiced, as well as a significant group (59 samples) of local texts that were not included in the collection from the end of the XIX century. This makes it possible to assume that Mrin’s wedding ceremony included at least 238 lyrics. By combining syllabic and rhythmic analysis of texts from the collection and audio materials collected by the author (in 2012-2018), in general, it was possible to determine 8 rhythmotypes of melodies in the local wedding repertoire. Among them, we highlight (a) a group of tunes, for which numerous plots are fixed (tirade compositions ‹Т6› и ‹Т53›), b) a group of forms with few or single texts (‹532›, ‹63›). A number of forms have been lost, namely: ‹532;557›, ‹5532›, ‹44р14;44р24›, ‹Т4›. All these rhythmotypes, as recent studies of left-bank wedding traditions show, are quite rare. The tirade compositions belong to the fret system, which in recent years is commonly called the "Desna" system. Strophic forms have special modal incarnations – the so-called three-support, characteristic of neighboring regions. This paper presents basic methods and features, which can serve as the basis of reconstruction of non-voiced texts in collections of past centuries.

ATHENIAN MERCANTILISM: A NEW APPROACH TO THE ATHENIAN COINAGE DECREE AND THE LAW OF NICOPHON

Two fragmentary specimens of Greek epigraphy, both inscribed within a century of one another (ca. 450 and 375 B.C.) [1] and both, in one manner or another, dealing with regulations of Athenian coinage, have been the source of scholarly debate and controversy. The fifth century Athenian decree ( ψήφισμα ) on coins, weights, and standards, [2] has been referred to as one of “the most controversial texts in the history of Greek epigraphy.” [3] The central debate surrounds its date, which then informs understanding of the nature of the decree and the motive behind its issuance. The fourth century Athenian law (νόμος) on approvers of silver coinage [4] likewise is subject to much debate regarding its textual reconstruction. Both the fifth century decree and the fourth century law aim to control elements of monetary exchange through by eliminating the utilization, and later even the existence, of non-Athenian coinage. The differences from this perspective appear to be quantitative not qualitative—macro-managing and micro-managing monetary exchange. Notwithstanding, scholarship isolates the inscriptions and rarely considers any connection. [5] I aim to provide a better understanding of these two inscriptions and to explore the matter of continuity between these two pieces of Athenian legislation. Along with the matter of continuity, a series of related questions are treated here. (1) Was the Coinage Decree [6] a product of nascent Athenian imperialism, as scholarly consensus maintains, or rather a means to catalyze Athenian revenue via seigniorage? (2) How successful were the Coinage Decree and the Law on Coinage? (3) What does the numismatic evidence suggest regarding successful implementation of them? Namely, do coin finds signify the regularization of anti-counterfeiting measures? (4) Is there any perceivable quantitative reduction of non-Athenian silver coinage following the Decree or Law? [1] All dates are B.C. unless noted otherwise. [2] ATL ii. D 14 = MEIGGS/LEWIS #45. [3] HADJI 2005, 263. [4] SEG 26.72 = RHODES/OSBORNE #25. [5] E.g., Mattingly not only excludes it from discussion, but makes a point to stress that he will not discuss the Coinage Law whatsoever in his work, stating: “I shall say nothing of the astonishing new document from 375/374” (1996, 403). [6] I use the term “Coinage Decree” (from Munzgesetz ), as opposed to the seldom used “Standards Decree” found in CHAMBERS, et al. (1990).

Ancient Greek text concealed on the back of unrolled papyrus revealed through shortwave-infrared hyperspectral imaging.

Only a few Herculaneum rolls exhibit writing on their reverse side. Since unrolled papyri are permanently glued to paperboard, so far, this fact was known to us only from 18th-century drawings. The application of shortwave-infrared (SWIR; 1000-2500 nm) hyperspectral imaging (HSI) to one of them (PHerc. 1691/1021) has revealed portions of Greek text hidden on the back more than 220 years after their first discovery, making it possible to recover this primary source for the ongoing new edition of this precious book. SWIR HSI has produced better contrast and legibility even on the extensive text preserved on the front compared to former imaging of Herculaneum papyri at 950 nm (improperly called multispectral imaging), with a substantial impact on the text reconstruction. These promising results confirm the importance of advanced techniques applied to ancient carbonized papyri and open the way to a better investigation of hundreds of other such papyri.

Effects of timing and availability of isolated FFI on learners’ written accuracy and fluency through task repetition

ABSTRACT The current study explores whether form-focused instruction with different timing and availability conditions can be used with repetitive writing tasks to enhance grammatical accuracy and fluency. Sixty-one intermediate English as a foreign language (EFL) learners performed three text reconstruction tasks: Task 1, Repeat Task, New Task, and Delayed Task. At the repeat performance, participants received either no explicit instruction (EI) (control), pre-writing EI (pre-EI), pre-writing EI also available during task enactment (pre + online-EI) or post-writing EI (post-EI). The results revealed that task repetition in the control group and to a greater extent in the experimental groups led to enhanced written accuracy and fluency. Concerning accuracy, the pre + online-EI group outperformed all other groups and showed a gradual decrease subsequently. In contrast, the pre-EI and post-EI groups were not found to be different and their enhanced repeat performance declined sharply afterwards. Written fluency flourished and was maintained in the post-EI group followed by the pre-EI and control groups. There were no significant changes in the pre + online-EI learners’ written fluency.

Es streite, wer kann! Ein neuer Rekonstruktions- und Interpretationversuch für das sumerische Schulstreitgespräch ‚Dialog 1‘

Abtract On the basis of the recent edition of Dialogue 1 by J. C. Johnson and M. J. Geller (2015), this article offers a revised text reconstruction as well as a differing interpretation of the text and its protagonists. The interpretation of Dialogue 1 as a verbal contest between two schoolboys of rather unequal rhetorical proficiency is based on a rhetorical analysis of the dialogue and a more systematic contextualisation within the corpus of Sumerian literary disputations and related compositions.

Learning Document Embeddings with Crossword Prediction

In this paper, we propose a Document Embedding Network (DEN) to learn document embeddings in an unsupervised manner. Our model uses the encoder-decoder architecture as its backbone, which tries to reconstruct the input document from an encoded document embedding. Unlike the standard decoder for text reconstruction, we randomly block some words in the input document, and use the incomplete context information and the encoded document embedding to predict the blocked words in the document, inspired by the crossword game. Thus, our decoder can keep the balance between the known and unknown information, and consider both global and partial information when decoding the missing words. We evaluate the learned document embeddings on two tasks: document classification and document retrieval. The experimental results show that our model substantially outperforms the compared methods.1.

PRINCIPLE OF WORLD DUALITY AS A REFLECTION OF THE DICHOTOMY OF US / THEM IN THE NOVEL OF I.I. LAZHECHNIKOV «THE ICE HOUSE»

The purpose of this article within the framework of the lingvocultural approach is to consider the features of linguistic and cultural opposition of us/them in the text of the historical novel by I.I. Lazhechnikov The Ice House through the prism of the real historical and cultural situation, on the example of the opposition of two historical eras the reign of Anna Ioannovna (Biron) and Peter's time. To achieve this goal contributes the solution of the following tasks: the definition of dichotomy us/them as the basic cultural analysis of the opposition of this world duality in the text of the novel by I.I. Lazhechnikov The Ice House. The research methodology was determined by its purpose and objectives, respectively, we used the following methods: continuous sampling method, the method of definition, component and contextual analysis. The article attempts to trace the representation of the dichotomy of us / them at different levels of embodiment of the writer's linguistic personality: lexico-grammatical, cognitive (conceptual) and pragmatic, as well as to determine its place in the disclosure of the essence of the individual author's picture of the world of the novelist.
 The binary opposition between friends and foes is one of the oldest in the world picture of any nation. The conceptual dichotomy of us / them refers to the base Constantan axiological picture of the world. On its basis, the ways and nature of the author's reconstruction of the literary text of historical reality are determined. Opposition us/them is the basis of both the national picture of the world and the picture of the individual author, which is clearly reflected in the texts of artistic discourse. This opposition is peculiar represented in the texts of historical novels, a striking example of which can be considered a novel by I.I. Lazhechnikov The Ice House. This opposition expresses conceptual information that corresponds to the thesaurus level of linguistic personality of the artist of the word. The dichotomy is built in accordance with the ideological views of the writer: the carriers of cultural ideals of the era, carrying light and good, are described as their own; others are opposed to them sinister, dark forces. Turning to the reconstruction of the historical era of the reign of Anna Ivanovna, I.I. Lazhechnikov in the center put forward a dichotomy of us/them, playing a key role in his individual-author's picture of the world.

The Politics of Place-Making in the Records of Buddhist Monasteries in Luoyang

AbstractAlthough the Luoyang qielan ji (Records of Buddhist Monasteries in Luoyang, ca. 547 CE) by the Northern Wei official Yang Xuanzhi has received much critical attention, existing studies have tended to treat space as mere settings or a given reality. This essay examines an ignored but central issue in the memoir, Yang’s preoccupation with the power and limitations of individuals’ engagements with Luoyang’s space, or place-making. His representations of Northern Wei residents’ place-making activities shed light on his nuanced perceptions of the intersection among place, power, and human agency. The analysis also enables us to better understand the political implications of Yang’s textual reconstruction of Luoyang and the innovative nature of his work.

Instruments and rules of production and interpretation of a concise text (with special regard to normativity)

Abstract In the production of concise texts, several instruments are used, of which two can be considered as basic: intratextual referencing (anaphora/cataphora) and the simple or complex ellipsis (ellipsis/syllepsis). However, the use of these instruments affects the unambiguity and intelligibility of the text. Certain rules for and limits to the simplification and shortening of the primary text are needed to secure the possibility of an unambiguous reconstruction of the text by the language user. However, we show that the elimination of homonymy from these texts seems to require considerable skill in the given area. Some such texts may be unintelligible even to informed experts. We delineate some basic cases of application of instruments for the streamlining of texts, with paradigmatic examples from law, including its Anglophone variants. Partly due to the nature of modern English as used in law, Anglo-American linguistics was compelled to formulate, in cooperation with legal theorists, explicit rules for the production and reconstruction of concise texts. By contrast, neither Slovak, nor Czech linguistics offers a self-contained set of such explicit rules. Using examples from law, we therefore propose explicit formulations of several rules which are used implicitly. They are the rule of the last antecedent, the rule of serial antecedents, the rule of the nearest reasonable referent, the rule of the series qualifier, the rule of unchanged topic, the rule of focus development, and the rule of repetition dominance. We argue that in the reconstruction of certain concise legal texts, the syntactic and semantic rules provided by linguistics or logic do not suffice. Therefore, it is necessary to complement them with specific methods of interpretation of legal texts.

The Effects of Negotiated Written Corrective Feedback on L2 Accuracy Development

This study investigated the effects of negotiation in the process of providing written corrective feedback (WCF) by comparing three different patterns: non-negotiation, minimal negotiation, and extended negotiation. The data were collected from three intermediate academic English classes at a university in Korea. Each class was exposed to different degrees of negotiation while they received WCF for two target forms, the past verb forms and the English articles, in their written production (text re-construction tasks). Their accuracy improvement was measured by text-reconstruction writing tasks and error correction tests. The study found that the use of negotiation affected accuracy improvement of the target forms; however, its effectiveness varied depending on the target forms and measurements. For the past tense, negotiation, regardless of its amount, resulted in more accuracy improvement than non-negotiation in both text re-construction tasks and error correction tests. However, for the English articles, negotiation operated differently: extended negotiation significantly brought about more accuracy development in both measurements, but the difference between minimal negotiation and non-negotiation was only observed in the error correction test, not in the text re-construction task.

A solution to reconstruct cross-cut shredded text documents based on constrained seed K-means algorithm and ant colony algorithm

The reconstruction of cross-cut shredded text documents (RCCSTD) is an important problem in forensics and is a real, complex and notable issue for information security and judicial investigations. It can be considered a special kind of greedy square jigsaw puzzle and has attracted the attention of many researchers. Clustering fragments into several rows is a crucial and difficult step in RCCSTD. However, existing approaches achieve low clustering accuracy. This paper therefore proposes a new clustering algorithm based on horizontal projection and a constrained seed K-means algorithm to improve the clustering accuracy. The constrained seed K-means algorithm draws upon expert knowledge and has the following characteristics: 1) the first fragment in each row is easy to distinguish and the unidimensional signals that are extracted from the first fragment can be used as the initial clustering center; 2) two or more prior fragments cannot be clustered together. To improve the splicing accuracy in the rows, a penalty coefficient is added to a traditional cost function. Experiments were carried out on 10 text documents. The accuracy of the clustering algorithm was 99.1% and the overall splicing accuracy was 91.0%, according to our measurements. The algorithm was compared with two other approaches and was found to offer significantly improved performance in terms of clustering accuracy. Our approach obtained the best results of RCCSTD problem based on our experiment results. Moreover, a more complex and real problem – reconstruction of cross-cut shredded dual text documents (RCCSDTD) problem – was tried to solve. The satisfactory results for RCCSDTD problems in some cases were obtained, to authors’ best knowledge, our method is the first feasible approach for RCCSDTD problem. On the other hand, the developed system is fundamentally an expert system that is being specifically applied to solve RCCSTD problems.

Intertestamental, Apocrypha, NT Use

Intertestamental, Apocrypha, NT Use Christopher T. Begg 796. [1QHodayota] Przemysław Dec, Zwój Hymnów Dziękczynnych z Qumran (1QHodajota). Rekonstrukja-przekład-komentarz [The Thanksgiving Scroll from Qumran (1QHodayota): Reconstruction–Translation–Commentary (Teksty z Pustyni Judzkiej 2; Cracow-Mogilany: Enigma Press, 2017). Pp. xviii + 230. Paper N.P. ISBN 978-83-86110-71-1. D.'s book provides a reconstruction of the Hebrew text of 1QHodayota, together with a Polish translation of the reconstructed text and a commentary on this. The reconstruction was produced between 1999 and 2004 and was the subject of D.'s doctoral dissertation, which he defended in 2004. … The reconstruction includes all extant fragments of the text as identified by H. Stegemann. The reconstruction's placement of the fragments differs in many respects from that given by Stegemann and E. Schuller in their 2009 edition of the manuscript and leaves aside the two final columns (27–28) of that edition. At the same time D.'s reconstruction incorporates all fragments that Stegemann and E. Puech have suggested as pertaining to the manuscript. The volume also features D.'s replica of the entire manuscript. The volume's five component chapters are as follows: General information concerning the Hodayot manuscripts as a whole; Reconstruction of Hodayota; the Hebrew text of the manuscript; the Polish translation of the manuscript; and an index of Hebrew words used in the manuscript. [Adapted from published abstract—C.T.B.] 797. [DSS] Antoni Tronina, Reguła Zrzeszenia i inne teksty prawne z Qumran: Adnotowany przekład z hebrajaskiego 1QS, 1QSa, 1QSb, CE, 1QM [The Rule of the Community and other legal texts from Qumran: An Annotated Translation from the Hebrew of 1QS, 1QSa, 1QSb, CD, and 1QM] [Teksty z Pustyni Judzkiej 3; CracowMogilany: Enigma Press, 2017). Pp. 191. Paper N.P. ISBN 978-83-86110-83-4. T.'s book provides annotated Polish translations of the constitutive texts of the Qumran community usually called "Rules" deriving from Cave 1 at the site, which the community observed during the various phases of its existence. The texts in question are not [End Page 257] simply formulations of norms for the group's communal life and involve more than merely a description of the internal structure of the community. In addition to their penal codes and strictures concerning relations with the outer world, the Rules also include such other elements as theological treatises, reflection on Israel's history, and even some liturgical texts. The Rules translated by T. here are the most characteristic documents of the entire Qumran library. Close reading of them points toward a long redactional process preceding the definitive versions attested in the Cave 1 documents. Earlier forms of the documents were in fact discovered in Cave 4. The evidence from both Caves 1 and 4 enabled scholars to trace the formation process of the community from earlier smaller groups and the relationships among those groups. It is impossible to present synoptically the remains of all the manuscripts of the text featured in this book. It may be the case that some of these remains pertain to separate redactions of the above texts. Each translated text is preceded by a general introduction to the given rule that also provides an extensive bibliography. The translations themselves are accompanied by line-by-line commentaries. It is the first such documented Polish translation of the Qumran Rules texts to appear since the pioneering rendering by Witold Tyloch in 1963. [Adapted from published abstract—C.T.B.] Christopher T. Begg Catholic University of America Copyright © 2019 The Catholic Biblical Association of America

Fundamentals of New Testament Textual Criticism ed. by Stanley E. Porter and Andrew W. Pitts

Reviewed by: Fundamentals of New Testament Textual Criticism ed. by Stanley E. Porter and Andrew W. Pitts Scott Charlesworth stanley e. porter and andrew w. pitts, Fundamentals of New Testament Textual Criticism ( Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2015). Pp. xvi + 202. Paper $22. Porter and Pitts have set out to fill a gap in the literature by writing a mid-level textbook for first- and second-year students of Greek. Their aim is to avoid both oversimplification and too much complexity by introducing NT textual criticism in enough detail to provide "exposure to major issues" (p. xiii). High expectations are dashed, however, when in chap. 1 they define the primary goal of textual criticism as "reconstruction of the original text of the NT" (p. 6). Omitted is any reference to theoretical discussions about the meaning of "original" and current preference for distinctions implied by use of the terms "authorial," "initial," and "archetype" (text). Is the rationale pragmatic, due to the limitations the authors have set themselves? If so, it cannot be justified. Moreover, the selected bibliography that follows this (and every other) chapter, which is designed to facilitate further study and make up for the paucity of footnotes, does not include any literature on the subject. In order to lay a foundation for exegesis, text-critical matters are "book-ended" by chaps. 2 and 13 on canon (the "domain of NT textual criticism") and English translations respectively. It is certainly right, as the authors explain, to get students thinking about all three areas before they come to exegesis, but the uncritical tone now becomes apologetic. The canon was established "as soon as the literature was written … and closed as soon as the last of the apostles died" (p. 30). The church did not then decide but discovered what was canonical (p. 30). The Canon 1 and 2 distinction is dismissed, and evidence to the contrary all but ignored, except as regards, for obvious reasons, the date of the Muratorian Fragment. Concerns about approach continue in chaps. 3 and 4 on materials, methods of classification, and major witnesses. There is apparent acceptance of Philip W. Comfort and David P. Barrett's consistently early dating of NT papyri (The Complete Text of the Earliest New Testament Greek Manuscripts [Grand Rapids: Baker, 2001] 58-59; cf. the endorsements [End Page 735] on pp. 46, 102), even though Comfort and Barrett's methodology has been roundly criticized by Pasquale Orsini and Willy Clarysse ("Early New Testament Manuscripts and Their Date," ETL 88 [2012] 443-74), who describe it as "theological palaeography." Additional questions about accuracy also start to arise. The review copy came with an errata slip correcting the highly inaccurate numbers of papyri, majuscules, minuscules, and lectionaries given in the book (p. 50). The notion of text-types, let alone geographically based text-types (so chap. 5), is under increasing challenge. While scribes in copying the text did not have license to change its essential meaning, the low-level "improvements" that were allowable all but disallow the classification of the papyri according to text-types. Again, there is no reference to current scholarly discussion of text-types in the text or bibliography. Chapter 6, however, contains a helpful introduction to textual variants with some input from linguistics. But students are also denied even-handed treatment in the methodological chaps. 7‒10. The Coherence-Based Genealogical Method is dismissed in a footnote (p. 90 n. 2) and the authors are ambivalent about whether students should even use the latest critical edition of the Greek New Testament (NA28, UBSGNT5) since it contains the text of the Catholic letters from the Editio Critica Maior (p. 147 n. 1). The ECM, as a result, is not among the critical editions discussed in chaps. 11‒12. In addition, the authors' strong preference for external evidence along with their hope that Sinaiticus, as "an ancient eclectic text that likely reflects or closely resembles the original" (p. 101), might become the diplomatic or base text of a future critical edition, risks "canonizing" a new "standard text" and diminishing the role of textual criticism. Finally, devaluation of the papyri (p. 102) in favor of the majuscules passes over the very important...

Introduction: A Special Issue on Editing Ulysses

Introduction:A Special Issue on Editing Ulysses Charles Rossman James Joyce's Ulysses was plagued from the outset by hundreds of printing errors. The 1922 first edition, published in Paris by Sylvia Beach through her bookstore "Shakespeare and Company," contained an insert apologizing "for typographical errors unavoidable in the exceptional circumstances." During the course of eleven printings and two editions between 1922 and 1930, Shakespeare and Company attempted to correct their errors without achieving a reliable text. Subsequent editions by other publishers fared little better. Random House, for example, mistakenly set its first American edition in 1934 from an exceedingly corrupt (and cleverly disguised) pirated version. Although Random House tried to make things right by completely resetting the text of Ulysses for their 1961 reprinting, specialists agree that the 1961 edition is marred by hundreds, perhaps thousands, of errors. From 1922 to 1961, then, most efforts to establish a correct text of Ulysses appear to have added as many mistakes as they eliminated. In 1977, Hans Walter Gabler, a German scholar who had done post-doctoral work under Fredson Bowers at Virginia, undertook to establish an authoritative text of Ulysses. Financially supported by a $300,000 grant from the German government and encouraged by the trustees of the James Joyce estate, who welcomed a substantially changed text of Ulysses as an opportunity to extend the soon-to-expire copyright, Gabler and his assistants worked at re-editing Ulysses for seven years. Their new, computer-generated Ulysses: A Critical and Synoptic Edition was published by Garland Publishing on June 16 ("Bloomsday") 1984. The new Ulysses was not, however, merely a corrected reading text. It was a three-volume critical edition with a genetic display of the history of the text's composition on the left-hand pages, the established reading text on the right-hand pages, and some two hundred pages of textual apparatus. Moreover, in preparing his edition Gabler eschewed orthodox methods of "copytext editing," which probably would have yielded a corrected version of either the 1922 first edition or the 1961 Random House edition. [End Page 98] Instead of correcting an existing edition, Gabler undertook a complete, genetic reconstruction of Joyce's text from the existing manuscript materials. Beginning with the so-called Rosenbach manuscript, which is the fullest extant version of the early text in Joyce's own hand, Gabler traced the processes of Joyce's subsequent deletion, revision, and expansion. The result was a wholly new version of Ulysses that differed in some 5,000 details from the version that Joyce himself saw through the press in 1922, and in nearly as many for the 1961 Random House edition. Because of the magnitude and importance of the editing task, Gabler's bold editorial theories, and the novel (at the time) application of computer technology to the humanities, the Gabler Ulysses captured extraordinary attention even as work-in-progress. Upon publication, it achieved instant success in the popular press, with front-page coverage in the New York Times, a major review in Time magazine, and wide coverage in numerous lesser journals. Like the commentary in the popular press, most of the early academic reviews glowed with admiration for Gabler's achievement. The new Ulysses did not receive its first sustained and serious critical scrutiny until John Kidd presented a paper, "Errors of Execution in the 1984 Ulysses," at the Society for Textual Scholarship in New York City in April, 1985. There, Kidd ignited a controversy that has raged for five years. Gabler, Kidd, and a host of other commentators have battled in the pages of The New York Review of Books and the Times Literary Supplement; Kidd has published a 175-page monograph in the Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America (1989) attacking the new Ulysses; a hard-cover volume called Assessing the 1984 ULYSSES appeared in 1986; and two international conferences—one in Monaco in 1985, another in Miami in February 1989—have been devoted to its evaluation. Most recently, Philip Gaskell and Clive Hart, two distinguished scholars who are cited on the edition's title page as members of its Academic Advisory Committee (along with Richard Ellmann) have published Ulysses: A Review of Three Texts...