Reconfiguration Technique Research Articles

An efficient multi-agent negotiation algorithm for multi-period photovoltaic array reconfiguration with a hydrogen energy storage system

Since the partial shading conditions easily bring a significant energy loss for a photovoltaic system, various array reconfiguration techniques have been proposed to improve the power generation efficiency. The existing studies of photovoltaic array reconfiguration mainly attempted to maximize the power output, which easily leads to a low total profit since they did not take the multi-period power fluctuation into account. In general, a large power fluctuation will result in a high regulation cost in a frequency regulation market, which can be smoothed by a hydrogen energy storage system. Consequently, this paper constructs a new multi-period photovoltaic array reconfiguration with a hydrogen energy storage system under partial shading conditions. It aims to maximize the total profit of photovoltaic system instead of only the power output by simultaneously consider the electricity selling profit in an electricity market, the hydrogen selling profit in a hydrogen market, and the regulation cost in a frequency regulation market. To address this problem, a novel efficient multi-agent negotiation algorithm with an auctioneer and multiple bidders is designed with the multi-round negotiation and the random re-initialization. The comprehensive case studies with a 10 × 10 total-cross-tied photovoltaic array shows that the proposed algorithm can acquire the higher total profit compared to five centralized meta-heuristic algorithms, in which the total profit can be increased from negative to positive against that without optimization under a discrete varying partial shading condition. Based on the simulation results, it can be concluded that the multi-period photovoltaic array reconfiguration can dramatically increase the total profit under a multi-market environment, while the proposed algorithm can achieve an efficient and distributed optimization under different partial shading conditions.

Post-event electric taxis dispatch for enhancing resilience of distribution systems

With the frequent occurrences of high-impact-low-probability (HILP) events such as typhoons, lightning strikes, and cyber attacks, people have the increasingly need of raising distribution network’s (DN) resilience. Deploying backup sources into the system can effectively improve the resilience of DNs. With the development of transportation electrification, the number of electric taxis (ETs) in urban transit is now growing. Besides, Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology has also developed vigorously. Therefore, ETs can be dispatched to charging stations under unified command to feed power back to the grid when HILP events happen. To this end, we establish an optimization model for the post-event recovery of the DN using ETs. In this model, we combine the energy provided by V2G stations with the existing distributed generators and energy storage in the grid to restore the outage areas jointly. Topology reconfiguration technique and power flow balance of DN have also been fully considered in the modeling process. The whole grid is divided into several microgrids and powered by different sources. The multi-source multi-region power restoration method improves the stability of the DN restoration. It is easier to control the voltage and power quality. The method we proposed is tested on the modified IEEE 33-bus system. The simulation results verify the effectiveness and efficiency of our work.

Photovoltaic array reconfiguration under partial shading conditions for maximum power extraction via knight's tour technique

AbstractThis paper introduces a novel reconfiguration technique, called Knight's tour to extract maximum power from photovoltaic (PV) arrays in partial shading conditions. The Knight's tour reconfigures the PV arrays based on the Knight's movements on the chessboard. The proposed procedure achieves the maximum power values by spreading partial shadows in all rows. Knight's tour can be applied to a variety of PV arrays in different dimensions and sizes. Accordingly, the Knight's tour procedure is applied to four cases in square and rectangular shapes with different dimensions and various shading conditions in each case. To make a direct comparison and present the effectiveness of the suggested procedure, the total-cross-tied connection model and conventional methods such as SuDoKu, optimal SuDoKu, improved SuDoKu, and Skyscraper puzzle are also implemented to the introduced cases. The results of the maximum power point tracking in each case are evaluated by indicators such as global maximum power point (GMPP), fill factor, mismatch loss, and efficiency. Finally, evaluations emphasize the ability and effectiveness of the Knight's tour solution compared to other methods by achieving the GMPP values such as $$74.7\,{I}_{m}{V}_{m}$$ 74.7 I m V m , $$66.6\,{I}_{m}{V}_{m}$$ 66.6 I m V m , $$46.8\,{I}_{m}{V}_{m}$$ 46.8 I m V m , and $$109.8\,{I}_{m}{V}_{m}$$ 109.8 I m V m for cases 1 to 4, respectively. The Knight's tour method can be utilized as an efficient tool for the PV arrays in real-world systems that suffer from partial shading.

A non-puzzle based interconnection scheme for energy savings and income generation from partially shaded photovoltaic modules

ABSTRACT There is a significant effect of partial shade on the generation of power from solar plants. Hence, this paper proposes a new simple reconfiguration technique called Sequential Arrangement Technique (SAT) to disperse the shade on Photo-Voltaic (PV) modules. This method facilitates the numbering of the PV modules, based on the shading pattern during the PV array installation. Furthermore, the PV modules irradiation is distributed column-wise by providing wiring similar to Total Cross Tied (TCT) connection to get minimum row current and enhanced maximum power of 12.31% compared to conventional TCT. The performance of SAT is validated through the analysis, MATLAB simulations, and experimentation under various shading patterns. Furthermore, the analysis has been extended with the energy savings and income generation on various reconfiguration methods under various partial shade conditions. The more energy savings and income generation compared to the existing reconfiguration methods show its adaptability in real-time implementation. The outcomes of the proposed research work are as follows: (i) less wiring line losses along with the less renumbered PV modules of around 39.5%, (ii) developing a simple non-puzzle-based reconfiguration technique to reduce the complexity in implementation, and (iii) improved efficiency with enhanced power generation. To show the effectiveness and usefulness of the SAT reconfiguration, a comparative assessment with the conventional puzzle-based methods is developed with various performance indices.

Performance and Reliability Improvement of Partially Shaded PV Arrays by One-Time Electrical Reconfiguration

Partial shading is the most unexpected scenario encountered by the arrays that degrade the performance causing power reduction, non-convex characteristics curves, losses, hotspot, module damage, and system failure. The adoption of various reconfiguration techniques has recently provided relief to the PV array to reduce power losses during partial shading. However, these techniques exhibit vulnerabilities such as reliable operation, ease of implementation and, higher cost and complexity due to the requirement of abundant manpower, labour, complex algorithms, dynamic operation, switches and sensors that cause additional power losses. Hence, this paper presents a low cost and less complex reconfiguration technique for PV arrays to effectively increase the power generation during partial shading scenarios. The proposed reconfiguration does not require any manpower, labour, algorithms or additional devices to reduce the losses in arrays during shading. The efficacy of the technique is tested using two array sizes under various shading scenarios using MATLAB modelling and real-time field experiments. Also, for better analysis, the performance of the proposed technique is compared with conventional configurations and Sudoku reconfiguration. The investigation proclaimed that the proposed reconfiguration technique has an average power enhancement of 20% higher than any other conventional configurations.

Recent Advancement of Wearable Reconfigurable Antenna Technologies: A Review

Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) technology is gaining popularity in personal communication due to the expanding improvement in wireless technology. Wearable antennas are utilized in various WBAN applications including personal healthcare, entertainment, military, and many more due to their attractive characteristics and the potential for integrating lightweight, compact, low-cost, and adaptable wireless communications. A wearable reconfigurable antenna will allow a single antenna to operate at multiple resonant frequencies, radiation, polarization or hybrid between them, by using single or multiple active switching devices for signal transmission and reception in different parts of human body, rather than using multiple antennas. Over the years, several review papers were reported on wearable antennas which discussed the requirements and issues of wearable antennas in terms of their design, fabrication, and measurement. Nowadays, WBAN technology employs a single wearable reconfigurable antenna to perform multiple functions in different parts of human body. Recently, a significant amount of work has been carried out in the area of wearable reconfigurable antennas for WBAN applications. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the requirements and analysis needed for wearable reconfigurable antennas such as Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) for on-body analysis, investigation of the antennas in bending conditions, reconfigurable techniques and reconfigurable performance metrics.

Multiband Reconfigurable Antennas for 5G Wireless and CubeSat Applications: A Review

The rapid development of wireless technology has sparked interest in multi-band reconfigurable antennas as devices and satellites are innovating toward miniaturization. With limited space, reliable and efficient high bandwidth antenna systems are needed for current and next-generation wireless technology as well as for the revolutionary small satellites. The fifth generation of mobile communication technology promises high data rates, low latency and good spectrum efficiency. One of the key enablers of this technology is the integration of satellite technology-particularly CubeSats with terrestrial communication technologies. Next-generation antennas that can meet functional requirements for 5G and CubeSat applications are therefore of fundamental importance. These antenna systems should have large bandwidth, high gain and efficiency and be compact in size. Reconfigurable antennas can provide different configurations in terms of the operating frequency, radiation pattern and polarization. Tuning reconfigurable antennas can be done by changing the physical parameters of the antenna elements through electronic switches, optical switches and the use of meta-materials. The most popular implementation method for reconfigurable antennas for wireless and satellite communication is the electronic switching method due to its high reliability, efficiency, and ease of integration with microwave circuitry. In this article, different techniques for implementing reconfigurable and multi-band antennas are reviewed, with emphasis on two main application areas; 5G wireless communication and CubeSat application. Different reconfiguration techniques have been studied for application in various wireless communication systems such as satellite communication, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, cognitive radio and 5G communication. It has been found that reconfigurable antennas have favourable properties for next-generation wireless technology and small satellites. These properties include low cost, less volume requirements and good isolation between wireless standards.

Using obstacle perforation, reconfiguration, and inclination techniques to enhance the dynamic and thermal structure of a top-entry channel

This research is to incorporate three efficient ways that will increase the performance of baffled heat exchangers. The 1st technique is represented by baffle perforating to create pores through which secondary streams pass in order to reduce main stream pressure on the flow areas. A 2nd technique represented in redesigning the baffle structure by replacing its square edge with the arched edge in order to increase the X-velocity to facilitate the flow towards the outlet and reduce the Y-velocity to reduce the values of fluid friction with the solid areas. Finally, a 3rd way was demonstrated by using the inclined baffle model. Reinforcement of the baffle structure allowed for enhanced vortices, increased thermal gradients, and thus a reinforced thermodynamic structure over the entire heat exchanger.

Wireless Power Transfer and Management for Medical Applications: Wireless power

Wireless power transfer (WPT) plays an important role in medical devices that require contactless energy transfer for either direct powering or recharging their small batteries. Miniaturizing medical devices and improving their WPT link robustness against different variations (e.g., distance, alignment, and load changes) also demands an efficient and adaptive power-management IC (PMIC) to convert the incoming ac power carrier into one or multiple usable dc voltage supplies. This article summarizes the key techniques for WPT and PMIC design. It discusses different modalities for WPT, including inductive, ultrasonic, capacitive, and magnetoelectric (ME) methods, with a focus on their applicability in different types of medical devices with different dimensions, implantation depths, and power requirements. It is concluded that ultrasonic and ME modalities are suitable for WPT to deeply implanted small devices with low power consumption, while inductive and capacitive methods are more suitable for WPT to large implants with shorter depth and higher power consumption. This article also summarizes different PMIC techniques for inductive WPT, particularly conventional voltage mode and more recent current-mode (and reconfigurable) techniques, with an emphasis on their suitability for different input voltage and loading conditions.

Pattern Reconfigurable Antennas at Millimeter-Wave Frequencies: A Comprehensive Survey

Millimeter-wave bands (around 28, 38, 60, and 73 GHz) are anticipated to play a decisive role in the hosting of future wireless systems. The necessity of smart antennas to adaptively meet the requirements of the wireless links claims for new pattern reconfiguration antennas with beam-steering and/or beam-shaping capabilities. This paper reviews the latest research contributions on pattern reconfigurable antennas at mm-Wave frequencies, proposing an unprecedented classification according to the reconfiguration technique and technology. The analyzed systems are divided into two main groups: Reconfigurable and non-reconfigurable feeding antennas. Phased-arrays antennas are the main component of the first category, whereas other reconfigurable means such us the use of metasurfaces or advance materials like liquid crystal or graphene form the second group, devoted to non-reconfigurable feeding antennas. Furthermore, some insights and theoretical background are provided to help the reader understand and appreciate the uniqueness of every solution. Similarly, the beam-scanning and beam-shaping performance of some of the discussed works is analyzed. Finally, some instructive remarks and open research challenges are discussed, with the aim of providing some guidelines for potential new works on the field.

A Total-Cross-Tied-Based Dynamic Photovoltaic Array Reconfiguration for Water Pumping System

Most Photo-voltaic (PV) applications require a shadow-free area for the installation of the PV panels. However, shading is inevitable in a few applications like building-integrated PV pumping systems (BIPVPS). Partial shading occurs due to soiling, clouds, shades of nearby trees, buildings, current, and telephone poles. During this partial shading condition, the PV array output power decreases, reducing the efficiency of the BIPVPS. In this paper, a novel dynamic array reconfiguration technique is proposed to enhance the power output from the PV array. The proposed system uses a boost converter with an incremental conductance algorithm for operating enhanced power at the maximum. Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) technique based on <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$V/f$ </tex-math></inline-formula> control operates the induction motor. Thus, the proposed algorithm and maximum power point technique (MPPT) enhance the power output from the PV array and track the global power. The PI and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$V/f$ </tex-math></inline-formula> control regulate the dc-link voltage and speed of the Induction motor. Simulations and experimental studies are performed to show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. The proposed system results in additional 234 W PV power extraction compared to the conventional system. Thus, making the proposed BIPVPS efficient.

Faults in Modular Multilevel Cascade Converters–Part II: Fault Tolerance, Fault Detection and Diagnosis, and System Reconfiguration

Modular Multilevel Cascade Converters (MMCCs) are considered a promising power electronics topology in industry. Their scalability allows to reach (ultra/very) high voltage levels with low harmonic content and high efficiency and makes MMCCs an ideal solution for high-power applications; such as electrical drives, solid-state transformers and high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) transmission systems. However, the high levels of thermal, electrical and mechanical stress on the power electronics devices and the large number of components (e.g. capacitors or semiconductors) make MMCCs prone to faults. Fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) in combination with fault isolation and system reconfiguration techniques, based on cell redundancy, can increase the reliability, availability and safety of MMCCs, which is crucial for their utilization in critical energy applications. This second part of the paper comprehensively surveys: (i) fault tolerance and fault detection & diagnosis (FDD; e.g. expert system, model- or hardware and data-based FDD methods) and (ii) system reconfiguration strategies (e.g. cold- or hot-redundant) for MMCCs. Finally, the state-of-the-art, challenges and future research trends and opportunities towards reliable MMCC-based systems are revealed.

On the Enabling of Multi-Receiver Communications With Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces

The reconfigurable intelligent surface is a promising technology for the manipulation and control of wireless electromagnetic signals. In particular, it has the potential to provide significant performance improvements for wireless networks. However, to do so, a proper reconfiguration of the reflection coefficients of unit cells is required, which often leads to complex and expensive devices. To amortize the cost, one may share the system resources among multiple transmitters and receivers. In this paper, we propose an efficient reconfiguration technique providing control over multiple beams independently. Compared to time-consuming optimization techniques, the proposed strategy utilizes an analytical method to configure the surface for multi-beam radiation. This method is easy to implement, effective and efficient since it only requires phase reconfiguration. We analyze the performance for indoor and outdoor scenarios, given the broadcast mode of operation. The aforesaid scenarios encompass some of the most challenging scenarios that wireless networks encounter. We show that our proposed technique provisions sufficient improvements in the observed channel capacity when the receivers are close to the surface in the indoor office environment scenario. Further, we report a considerable increase in the system throughput given the outdoor environment.

Improved non-symmetrical puzzle reconfiguration scheme for power loss reduction in photovoltaic systems under partial shading conditions

The power output of photovoltaic arrays decreases because of mismatch losses when working under partial shading conditions, and various static reconfiguration techniques have been proposed to mitigate these losses. The non-symmetrical puzzle arrangement, as a static reconfiguration strategy proposed earlier, can use simple arithmetic operations to alter the physical location of photovoltaic panels without modifying the total-cross-tied based electrical connections. However, this arrangement has the disadvantage of poor shading effects and is unsuitable for large-size arrays. In this work, by introducing an odd–even configuration and redefining the shift distance, a systematic static reconfiguration method called the parity-column index is proposed to solve these problems. To verify the validity of the output characteristics, a 9 × 9 photovoltaic array output model was built using MATLAB/Simulink, and six shadow patterns were simulated. Furthermore, the proposed arrangements were compared with the total-cross-tied, odd–even, and non-symmetrical puzzle arrangements. The simulation results regarding the global maximum power point, power mismatch losses, percentage power loss, fill factor, and percentage power enhancement were analyzed separately, and the output characteristics of the above array reconfiguration methods were evaluated to verify the superiority of the proposed arrangement.

A novel arithmetic sequence pattern reconfiguration technique for line loss reduction of photovoltaic array under non-uniform irradiance

Partial shading causes unwanted impact on the output produced by the photovoltaic arrays. This occurs because some modules in the array are covered by shade while others are not in the same array. As a result of this phenomenon, multiple peaks arise in the P–V characteristics of the photovoltaic array along with sudden and severe row current changes. Both factors impede the array performance. This manuscript presents a novel static reconfiguration technique (i.e., arithmetic sequence pattern configuration) and verifies it using an experimental work bench to reduce the shading effect on the array. This novel approach reconfigures the conventional total cross tied array in the arithmetic sequence pattern that helps to reduce the shading effect on a specific point and distributes it evenly across all the rows and increases the overall energy output. This manuscript examines and compares different techniques such as SuDoKu, futoshiki SuDoKu, improved SuDoKu, skyscraper SuDoKu and modified SuDoKu interconnections based on various factors like fill factor, mismatch power loss, efficiency, and global maximum power points. Finally, the present work concludes that the suggested arithmetic sequence pattern topology effectively reduces the shading effect and wiring losses. It provides better power output in reference to the other topologies. The proposed topology provides a maximum reduction of 37.98% in wire length as compared to skyscraper SuDoKu and minimum mismatch power loss of 594.8 W lesser as compared to the other configurations.

Preliminary Functional Outcome Following Robotic Intracorporeal Orthotopic Ileal Neobladder Suspension with Round Ligaments in Women with Bladder Cancer

BackgroundChronic urinary retention (CUR) is a frequent complication after orthotopic neobladder (ONB) reconstruction in women. To decrease CUR, several open surgical modifications to provide back support to the ONB have been established on the basis of pelvic anatomical differences between females and males. ObjectiveTo illustrate our technique for robotic intracorporeal reconfiguration of ONB as integrated into our open surgical approach to provide back support to the ONB with round ligaments in women. Design, setting, and participantsFrom November 2017 to April 2021, 28 patients underwent robotic intracorporeal ONB with a minimum of 6 mo of follow-up at a single centre. Surgical procedureWe performed robotic radical cystectomy, pelvic lymphadenectomy, and a complete intracorporeal ONB suspended with round ligaments (rONB). Our surgical procedure is demonstrated in the accompanying video. MeasurementsDemographics and clinical and pathological data were collected. Perioperative and 90-d complications and 6-mo functional outcomes were compared for the rONB group (n = 12) and the patients receiving a traditional ONB (tONB; n = 16). Results and limitationsThe median total operative time was 305 min (interquartile range [IQR] 270–370) for tONB and 303 min (IQR 287–330) for rONB. The median estimated blood loss was 325 ml (IQR 200–700) for tONB and 350 ml (IQR 262–600) for rONB. Some 50% of the tONB group and 41.7% of the rONB group experienced low-grade complications. A total of 12.5% tONB and 8.3% rONB patients experienced high-grade complications with neobladder-vaginal fistula. The cumulative risk of CUR was 37.5% in the tONB group and 16.7% in the rONB group. This study is limited by the small sample size and the short follow-up period. ConclusionsWe established a feasible surgical technique for a robotic intracorporeal ONB configuration suspended with round ligaments. This may prevent the occurrence of emptying dysfunction in women. Patient summaryWe describe our stepwise technique for creating a new bladder within the body that is suspended with round ligaments. Patients undergoing removal of the bladder for bladder cancer may benefit from this technique in terms of better urinary function and the advantages of a robotic surgical approach.

Enhancing the power output of partially shaded PV array using column shift right‐left panel arrangement based array reconfiguration technique

Array reconfiguration techniques applied for partially shaded photovoltaic array yield maximum power output via row current minimization and shade dispersion. Both static and dynamic reconfiguration techniques are utilized for power maximization. Noticeable advantages like one time rearrangement, effective shade dispersion, and easy steps made physical or static more popular. With profound necessity to simplify the mathematical procedure and reduced complexity, in this work, a highly competent Column shift Right-Left panel arrangement based array reconfiguration technique is proposed. It follows simple relocation steps to disperse even complex shade occurrences. To justify the versatility of the method, three different shade cases together with economy analysis and qualitative comparative study with five different existing methods including Total Cross Tied, Su Do Ku, Column method, Dominance Square, Improved Su Do Ku and Sky Scrapper methods are analysed. As a result of its implementation, power generation has aroused to a maximum of 13.47%, 4.35%, 14.01%, 9.97%, 3.45%, and 2.43%, for Top Left Corner shade case compared to conventional techniques. Further, economy analysis indicates that a maximum revenue is generated with proposed work. To strengthen the performance analysis, an experimental study on 3 × 3 PV array based on six performance metrics is carried out. For all the test cases conducted, an effective shade dispersion with the proposed method is achieved with the highest power output.

Modelling and simulation of AdDoKu based reconfiguration technique to harvest maximum power from photovoltaic array under partial shading conditions

A new AdDoKu method of photovoltaic (PV) module arrangement for total cross tied (TCT) interconnection pattern has been introduced in this paper. This arrangement is aimed at minimizing the PV array (PVA) losses caused by partial shading conditions and, thereby, increases the power output. Simulations are carried out in an extensive scale to validate the improvement in performance as compared to the TCT connection. Comparisons are also made between the newly proposed AdDoKu pattern and the SuDoKu configuration. The data obtained during this comparison place the proposed scheme at par with the SuDoKu configuration in terms of operational characteristics. The physical location of modules is rearranged without altering any electrical connections. The data obtained from the simulation tests show that the AdDoKu arrangement pattern reduces the number of local peaks in the P-V characteristics and, thereby, making the global maximum power point (GMPP) tracking algorithm much simpler and more accurate. MATLAB/SIMULINK is used for the modelling of all the PVAs considered in this work. Thus, the results establish the performance improvement of the proposed AdDoKu arrangement. Four different types of shading patterns (i.e., short wide, long wide, short narrow, and long narrow) are considered for analyzing the performance of the PVA system based on GMPP, mismatch power loss, % fill factor, % power loss, % power enhancement and energy saving with annual income generation analysis for the proposed topology. The output results shows that the AdDoKu method generates better power than TCT method by 28.76%, 30.15%, 11.66% and 0.34% in short wide, long wide, short narrow and long narrow shading pattern, respectively. Furthermore, the proposed AdDoKu method shows an improvement of 1.94% as compared to SuDoKu method under different shading conditions.

A 1.7-to-2.7GHz 35–38% PAE Multiband CMOS Power Amplifier Employing a Digitally-Assisted Analog Pre-Distorter (DAAPD) Reconfigurable Linearization Technique

This brief presents a CMOS power amplifier (PA) employing a digitally-assisted analog pre-distorter (DAAPD) reconfigurable linearization technique to reduce the back-off output power (PBO) for multiband operation. The proposed DAAPD optimizes the interstage load impedance between the driver and the main stage by changing the transconductance of the driver amplifier and its active load. We also utilize the DAAPD to optimize the PA when subjected to process-voltage-temperature (PVT) variations. Fabricated in 130-nm CMOS, the DAAPD-PA operates from 1.7 to 2.7 GHz with a 3 dB back-off output power efficiency of 35% to 38% while fulfilling the stringent adjacent channel leakage ratio (ACLR) and error vector magnitude (EVM) requirements of a 20-MHz 16-QAM LTE signal. With a continuous wave (CW) signal, the DAAPD-PA achieves a maximum output power of 27 to 28 dBm across frequencies of interest with supply headroom of 3.3 V. Finally, the DAAPD-PA covers 20 LTE bands with reduced back-off output power.

Reconfigurable Coil Array for Near-Field Beamforming to Compensate for Misalignment in WPT Systems

This work develops a reconfigurable coil array that compensates for the misalignment between coils in magnetic resonance coupled wireless power transfer (WPT) systems. By tuning the magnitude of the currents induced in the coil array with the variable capacitors that load them, the effect of reconfiguring the size and/or shape of the coil can be achieved. Therefore, the near field can be steered in a certain direction to overcome the notorious misalignment problem in WPT systems. For experimental demonstration, a <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$2\times 1$ </tex-math></inline-formula> array is designed and fabricated for a <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$60\times 60$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> coil. For a vertical distance between Tx and Rx coils of 10 mm, which is 16.7% of the largest coil dimension, the transfer efficiency maintains more than 40% and up to 141.6% misalignment. This is more than an 81% increase over the conventional coil. For a vertical distance of 30 mm or 50%, the minimum transfer efficiency is 37.1% up to 100% misalignment, which is almost 5.5 times that of the conventional counterpart. The results suggest that the demonstrated technology successfully overcomes the notorious misalignment problem in both short-range and midrange WPT systems and even in asymmetric systems where the reconfigurable coil array technique is applied only on the Rx.