Interface Reconstruction Research Articles

Effects of displacement velocity on interfacial reconstruction events during immiscible two-phase displacement

During the two-phase fluid displacement in porous media, with the increase in capillary number Ca, different wettability effects are suppressed; however, its potential control mechanism has not been clarified. Therefore, in this study, we have analyzed the pore scale process related to interface reconfiguration events in detail and profoundly clarified the nature of a series of interface reconfiguration events being suppressed. Based on typical pore throat, we elaborated and confirmed that the development and evolution direction of fluid displacement mode always follow the principle of minimum operating power. That is to say, in order to avoid extra work, the system will compare all the potential moving meniscus at the displacement front and always choose the local path with the minimum operating power (Po=ΔpQ) of the system for displacement. Under this theory, a series of interface reconfiguration events are considered energy favorable self-regulation events derived by the system in order to avoid extra energy consumption. However, the appearance and disappearance of interface reconstruction events are considered to be the result of the mechanism of “self-regulation of surface energy change rate” and “self-regulation of viscosity dissipation rate” in order to approach the minimum operating power. This study provides us with a sufficient physical explanation to understand the nature of the wettability effect being suppressed.

Quantitative comparison of dam break and bubble flows based on CF-VOF and IR-VOF schemes

In this study, an incompressible and immiscible two-phase flow solver was employed to assess the accuracy of phase-interface capturing methods in simulating two-phase flows. Three benchmark investigations were conducted involving two dam break flows with deformable free surfaces and the upward motion of a gas bubble through a liquid column. Four phase-interface capturing schemes, namely, MULES, HRIC and CICSAM from the Color Function Volume of Fluid (CF-VoF), and Interface Reconstruction Volume of Fluid (IR-VoF), were utilized. Comparative analysis of the phase interfaces indicated that CICSAM and IsoAdvector consistently provided sharp interfaces across all cases when compared to MULES and HRIC. The mass conservation performance of all schemes excelled in the dam-break case with relatively simple free-surface development and the rising bubble case. An examination of the local pressure distribution over time revealed that methods yielding diffusive interfaces produced inaccurate results. Thus, the importance of employing denser grids or schemes that yield sharper interfaces, such as CICSAM and IsoAdvector, to enhance simulation accuracy was underscored. Overall, the results of this analysis confirm that the IsoAdvector scheme, which provides sharp interfaces, is a reliable option for simulating incompressible immiscible two-phase flows.

An efficient bilinear interface reconstruction algorithm and consistent multidimensional unsplit advection scheme for accurate capturing of highly-curved interfacial shapes on structured grids

A new bilinear interface reconstruction algorithm (BLIC) is presented to capture highly-curved interfaces more accurately on structured grids without a significant increase in computational costs compared to the standard piecewise linear interface calculation (PLIC) methods. The new reconstruction algorithm uses the initial PLIC segment and improves continuity of the interface using an averaging method. A curvature-weighted method improves the repositioning of the linear segments.A new unsplit donating quadrant advection (DQA) scheme is introduced that is conservative and can create consistency with the momentum flux for two-phase flow models with a staggered MAC arrangement of variables within a grid cell. The consistent discretization of the fluxes prevents spurious interface velocities, negative densities, and instabilities. Standard 2D test cases and benchmarks demonstrate the performance of the BLIC and the DQA scheme, showing high accuracy and low costs compared to other available methods.

Superior oxygen-resistance and intrinsic mechanisms of coherent Pd/Pd3Zr@ZrCo structure with excellent cycling durability

As a promising candidate for hydrogen isotopes storage, ZrCo alloy suffers tremendously from the poisoning of impurity gases, especially in oxygen-containing atmospheres, but related effective modification method for long cycling durability is still lacking. In this work, the anti-oxygen-poisoning behaviors and mechanisms of virginal ZrCo and palladium-coated ZrCo with different heating evacuation methods were detailly investigated. Notably, the phase transition occurs during traditional heating evacuation (550 °C for 60 min) with the gradual generation of Pd3Zr from original Pd coating and ZrCo substrate. According to absorption behaviors and degeneration state of O πp-orbital peak from theoretical calculations, O2 undergoes spontaneous dissociation and strong hybridization at the surface of ZrCo and Pd3Zr, especially for ZrCo, while much weak surface absorption is recognized on Pd. Considering the superior anti-poisoning properties but weak substrate anchoring strength of Pd, it’s valuable to reconstruct the Pd/ZrCo interface to generate transition Pd3Zr layer that is less susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement. Accordingly, a coherent structure of Pd/Pd3Zr@ZrCo was successfully obtained by high temperature short time pretreatment (550 °C for 10 min), and its cycling capacity retention in O2-containg hydrogen atmosphere is significantly enhanced from initial 74.87 % after 5 cycles to 90.83 % after 10 cycles, which is superior to Pd-plating hydrogen storage alloys ever reported. The interface reconstruction of coherent structure proposed here can function as a promising strategy for construction of protective layer for all related surface engineering.

Binary structure constrained gravity inversion based on seismic first arrival travel time data

Gravity exploration method is one of the important methods for deep mineral resource exploration, but gravity data inversion has limited resolution ability in the vertical direction. In order to improve the vertical resolution of gravity data inversion, we propose a binary structure constrained gravity inversion method based on seismic first arrival travel time data. This method effectively reconstructs a density model with high vertical resolution by transferring the structural information of a high-resolution velocity model reconstructed by seismic data inversion to gravity data inversion through the binary structure constrained technique. This strategy eliminates the need to integrate both gravity and seismic methods into a single inversion framework, avoiding both the difference in convergence speeds between the two methods, as well as getting rid of the complexity associated with calculating structural coupling terms. Theoretical simulations show that the fuzzy c-means cluster analysis technique can accurately extract the target region of the velocity model reconstructed by seismic data inversion. Under the constraint of seismic structural information, the resolution of reconstructed density model is much higher than that of separate gravity data inversion, which proves that high resolution seismic information can improve the vertical resolution of gravity data inversion. Compared with the traditional cross-gradient joint inversion, the binary structure constrained gravity inversion method can further improve the resolution of the density model, especially in the reconstruction of the anomaly interface, which verifies that the method has certain effectiveness.

An adaptive moments-based interface reconstruction using intersection of the cell with one half-plane, two half-planes and a circle

We present a new adaptive moment-of-fluid (A-MOF) interface reconstruction method. It uses the zeroth, first, and second moments of the fragment of material inside a cell of the mesh to construct a shape that approximates the respective material fragment. The new method requires information about the material moments only for the cell under consideration. The adaptive method chooses between shapes obtained by the intersection of the cell with one half-plane, two half-planes, or a circle. The A-MOF method allows to exactly reproduce several convex shapes: corners, filaments, and their concave cell-complements; as well as pieces of the circles and its cell-compliments. Interface reconstruction is formulated as a local (for each cell), non-linear, equality constrained optimization problem, which does not require additional communication and allows for an efficient parallel implementation.We present an extensive set of test problems, both for interface reconstruction on a single cell, and for reconstruction of a variety of shapes on the entire mesh.

Surface‐Redox Pseudocapacitance‐Dominated Charge Storage Mechanism Enabled by the Reconstructed Cathode/Electrolyte Interface for High‐Rate Magnesium Batteries

AbstractTh all phenyl complex (APC) electrolyte is generally accepted to be compatible with Mg metal anodes, offering excellent plating/stripping reversibility. However, the large Cl desolvation penalty of the MgCl+ solvation structure in APC electrolyte causes a high reaction energy barrier at the cathode/electrolyte interface, resulting in unsatisfactory rate performance. Herein, the interface reconstruction strategy of an anatase TiO2 cathode is proposed by the combination of ultrathin carbon coating and oxygen vacancies, which realizes the fast surface‐redox pseudocapacitance charge storage mechanism via MgCl+, circumventing the sluggish solid‐phase migration of Mg2+. Theoretical calculations verify that the introduction of oxygen vacancies in TiO2, not only increases the intrinsic electronic conductivity, but also improves the adsorption capability for MgCl+, which enhances the surface‐redox pseudocapacitance of TiO2. Moreover, in situ Raman measurements, ex situ XPS spectra and XRD patterns demonstrate the structural integrity of TiO2 without undergoing phase change and the rapid reversible storage of MgCl+. Furthermore, in situ electrochemical impedance spectra reveal that the reconstructed cathode/electrolyte interface promotes the kinetics of active cations and induces the less potential‐dependent charge storage process. Consequently, TiO2 exhibits a remarkable rate performance (discharge capacity of 68.9 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1) and long‐lifespan over 3000 cycles at 0.5 A g−1.

Atomic pins bridging integrated surface to assist high-rate stability for Co-free Li-rich cathode

Li- and Mn-rich oxides (LMR) have emerged as promising cathode materials for next-generation Li-ion batteries due to their cost effectiveness, impressive capacity, and high energy density. However, the poor electrochemical kinetics and structural instability in hostile interface environments have result in continuous voltage/capacity decay and undesirable rate performance, impeding the large-scale commercial application of LMR materials. In this study, we introduce an atomic pins-assisted integrated surface reconstruction (AISR) strategy to address the interfacial degradation and instability issues. Utilizing the bidirectional diffusion effect of the aluminum-containing intermediate layer during the heat treatment process, we employ aluminum atoms as bridging centers to in situ construct a composite interface structure. This approach capitalizes on the element diffusion reaction and anchoring effect to achieve multifunctional modification through the Al-based ionic conductor network constructing and near-surface Al doping for LMR material. Intriguingly multiple kinetic investigations and calculations reveal that the epitaxial ionic conductor layer suppresses interfacial side reactions, enhances ionic conductivity, and improves electronic conductivity by regulating cationic/anionic redox activity through Al surface doping.Impressively, the modified electrodes exhibited an increased reversible capacity at both 0.1C/5C rates (0.1C, 2 ∼ 4.8 V, from 264.2 mAh∙g−1 to 274 mAh∙g−1; 5C, 2 ∼ 4.6 V, from 145.5 mAh∙g−1 to 197.9 mAh∙g−1) and improved capacity retention after 250 cycles at 1C/5C rates (2 ∼ 4.6 V: 1C, from 69.46% to 81.92%; 5C from 57.73% to 81.35%). We systematically summarized the rate-dependent failure mechanism and the corresponding integrated interface reconstruction principle. These key findings offer valuable insights for the development of high-energy–density and long-life lithium-ion batteries in commercial applications.

Atomic-Scale Understanding on the Tribological Behavior of Amorphous Carbon Films under Different Contact Pressures and Surface Textured Shapes.

The textured design of amorphous carbon (a-C) film can significantly improve the tribological performance and service life of moving mechanical components. However, its friction dependence on different texture shapes, especially under different load conditions, remains unclear. In particular, due to the lack of information regarding the friction interface, the underlying friction mechanism has still not been unveiled. Therefore, the effects of contact pressure and textured shapes on the tribological behavior of a-C films under dry friction conditions were comparatively studied in this work by reactive molecular dynamics simulation. The results show that under low contact pressure, the tribological property of a-C film is sensitive to the textured shape, and the system with a circular textured surface exhibits a lower friction coefficient than that with a rectangular textured surface, which is attributed to the small fraction of unsaturated bonds. However, the increase of contact pressure results in the serious reconstruction and passivation of the friction interface. On the one hand, this induces a growth rate of friction force that is much smaller than that of the normal load, which is followed by a significant decrease in the friction coefficient with contact pressure. On the other hand, the destruction or even disappearance of the textured structure occurs, weakening the difference in the friction coefficient caused by different textured shapes of the a-C surface. These results reveal the friction mechanism of textured a-C film and provide a new way to functionalize the a-C as a protective film for applications in hard disks, MEMS, and NEMS.

Efficient sequential PLIC interface positioning for enhanced performance of the three-phase VoF method

This paper presents an efficient algorithm for the sequential positioning, also called nested dissection, of two planes in an arbitrary polyhedron. Two planar interfaces are positioned such that the first plane truncates a given volume from this arbitrary polyhedron and the next plane truncates a second given volume from the residual polyhedron. This is a relevant task in the numerical simulation of three-phase flows when resorting to the geometric Volume-of-Fluid (VoF) method (Hirt and Nichols, 1981) with a Piecewise Linear Interface Calculation (PLIC) (Youngs, 1982). An efficient algorithm for this task significantly speeds up the three-phase PLIC algorithm. The present study describes a method based on a recursive application of the Gaussian divergence theorem, where the fact that the truncated polyhedron shares multiple faces with the original polyhedron can be exploited to reduce the computational effort. A careful choice of the coordinate system origin for the volume computation allows for successive positioning of two planes without reestablishing polyhedron connectivity. Combined with a highly efficient root finding, this results in a significant performance gain in the reconstruction of the three-phase interface configurations.The performance of the new method is assessed in a series of carefully designed numerical experiments. Compared to a conventional decomposition-based approach, the number of iterations and, thus, of the required truncations was reduced by up to an order of magnitude. The PLIC positioning run-time was reduced by about 90% in our reference implementation. Integrated into the multi-phase flow solver Free Surface 3D (FS3D), an overall performance gain of about 20% was achieved. The reference implementation of the efficient sequential PLIC positioning is available as a Fortran module at https://doi.org/10.18419/darus-2488. Allowing for simple integration into existing numerical schemes, the proposed algorithm is self-contained, requiring no external decomposition libraries.

TiO2 nanorod/nanotube interface reconstruction and synergistic role of oxygen vacancies and gold in H–Au–TiO2 NR/NT for photoelectrochemical bacterial inactivation and water splitting

Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting by semiconductor photoanodes is limited by sluggish water oxidation kinetics coupled with serious charge recombinations. In this paper, an effective strategy of TiO2 nanorod/nanotube nanostructured interface reconstruction, oxygen vacancies and surface modification were employed for stability and efficient charge transport in the photoanodes. Successive anodization and hydrothermal routes were adopted for the TiO2 NR/NT photoanodes interface reconstruction, followed by Au nanoparticles/clusters (Au NP) loading and hydrogen treatment. This resulted in H–Au–TiO2 NR/NT photoanodes. A three-dimensional structure of TiO2 NR on TiO2 NT/Ti foil nanotubes achieved the highest photocurrent density (1.42 mA cm−2 at 0.3 V vs. Ag/AgCl). The optimal oxygen vacancies and Au NP loading on TiO2 NR/NT exhibited 1.62 mA cm−2 photocurrent density at 0.3 V vs. Ag/AgCl in H–Au–TiO2 NR/NT photoelectrode, which is eight times higher than the TiO2 NT/Ti foil. TRPL analyses confirm the hydrogen treatments to TiO2 exhibited the emission lifetime (46 ns) in the H–Au–TiO2 NR/NT photoanodes due to newly formed lower Ti3+-related trapped electron states and Au NP. The optimum H–Au (4)–TiO2 NR/NT photoanodes achieved 95% photoelectrochemical (PEC) bacterial inactivation and effective PEC water splitting with (278 and 135.4) μmol of hydrogen and oxygen generation, respectively. In this study, oxygen vacancies combined with gold particles and interface reconstruction provide an innovative way to design effective photoelectrodes.

Single-Bubble Rising in Shear-Thinning and Elastoviscoplastic Fluids Using a Geometric Volume of Fluid Algorithm.

The motion of air bubbles within a liquid plays a crucial role in various aspects including heat transfer and material quality. In the context of non-Newtonian fluids, such as elastoviscoplastic fluids, the presence of air bubbles significantly influences the viscosity of the liquid. This study presents the development of an interface-capturing method for multiphase viscoelastic fluid flow simulations. The proposed algorithm utilizes a geometric volume of fluid (isoAdvector) approach and incorporates a reconstructed distance function (RDF) to determine interface curvature instead of relying on volume fraction gradients. Additionally, a piecewise linear interface construction (PLIC) scheme is employed in conjunction with the RDF-based interface reconstruction for improved accuracy and robustness. The validation of the multiphase viscoelastic PLIC-RDF isoAdvector (MVP-RIA) algorithm involved simulations of the buoyancy-driven rise of a bubble in fluids with varying degrees of rheological complexity. First, the newly developed algorithm was applied to investigate the buoyancy-driven rise of a bubble in a Newtonian fluid on an unbounded domain. The results show excellent agreement with experimental and theoretical findings, capturing the bubble shape and velocity accurately. Next, the algorithm was extended to simulate the buoyancy-driven rise of a bubble in a viscoelastic shear-thinning fluid described by the Giesekus constitutive model. As the influence of normal stress surpasses surface tension, the bubble shape undergoes a transition to a prolate or teardrop shape, often exhibiting a cusp at the bubble tail. This is in contrast to the spherical, ellipsoidal, or spherical-cap shapes observed in the first case study with a bubble in a Newtonian fluid. Lastly, the algorithm was employed to study the buoyancy-driven rise of a bubble in an unbounded elastoviscoplastic medium, modeled using the Saramito-Herschel-Bulkley constitutive equation. It was observed that in very small air bubbles within the elastoviscoplastic fluid, the dominance of elasticity and capillary forces restricts the degree of bubble deformation. As the bubble volume increases, lateral stretching becomes prominent, resulting in the emergence of two tails. Ultimately, a highly elongated bubble shape with sharper tails is observed. The results show that by applying the newly developed MVP-RIA algorithm, with a tangible coarser grid compared to the algebraic VOF method, an accurate solution is achieved. This will open doors to plenty of applications such as bubble columns in reactors, oil and gas mixtures, 3D printing, polymer processing, etc.

High-Efficiency Oxygen Evolution Reaction: Controllable Reconstruction of Surface Interface.

The precatalyst undergoes surface reconstruction during the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) process, and the reconstituted material is the one that really plays a catalytic role. However, the degree of surface reconstruction seriously affects the catalytic performance. For this reason, it is important to establish the link between the degree of reconstruction and catalytic activity based on a deep understanding of the OER mechanism for the rational design of high-performance OER electrocatalysts. Here, the reaction mechanism of OER is briefly introduced, the competition between adsorbate evolution mechanism (AEM) mechanism and lattice oxygen-mediated mechanism (LOM) mechanism is discussed, and several activity descriptors of OER reaction are summarized. The strategies to realize OER controllable surface reconstruction are emphatically introduced, including ion leaching, element doping, regulating catalyst size, heterogeneous structure engineering, and self-reconstruction. A mechanistic perspective is emphasized to understand the relationship between dynamic surface reconstruction and electronic structure. Controlled reconfiguration of OER surface can break the limitation of proportional relationship brought by traditional AEM mechanism, also can realize the switching between AEM mechanism and LOM mechanism, thus realizing ultra-low overpotential. This review will provide some reference for surface controllable reconstruction of OER transition metal-based catalysts and reasonable development of ideal catalytic performance.

A two‐dimensional multimaterial ALE method for compressible flows using coupled volume of fluid and level set interface reconstruction

AbstractIn this work, we present a two‐dimensional multimaterial arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) method for simulating compressible flows in which a novel coupled volume of fluid and level set interface reconstruction (VOSET) method is developed for interface capturing. The VOSET method combines the merits of both the volume of fluid method and the level set method by using a geometrical iterative operation. Compared to the original VOSET method, the novel VOSET method proposed in this work further improves the accuracy and fidelity in interface reconstruction procedure, especially in under‐resolved regions. Several typical two‐dimensional numerical experiments are presented to investigate the effectiveness of the proposed VOSET method and its performance when coupling with the multimaterial ALE solver. Numerical results demonstrate its good capability in capturing material interfaces during the simulation of compressible two‐material flows.

A moment-of-fluid method for resolving filamentary structures using a symmetric multi-material approach

Multiphase flows have implications in many areas of engineering. The moment-of-fluid (MOF) method is an interface capturing method using both volume fraction and centroid within a cell for interface reconstruction. A symmetric approach to reconstruct thin structures is presented. Also called filaments, these subcell characteristics involve multi-material reconstruction. In addition, a new optimisation algorithm is presented using a bisection method without any necessary initial condition. Using a Lagrangian approach for dynamic cases, no restrictions are imposed on timestep. The new method is validated using several benchmark cases that have been studied extensively in the literature. A near quadratic order of convergence and high accuracy is achieved while maintaining an acceptable runtime.

Enhancing the operation stability of lithium-rich layered oxide Li1.2Ni0.2Mn0.6O2 by synergistic pinning effect and interface reconstruction for high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries

Lithium-rich manganese-based layered oxides are considered to be promising cathode materials for next-generation lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, their practical application is hindered due to both the rapid capacity attenuation and the unsatisfactory rate capability. In this work, to overcome these problems, layered oxide Li1.2Ni0.2Mn0.6O2 (LNMO) is modified via La3+ doping and perovskite type LaMnO3 coating layer, meanwhile, interface layer Li2MnO3 with monoclinic structure is formed between the doped-La3+ Li1.2Ni0.2Mn0.6O2 and LaMnO3 coating layer. The 0.02 wt% La modified Li1.2Ni0.2Mn0.6O2 can deliver much higher rate capability and cyclic stability than original LNMO, attributed that the LaMnO3 coating layer can not only isolate La-doped LNMO from the electrolyte to reduce the dissolution of manganese ions but also can reduces the polarization of electrode interface via inhibiting the continuous growth of SEI during the cycle. Besides, La3+ doping plays a pinning effect role in enhancing the structural stability of LNMO.

A robust high-resolution discrete-equations method for compressible multi-phase flow with accurate interface capturing

The discrete-equations method (DEM) [1] provides a universal approach to solve multi-phase-flow equations as it combines the solutions of pairwise Riemann problems. Although very robust, the original DEM with piecewise-constant volume fractions suffers from strong diffusion preventing accurate interface capturing. High-order interface reconstruction, however, introduces a restrictive time-step limit.This paper presents RDEMIC, a robust extension of DEM for accurate interface capturing on Cartesian meshes. By a modified partitioning of the Riemann solutions and a specific combination of fluxes and non-conservative terms, the time-step restriction is effectively prevented, which is critical for making the method practically applicable. Moreover, the accuracy of interface and shock-wave propagation is maintained. RDEMIC is not limited to two-phase flow but defined for an arbitrary number of phases.The method is combined with a THINC scheme [2] to reconstruct volume fractions. The reconstruction is enhanced by a positivity-preserving averaging procedure, which is consistent with the underlying multi-stage Runge–Kutta scheme of the flow solver.The resulting scheme consisting of RDEMIC and the positivity-preserving THINC reconstruction is very robust and captures the interface with high accuracy. We demonstrate its performance for various cases of shock-interface interactions, which show very good agreement with reference results from literature.

A high-accuracy framework for phase-field fracture interface reconstructions with application to Stokes fluid-filled fracture surrounded by an elastic medium

This work considers a Stokes flow in a deformable fracture interacting with a linear elastic medium. To this end, we employ a phase-field model to approximate the crack dynamics. Phase-field methods belong to interface-capturing approaches in which the interface is only given by a smeared zone. For multi-domain problems, the accuracy of the coupling conditions is, however, of utmost importance. Here, interface-tracking methods are preferred, since the interface is resolved on mesh edges up to discretisation errors, but it does not depend on the length scale parameter of some smeared zone. The key objective of this work is to construct a robust framework that computes first a crack path via the phase-field method (interface-capturing) and then does an interface-tracking reconstruction. We then discuss several approaches to reconstruct the Eulerian description of the open crack domain. This includes unfitted approaches where a level-set of the crack interface is constructed and an approach where the geometry is re-meshed. Using this reconstructed domain, we can compute the fluid–structure interaction problem between the fluid in the crack and the interacting solid. With the explicit mesh reconstruction of the two domains, we can then use an interface-tracking Arbitrary-Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) discretisation approach for the resulting fluid–structure interaction (FSI) problem. Our algorithmic procedure is realised in one final numerical algorithm and one implementation. We substantiate our approach using several numerical examples based on Sneddon’s benchmark and corresponding extensions to Stokes fluid-filled regimes.

Electrochemical CO2 Reduction on Au Cluster-based Electrodes: Investigating the Role of Nafion Ionomer

The performance of electrocatalytic CO2 reduction (CO2RR) depends not only on the catalytic material but also on the neighbouring chemical environment around the active sites. The surrounding local environment can perturb the electronic properties of active sites and alter the adsorption/desorption behaviour of reactant/intermediate/product, thus changing CO2RR characteristics. Herein, we studied electrochemical reduction of CO2 onto supported atomically precise [Au9(PPh3)8](NO3)3 clusters and observed an unusual increase in catalytic activity over time. Additionally, electrochemical activation of the electrodes by applying a more negative potential was found to improve activity of the electrode. Investigations using UV–vis and X-ray absorption spectroscopy revealed that these observations may be attributed to the interaction of the Nafion ionomer with the catalytic Au9 clusters. These interactions may cause partial blocking of the Au9 active sites, and the prolonged application of negative potentials leads to favourable interface reconstructions. In addition, a method was developed to minimise the interaction between the Au9 clusters and Nafion ionomer by first depositing a layer of carbon black followed by dropcasting the active catalyst. Our study highlights that polymeric binders modulate the electronic properties of the electrocatalysts, which can change the product distribution during CO2 electrolysis.

Three-Dimensional Phase Interface Reconstruction of Micro-Grooved Heat Pipe Based on Optical Sectioning Microscopy

Three-Dimensional Phase Interface Reconstruction of Micro-Grooved Heat Pipe Based on Optical Sectioning Microscopy