Reconstituted Tobacco Research Articles

Analysis of Water Adsorption Capacity, Thermal Behavior, Antioxidant Activity, and Smoke Volume by Polyol Ester in Reconstituted Tobacco

Analysis of Water Adsorption Capacity, Thermal Behavior, Antioxidant Activity, and Smoke Volume by Polyol Ester in Reconstituted Tobacco

Multiple analyses of main flavor components in reconstituted tobacco and transfer behavior of their key substances during heating.

Reconstituted tobacco (RT) is a product made by reprocessing tobacco waste, experiencing a growing demand for heat-not-burn products. The purpose of this study is to analyze the main flavor ingredients in RT aerosol, as well as the transfer behavior of key flavor substances from substrates to aerosol and the concentrations of these compounds in the substrate after heating. First, we demonstrated that the odor of four RT aerosol samples could be distinguished using an electronic nose. Through non-targeted analysis, 93 volatile compounds were detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and 286 non/semi-volatile compounds were identified by ultra-high-performance liquid electrophoresis chromatography-mass spectrometry in aerosol. Furthermore, we found that the formation of RT aerosol involves primarily evaporation and distillation, however, the total content delivered from unheated RT samples to aerosol remains relatively low due to compound volatility and cigarette filtration. Thermal reactions during heating indicated the pyrolysis of chlorogenic acid to generate catechol and resorcinol, while Maillard reactions involving glucose and proline produced 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4h-pyran-4-one. The study highlighted that heating RTat approximately 300°C could mitigate the production of harmful substances while still providing a familiar sensory experience with combusted tobacco.

Heated Tobacco Products: Insights into Composition and Toxicity.

Heated tobacco products (HTPs) are novel products that allow users to inhale nicotine by heating (350 °C) reconstituted tobacco rather than combustion (900 °C) as in conventional cigarettes. HTP sticks containing reconstituted tobacco come in various flavours such as menthol, citrus, etc., like electronic cigarette liquids. Thus, the composition of HTP aerosol will also vary according to the flavouring agents added. Overall, the content of toxic chemicals in HTP aerosol appears to be lower than in cigarette smoke. However, the concentrations of more than twenty harmful and potentially harmful constituents have been reported to be higher in HTP aerosol than in cigarette smoke. Further, several toxic compounds not detected in cigarette smoke are also reported in HTP aerosol. Thus, the risks of HTP use remain unknown. Most of the available data on the composition and health effects of mainstream HTP aerosol exposure are generated by the tobacco industry. Few independent studies have reported short-term pathophysiological effects of HTP use. Currently available HTP toxicity data are mainly on the pulmonary and cardiovascular systems. Moreover, there are no long-term toxicity data and, therefore, the claims of the tobacco industry regarding HTPs as a safer alternative to traditional combustible cigarettes are unsubstantiated. Furthermore, HTP aerosol contains the highly addictive substance nicotine, which is harmful to the adolescent brain, developing foetuses, pregnant women, and also adults. Hence, comprehensive studies addressing the safety profiling related to long-term HTP use are warranted. With this background, the following review summarizes the current state of knowledge on HTP toxicity on four broad lines: composition of mainstream HTP aerosol compared to traditional combustible cigarette smoke, biomarkers of HTP exposure, health effects of HTP exposure, and the harm reduction aspect.

Effectively reinforcing rolled reconstituted tobacco with carboxymethylated cellulose fibers

Effectively reinforcing rolled reconstituted tobacco with carboxymethylated cellulose fibers

A comparative study on the physicochemical properties of tobacco ash from lit bright cigarettes with different cut tobacco fillers

The physicochemical properties of tobacco ash under different combustion pyrolysis simulation conditions and in different areas of lit cigarettes rolling from various cut tobacco fillers were investigated using optical image, cigarette ash integrity (CAI), chromatic aberration (CA), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS), fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) and microscale combustion calorimeter (MCC), respectively. The study of ash appearance showed that lit cigarettes rolling from expanded cut stem (ECS) and reconstituted tobacco (RT) had lighter grey for the outer cigarette paper ash and darker color for the inner cut tobacco ash than those rolling from flue-cured tobacco (FCT) and expanded cut tobacco (ECT), respectively. Further study of CA and combustion rate indicated cigarette with ECS showed a highest burning rate and ΔL, followed in order by RT, ECT and FCT. SEM results displayed that various tobacco’s microstructures were still preserved at 450 °C, but fully broken at 750 °C and in the ash area of lit cigarettes, and then replaced by thin surface set with many particles for FCT, many connected lines coated with tiny particles for ECT, surface embedded with many rods for ECS and particle-containing surface for RT at 900 °C. EDX results illustrated that the above newly formed microstructures at 900 °C are mainly composed of O, C, Ca, Mg, K Cl, S and P, with a small amount of Fe, Al, Si, Mn and Co, of which some elements like K, S, P and Cl showed a migration into the gas phase. It can also obtained from EDX results that ECS left maximum C/O, K and Cl in the burning cone and tobacco ash area, followed in order by RT, FCT and ECT. FTIR study showed that carbonates have been produced substantially in the combustion cone for ECS, but just generated a little for FCT, ECT and RT. MCC analysis demonstrated that RT’s coke had the lowest thermal stability, while ECS’s coke began to release heat at lower temperature and ended at higher temperature in comparison with FCT and ECT. The correlation analysis showed that the ash appearance of burning cigarettes can be enhanced via a rise of K/Cl, K/S and K/(Cl+S) and a reduction of nicotine and ratio of sugar to nicotine.

Foam forming: an effective approach to fabricate highly bulky, uniform and soft reconstituted tobacco sheets

Highly bulky reconstituted tobacco sheets (RTS) as a cellulosic product are always the pursuit of the paper industry and tobacco industry due to the advantages of improving the performance of cigarettes and the reduction in harmful substances. In this work, foam forming as a novel approach was applied in the preparation of RTS to improve paper performance. The properties of liquid foam induced by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) were also investigated. Results showed that the liquid foam induced by SDS and mechanical stirring was relatively stable when the dosage of SDS was over 0.4 g/L, which can keep cellulosic fiber and tobacco fiber dispersed well during the forming process. Foam forming can endow the sheets with better uniformity, bulk, absorption and softness compared to traditional wet forming methods. Notably, the bulk of the sheets can be increased by 12% when 0.6 g/L of SDS was applied. In addition, foam forming can also help to increase the total retention rate, which was beneficial to reduce the production cost.

Preparation and Thermal Analysis of Flame-retardant Chitosan Thin Films on Ammonium Polyphosphate Treated Reconstituted Tobacco Sheet

Background: Burning temperature is one of the most important factors affecting the chemical structure of the smoke and the addition of reconstituted tobacco sheet to cut tobacco has been widely used by the tobacco industry to reduce the cost of cigarettes and the health risks of smoking. Methods: A flame retardant film, made from chitosan and ammonium polyphosphate, has been coated on the surface of the reconstituted tobacco sheet substrate by Layer-by-Layer and spray coating techniques. The thermal degradation properties and flame retardancy of these reconstituted tobacco sheets were analyzed by TG-FTIR and micro-scale combustion calorimetry. Results: It was found that the reconstituted tobacco sheet with the ratio of chitosan (5%) and ammonium polyphosphate (3%) film coating showed significant reductions in the peak heat release rate (50.7%), total heat release (35.8%) and the highest temperature in the temperature distribution diagram (77°C). The main gases released during the pyrolysis of these reconstituted tobacco sheet samples were H2O, CO2, CO, NH3, carbonyl compounds and the presence of film coating changed the formation of evolved volatile products and formed less gaseous products except NH3 during the thermal decomposition process. Conclusion: The coating film can greatly enhance the char forming ability and reduce the flammability of reconstituted tobacco sheet, and therefore, reduce the health risks of smoking with the addition of these reconstituted tobacco sheets.

The effect of guar gum and chitosan on fiber and fiber fine micromorphology in paper-process reconstituted tobacco pulp

To study the effect of guar gum and chitosan on the micromorphology of tobacco pulp and the retention mechanism of different retention aids by the MorFi Compact fiber analyzer, changes in the micromorphology of the tobacco pulp fibers and the fiber fines were studied by adding different dosages of guar gum and chitosan. The results indicated that the retention mechanisms of guar gum and chitosan on fibers and fiber fines were different. Addition chitosan, components of pulp intertwined to form a spatial reticular through the neutralization effect that consists of tobacco fiber bundles, fiber fines and fillers. The reticular size increased, fiber fines (especially those below the detection limit) and fillers bonded with chitosan to combined with fiber and fiber fines. Guar gum wrapped the fiber through “nucleation and growth” to achieve the retention effect. Microstructures of the handsheets were observed using SEM, and the change in the fiber curl rate was analyzed to verify the effects of mechanisms of two different retention aids.

Influence of Ammonium Polyphosphate on Thermal Decomposition of Reconstituted Tobacco and CO Evolution

The thermal behaviors and burning characteristics of reconstituted tobacco (RT) are strongly related with evolved gaseous products. The effect of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) as an additive of RT on the pyrolysis behavior and CO evolution was studied, emphasizing the role of heating velocity in reducing CO delivery of the mainstream smoke by APP. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was employed to investigate the influence of APP on RT thermal behavior. Slow and flash pyrolysis of RT were compared to discuss the role of heating rate in decreasing CO by APP. TGA results demonstrated that, in dependence on APP concentration, APP influenced exothermal amount and weight loss rate during RT thermal decomposition, promoted the formation of char and retarded the thermal decomposition of RT. In addition, APP had a considerable influence on the evolution of gaseous products during thermal decomposition of RT. Both CO delivery per cigarette and that per puff in the smoking process were significantly reduced in dependence on APP content in RT. Comparative analysis of CO evolution patterns in the flash and slow pyrolysis elucidated that heating rate played a key role in decreasing CO evolution by APP. The results suggest that APP is a potential burning additive for controlling CO delivery in mainstream smoke of RT.

Analysis and identification of two reconstituted tobacco sheets by three-level infrared spectroscopy

Two kinds of reconstituted tobacco (RT) from France (RTF) and China (RTC) were analyzed and identified by a three-level infrared spectroscopy method (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) coupled with second derivative infrared spectroscopy (SD-IR) and two-dimensional infrared correlation spectroscopy (2D-IR)). The conventional IR spectra of RTF parallel samples were more consistent than those of RTC according to their overlapped parallel spectra and IR spectra correlation coefficients. FT-IR spectra of both two RTs were similar in holistic spectral profile except for small differences around 1430cm−1, indicating that they have similar chemical constituents. By analysis of SD-IR spectra of RTFs and RTCs, more distinct fingerprint features, especially peaks at 1106 (1110), 1054 (1059) and 877 (874)cm−1, were disclosed. Even better reproducibility of five SD-IR spectra of RTF in 1750–1400cm−1 could be seen intuitively from their stacked spectra and could be confirmed by further similarity evaluation of SD-IR spectra. Existence of calcium carbonate and calcium oxalate could be easily observed in two RTs by comparing their spectra with references. Furthermore, the 2D-IR spectra provided obvious, vivid and intuitive differences of RTF and RTC. Both two RTs had a pair of strong positive auto-peaks in 1600–1400cm−1. Specifically, the autopeak at 1586cm−1 in RTF was stronger than the one around 1421cm−1, whereas the one at 1587cm−1 in RTC was weaker than that at 1458cm−1. Consequently, the RTs of two different brands were analyzed and identified thoroughly and RTF had better homogeneity than RTC. As a result, three-level infrared spectroscopy method has proved to be a simple, convenient and efficient method for rapid discrimination and homogeneousness estimation of RT.

Thermal degradation and combustion behavior of reconstituted tobacco sheet treated with ammonium polyphosphate

In this paper, the APP-modified reconstituted tobacco sheet (RTS) was prepared by a paper-making process. Thermogravimetric analysis coupled to Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (TG-FTIR) had been used to investigate the influences of APP on the thermal degradation and the formation of evolved volatile products of RTS. TG-FTIR results illustrated that the incorporation of APP into RTS could retard the thermal degradation of the major components of RTS and meanwhile lead to the formation of more thermally stable char. Moreover, the main gases released during the pyrolysis of RTS and APP-modified RTS were H2O, CO2, CO, NH3, carbonyl compounds, alcohols and alkanes. The presence of APP changed the formation of evolved volatile products of RTS obviously. The effects of APP on the combustion behavior of RTS were studied by micro-scale combustion calorimetry (MCC), cone calorimetry (CCO) and infrared thermography (IRT). Results demonstrated that the formation of combustible gases was mainly determined by the thermal decomposition stage occurred in the temperature range of 150–600°C. The incorporation of APP into RTS influenced the release of fuel gases and the char formation in the process of the thermal decomposition of RTS, and eventually retarded the flammability of RTS. In addition, it had been found that the maximum firecone temperature of untreated RTS was higher than that of APP-modified RTS.

Effect of urea phosphate on thermal decomposition of reconstituted tobacco and CO evolution

The thermal behavior and burning characteristics of reconstituted tobacco are closely interrelated with evolved gaseous products. The primary goal of this paper was to investigate the influence of urea phosphate (UP) on the pyrolysis behavior and subsequent gaseous products, especially carbon monoxide, resulting from pyrolysis and combustion of reconstituted tobacco. Characterization was performed using thermogravimetric analysis with measurement of products by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TGA–FTIR) and flash pyrolysis–Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FPY–FTIR). Moreover, the influence of UP on CO delivery in mainstream smoke was also studied. TGA results illustrated UP accelerated thermal degradation of reconstituted tobacco and hindered the combustion of carbonized reconstituted tobacco. UP had a considerable influence on the evolution of gaseous products during thermal decomposition of reconstituted tobacco. What's more important, both CO delivery per cigarette and that per puff in the smoking process were significantly reduced depending on UP content in reconstituted tobacco. Comparative analysis of CO evolution patterns in the flash and slow pyrolysis elucidated that the heat rate was one of the most important factors in decreasing CO evolution by UP. These results demonstrated that UP was a potential burning additive controlling CO delivery in mainstream smoke of reconstituted tobacco.

Effects of melamine phosphate on the thermal decomposition and combustion behavior of reconstituted tobacco sheet

In this paper, first the MP-modified reconstituted tobacco sheet (RTS) was prepared by a paper-making process. Thermogravimetric analysis coupled to Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (TG-FTIR) had been used to investigate the influences of melamine phosphate (MP) on the thermal decomposition and the formation of evolved volatile products of RTS. TG-FTIR results illustrated that the incorporation of MP into RTS could retard the thermal decomposition of the major components of RTS and meanwhile lead to the formation of more thermally stable char. Moreover, the main gases released during the pyrolysis of RTS and MP-modified RTS were H2O, CO2, CO, NH3, carbonyl compounds, alcohols, phenols, alkanes, and alkenes. The presence of MP changed the formation of evolved volatile products of RTS obviously. The effects of MP on the combustion behavior of RTS were studied by micro-scale combustion calorimetry and cone calorimetry. Results demonstrated that the formation of combustible gases was mainly determined by the thermal decomposition stage occurred in the temperature range of 150–600 °C. The incorporation of MP into RTS influenced the release of fuel gases and the char formation in the process of the thermal decomposition of RTS, and eventually retarded the flammability and combustibility of RTS.

Organic Modification and Ball Milling of Bentonite and its Retention Properties

Stearyltrimethyl ammonium bromide(STAB) was used for organic modification of bentonite and then ball milled the modified bentonite. The organically modified bentonite was analyzed by FT-IR and XRD. The results show that the stearyltrimethyl ammonium bromide has been interalated into the layers of bentonite. The layer distance of the bentonite is increased from 1.256nm to 2.694nm. The appropriate experimental conditions of interplanar spacing increasing were the dosage of STAB 40%, reaction time 4h, temperature 75°C. The ball milled organically modified bentonite was analyzed by SEM. The results show that the particle mainly reach submicron to nanometer when ball mill 2h. The particle size distribution range is from 100nm to 500nm. Ball milled organically modified bentonite/ cationic guar gum(CGG) can improve retention rate of paper-process reconstituted tobacco pulp obviously than organically modified bentonite/CGG because of smaller grains and better unigormity of ball milled bentonite.

Study on Physical and Chemical Properties of Domestic and Imported Paper-Process Reconstituted Tobacco

To learn differences between Chinese domestic and imported paper-process reconstituted tobacco (RT), their physical properties and chemical components were tested systemically and in-depth. The results indicated that: (1) Domestic RT were generally similar to the imported on physical properties. There were just some slight differences in filling power, combustibility (domestic RT were better than the imported), and density (the imported slightly lowered than the former). And all products were advised to improve their water contents. (2) Imported RT were higher in contents of total sugar, reducing sugar, nicotine and protein than domestic samples, whereas lower in Potassium contents; (3) Although there were no significant differences in contents of volatile alkali and total non-volatile acid between domestic RT and imported RT, volatile acid contents of the former were lower than that of the latter. Also all pH value of samples was near equal and showed very weak acidic. (4) Contents of poly-phenol, chlorogenic acid, rutin and petroleum ether extract of imported RT were higher than that of domestic products, while cellulose contents were lower. (5) The overall high contents in total sugar, reducing sugar, nicotine, volatile acids, malic acid, total poly-phenols and petroleum ether extract, may be main factors of good taste and aroma of imported products.

Application of Talcum Powder as Filler in the Production of Base Sheet of Paper-Process Reconstituted Tobacco

The application of talcum powder (TP) as filler in the production of base sheet of paper-process reconstituted tobacco were studied both by laboratory scale experiment and pilot scale trial. The results showed that using TP as filler of the base sheet obviously improved the ash content and liquid absorption characteristic of the base sheet compared with using precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC). Meanwhile, the smoking qualities of the base sheets were evaluated by the tobacco experts and the final evaluation results showed that the base sheet with TP had better smoking quality.

Comparative 13-Week Inhalation Study of Cigarette Smoke from Cigarettes Containing Cast Sheet Tobacco

A subchronic, nose-only inhalation study was conducted to compare the effects of mainstream smoke from a reference cigarette containing conventional reconstituted tobacco sheet at 30% of the finished blend to mainstream smoke from cigarettes containing 10% or 15% cast sheet (a specific type of reconstituted tobacco sheet) substituted for part of the conventional reconstituted tobacco. Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed for 1 h/day, 5 d/wk, for 13 wk to mainstream smoke at 0, 0.06, 0.20, or 0.80 mg wet total particulate matter per liter of air. Clinical signs, body and organ weights, clinical chemistry, hematology, carboxyhemoglobin (COHb), serum nicotine, plethysmography, gross pathology, and histopathology were determined. Exposure to cigarette smoke induced a number of changes in respiratory physiology, histopathology, and serum nicotine and COHb levels when compared to sham animals. When corresponding dose groups of reference and cast sheet mainstream smokes were compared, no biological differences were noted. At the end of the exposure period, subsets of rats from each group were maintained without smoke exposures for an additional 13 wk (recovery period). At the end of the recovery period, there were no statistically significant differences in histopathological findings observed between the reference and either cast sheet cigarette. Substitution of 10% or 15% cast sheet tobacco for conventional reconstituted tobacco sheet does not alter the inhalation toxicology of the mainstream smoke when compared to mainstream smoke from a reference cigarette containing conventional reconstituted tobacco sheet.

A Structural Model of Reconstituted Tobacco Substantiated by Ultrasonic Interrogation

AbstractThe theoretical model and experimental results, as tabulated in Table 1, lead to the following conclusions concerning the elastic and structural properties of the examined reconstituted tobaccos:The vehicle of ultrasonic interrogation of reconstituted materials proved to be efficacious. In total, the authors observed the advantages of this mode of experimentation to be:

The uncoating of native and reconstituted TMV by dimethylsulphoxide: the polarity of stripping.

The effect of increasing concentrations of dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) on the stability of native and reconstituted tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) has been investigated by means of electron microscopy and infectivity assay. The removal of protein subunits from TMV by DMSO was found to be a stepwise process. Subunits are first removed from the 3'OH end of the rod but at about 72% DMSO the site at which uncoating occurs shifts to the 5' end. Studies with reconstituted and partially reconstituted TMV confirm the stepwise nature of the uncoating process. Complete uncoating of reconstituted TMV was found to occur at smaller DMSO concentrations than that of native TMV.

Reconstituted Tobacco—Smoking and Health Possibilities<xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN1">1</xref>

Journal Article Reconstituted Tobacco—Smoking and Health Possibilities Get access Howard M. Halter, Howard M. Halter AMF Incorporated, Richmond, Virginia 23225 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Thomas I. Ito Thomas I. Ito AMF Incorporated, Richmond, Virginia 23225 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 48, Issue 6, June 1972, Pages 1869–1883, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/48.6.1869 Published: 01 June 1972