Plant Disease Recognition Research Articles

A Plant Disease Classification Algorithm Based on Attention MobileNet V2

Plant growth is inevitably affected by diseases, and one effective method of disease detection is through the observation of leaf changes. To solve the problem of disease detection in complex backgrounds, where the distinction between plant diseases is hindered by large intra-class differences and small inter-class differences, a complete plant-disease recognition process is proposed. The process was tested through experiments and research into traditional and deep features. In the face of difficulties related to plant-disease classification in complex backgrounds, the advantages of strong interpretability of traditional features and great robustness of deep features are fully utilized, and include the following components: (1) The OSTU algorithm based on the naive Bayes model is proposed to focus on where leaves are located and remove interference from complex backgrounds. (2) A multi-dimensional feature model is introduced in an interpretable manner from the perspective of traditional features to obtain leaf characteristics. (3) A MobileNet V2 network with a dual attention mechanism is proposed to establish a model that operates in both spatial and channel dimensions at the network level to facilitate plant-disease recognition. In the Plant Village open database test, the results demonstrated an average SEN of 94%, greater than other algorithms by 12.6%.

Improving Plant Disease Recognition Through Gradient-Based Few-shot Learning with Attention Mechanisms

This study investigates the use of few-shot learning algorithms to improve classification performance in situations where traditional deep learning methods fail due to a lack of training data. Specifically, we propose a few-shot learning approach using the Almost No Inner Loop (ANIL) algorithm and attention modules to classify tomato diseases in the Plant Village dataset. The attended features obtained from the five separate attention modules are classified using a Multi Layer Perceptron (MLP) classifier, and the soft voting method is used to weigh the classification scores from each classifier. The results demonstrate that our proposed approach achieves state-of-the-art accuracy rates of 97.05% and 97.66% for 10-shot and 20-shot classification, respectively. Our approach demonstrates the potential for incorporating attention mechanisms in feature extraction processes and suggests new avenues for research in few-shot learning methods.

Plant Diseases Classification based Leaves Image using Convolutional Neural Network

Plant disease is one of the problems in the world of agriculture. Early identification of plant diseases can reduce the risk of loss, so automation is needed to speed up identification. This study proposes a custom-designed convolutional neural network (CNN) model for plant disease recognition. The proposed CNN model is not complex and lightweight, so it can be implemented in model applications. The proposed CNN model consists of 12 CNN layers, which consist of eight layers for feature extraction and four layers as classifiers. Based on the experimental results of a plant disease dataset consisting of 38 classes with a total of 87,867 image records. The proposed model can get high performance and not overfitting, with 97%, 98%, 97% and 97%, respectively, for accuracy, precision, recall and f1-score. The performance of the proposed model is also better than some popular pre-trained models, such as InceptionV3 and MobileNetV2. The proposed model can also work well when implemented in mobile applications.

GACN: Generative Adversarial Classified Network for Balancing Plant Disease Dataset and Plant Disease Recognition.

Plant diseases are a critical threat to the agricultural sector. Therefore, accurate plant disease classification is important. In recent years, some researchers have used synthetic images of GAN to enhance plant disease recognition accuracy. In this paper, we propose a generative adversarial classified network (GACN) to further improve plant disease recognition accuracy. The GACN comprises a generator, discriminator, and classifier. The proposed model can not only enhance convolutional neural network performance by generating synthetic images to balance plant disease datasets but the GACN classifier can also be directly applied to plant disease recognition tasks. Experimental results on the PlantVillage and AI Challenger 2018 datasets show that the contribution of the proposed method to improve the discriminability of the convolution neural network is greater than that of the label-conditional methods of CGAN, ACGAN, BAGAN, and MFC-GAN. The accuracy of the trained classifier for plant disease recognition is also better than that of the plant disease recognition models studied on public plant disease datasets. In addition, we conducted several experiments to observe the effects of different numbers and resolutions of synthetic images on the discriminability of convolutional neural network.

Sugarcane Disease Recognition using Deep Learning

This paper "Sugarcane Disease Recognition Using Deep Learning" describes the concept of a "CNN" as a Convolution Neural Networks. Convolutional neural network (CNN) is a type of feed-forward artificial Neural Network whose connectivity structure is inspired by the organization of the animal visual cortex. Recognizing sugarcane diseases using deep learning techniques can be an effective approach to automate the disease detection process. Deep learning models, such as Convolution Neural Networks (CNN), have shown promising results in image recognition tasks, including plant disease recognition. The primary crop used to produce sugar and ethanol in the globe is sugarcane. The eradication of growing crops infected with the illness is one issue in the sugar sector, and if these diseases are not treated and recognized early, small-scale farmers may suffer financial loss. The rationale for undertaking this study was the rapidly expanding classes of diseases and farmers' insufficient knowledge of disease identification and recognition. As a result, this research offers a suggestion for using deep learning algorithms to assist farmers in identifying and categorize sugarcane infections. The paper also discusses the existing literature in the field, addresses the limitations of previous research, and presents the methodology and functioning of the proposed system

Veg-DenseCap: Dense Captioning Model for Vegetable Leaf Disease Images

The plant disease recognition model based on deep learning has shown good performance potential. However, high complexity and nonlinearity lead to the low transparency and poor interpretability of such models. These limitations greatly limit the deployment and application of such models in field scenarios. To solve the above problems, we propose a dense caption generative model, Veg DenseCap. This model takes vegetable leaf images as input and uses object detection technology to locate abnormal parts of the leaf and identify the disease results. More importantly, it can describe the disease features it sees in natural language, and users can judge whether the relevant features are semantically consistent with human cognition based on these descriptions. First of all, a dataset containing Chinese feature description statements for images of 10 leaf diseases involving two vegetables (cucumber and tomato) was established. Secondly, Faster R-CNN was used as a disease detector to extract visual features of diseases, and LSTM was used as a language generator to generate description statements for disease features. Finally, the Convolutional Block Attention Module (CBAM) and the Focal Loss function were employed to overcome the imbalance between positive and negative samples and the weak performance of Faster R-CNN in obtaining key features. According to the test results, the Intersection-over-Union (IoU) and Meteor joint evaluation index of Veg-DenseCap achieved a mean Average Precision (mAP) of 88.0% on the dense captioning dataset of vegetable leaf disease images, which is 9.1% higher than that of the classical FCLN model. The automatically generated description statements are characterized by advantages of accurate feature description, correct grammar, and high diversity.

Plant Disease Detection using CNN Techniques

Abstract: Plants are the meals supply of the earth. Plant infections and illnesses are consequently a first-rate threat, however the maximum not un-usual place prognosis is basically to study flora for the presence or absence of visible symptoms. The agricultural production of the country gets affected majorly due to pests as they affect the plants and crops. The detection and identification of disease is been observed by farmers and experts through their naked eyes. Based on the leaf image classification, an approach of plant disease recognition model is being developed with the help of deep convolutional networks. Early detection of diseases to which plants are exposed is very important, especially in a country like India with a large population. The diseases caused by bacteria, virus and fungus results on lowering the crop yield in a huge aspect. The loss can be prevented by predicting the plant disease at the earliest. With the help of Deep Learning concepts, the performance and accuracy of disease detection can be improved. It uses image processing concepts for noise reduction, ML and DL concepts i.e., CNN for Problem Solving. This project captures plants and leaf disease and helps farmers to identify and detect the solutions for the problem that is being infected.

A lightweight plant disease recognition network based on ResNet

Identification of foliar diseases is very important for the cultivation of plants. If no diseases are found, the cultivation results may decline, resulting in serious losses of related industries. Most of the early automatic recognition methods of plant leaves are based on manual features and classifiers, and the recognition performance is often unable to meet the actual complex application scenarios. Thanks to the rapid development of convolutional neural networks, such as ResNet, the accuracy of plant disease identification based on deep learning has made a breakthrough. However, convolutive neural network tends to have too many parameters, large amount of calculation and slow training speed, which is difficult to be used in various small and medium-sized plant cultivation industries, especially in small edge computing devices deployed in the field. This paper designs a new lightweight Resnet network structure, namely Resnet-9. The number of network layers in traditional Resnet is reduced. Compared with other commonly used plant disease recognition methods, the accuracy of Resnet is guaranteed and the network is more lightweight. The parameter of this model occupies only 6.6M memory and achieves 99.23% accuracy on public datasets. Even in the other data sets, the accuracy was still 95.15%. The effectiveness of the method is verified by comparative experiment.

Deep Transfer Learning Technique for Multimodal Disease Classification in Plant Images.

Rice (Oryza sativa) is India's major crop. India has the most land dedicated to rice agriculture, which includes both brown and white rice. Rice cultivation creates jobs and contributes significantly to the stability of the gross domestic product (GDP). Recognizing infection or disease using plant images is a hot study topic in agriculture and the modern computer era. This study paper provides an overview of numerous methodologies and analyses key characteristics of various classifiers and strategies used to detect rice illnesses. Papers from the last decade are thoroughly examined, covering studies on several rice plant diseases, and a survey based on essential aspects is presented. The survey aims to differentiate between approaches based on the classifier utilized. The survey provides information on the many strategies used to identify rice plant disease. Furthermore, model for detecting rice disease using enhanced convolutional neural network (CNN) is proposed. Deep neural networks have had a lot of success with picture categorization challenges. We show how deep neural networks may be utilized for plant disease recognition in the context of image classification in this research. Finally, this paper compares the existing approaches based on their accuracy.

Using Brainwave Patterns Recorded from Plant Pathology Experts to Increase the Reliability of AI-Based Plant Disease Recognition System.

One of the most challenging problems associated with the development of accurate and reliable application of computer vision and artificial intelligence in agriculture is that, not only are massive amounts of training data usually required, but also, in most cases, the images have to be properly labeled before models can be trained. Such a labeling process tends to be time consuming, tiresome, and expensive, often making the creation of large labeled datasets impractical. This problem is largely associated with the many steps involved in the labeling process, requiring the human expert rater to perform different cognitive and motor tasks in order to correctly label each image, thus diverting brain resources that should be focused on pattern recognition itself. One possible way to tackle this challenge is by exploring the phenomena in which highly trained experts can almost reflexively recognize and accurately classify objects of interest in a fraction of a second. As techniques for recording and decoding brain activity have evolved, it has become possible to directly tap into this ability and to accurately assess the expert's level of confidence and attention during the process. As a result, the labeling time can be reduced dramatically while effectively incorporating the expert's knowledge into artificial intelligence models. This study investigates how the use of electroencephalograms from plant pathology experts can improve the accuracy and robustness of image-based artificial intelligence models dedicated to plant disease recognition. Experiments have demonstrated the viability of the approach, with accuracies improving from 96% with the baseline model to 99% using brain generated labels and active learning approach.

Meta-learning shows great potential in plant disease recognition under few available samples.

Plant diseases worsen the threat of food shortage with the growing global population, and disease recognition is the basis for the effective prevention and control of plant diseases. Deep learning has made significant breakthroughs in the field of plant disease recognition. Compared with traditional deep learning, meta-learning can still maintain more than 90% accuracy in disease recognition with small samples. However, there is no comprehensive review on the application of meta-learning in plant disease recognition. Here, we mainly summarize the functions, advantages, and limitations of meta-learning research methods and their applications for plant disease recognition with a few data scenarios. Finally, we outline several research avenues for utilizing current and future meta-learning in plant science. This review may help plant science researchers obtain faster, more accurate, and more credible solutions through deep learning with fewer labeled samples.

Plant Disease Recognition: A Visual Region and Loss Reweighting Approach

Plant disease diagnosis is very important for agriculture because of its importance in increasing crop production. Nowadays the advances in image processing gives a new way. One of the newest way to solve this issue via visual plant disease analysis. In this paper, we discuss the problem of plant disease recognition. Here we tackle plant disease recognition via reweighting both visual regions and loss to emphasize diseased parts. We first compute the weights of all the divided patches from each image based on the cluster distribution of these patches to indicate the discriminative level of each patch. Then we allocate the weight to each loss for each patch-label pair during weakly supervised training to enable discriminative disease part learning. We finally extract patch features from the network trained with loss reweighting, and utilize the LSTM network to encode the weighed patch feature sequence into a comprehensive feature representation. Extensive evaluations on this dataset and another public dataset demonstrate the advantage of the proposed method. We expect this research will further the agenda of plant disease recognition in the community of image processing

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Deep learning-based automated disease detection and classification model for precision agriculture

Plant phenotyping and Precision agriculture are information- and technology-oriented fields with specific challenges and demands for the detection and diagnosis of plant disease. Precision agriculture can be referred as a crop management method related to the spatial and temporal variability in soil and crop factors within a field. Accurate and early diagnosis and detection of plant diseases were major factors in plant production and the reduction in quantitative and qualitative losses in crop yield. Advancement of automatic disease detection and classification system is significantly explored in precision agriculture. In recent times, research workers have investigated numerous cultures leveraging dissimilar parts of a plant. This article develops a new Deep Learning-based Automated Plant Disease Detection and Classification (DL-APDDC) Model for Precision Agriculture. The presented DL-APDDC algorithm concentrates on the recognition and classification of plant diseases in leaf and fruit regions. In the initial stage, the leaf and fruit regions are extracted by the use of U2Net-based background removal. Next, the Adam optimizer with SqueezeNet model is exploited as feature extractor, and the hyperparameters are tuned by Adam optimizer. Finally, the extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) classifier performs classification of plant diseases. The experimental validation of the DL-APDDC technique is tested on benchmark plant disease dataset. The simulation values indicated the enhanced outcomes of the DL-APDDC approach over other models.

A Hybrid Feature Extraction and Classification using Xception-RF for Multiclass Disease Classification in Plant Leaves

ABSTRACT In today’s world, agriculture is one of the most important assets as it affects the economy of the country. Biotic stress caused by fungi, bacteria, and viruses is common in plants; hence plant disease recognition is essential as it could identify diseases at the early stages of infection. Most of the previous plant disease works involve PlantVillage dataset, which is taken in a controlled environment. In this paper, the Banana leaf dataset is used which is combined from two datasets. CNNs are becoming more popular in many forms, such as pre-trained models, and in this research, we employed a pre-trained model in conjunction with an ML classifier to predict plant disease. Pre-trained models such as VGG 16, RESNET, MobileNet, InceptionResNetV2, Inception, and Xception models were deployed for feature extraction. Based on the above models, the proposed Xception-RF model achieved 100% accuracy with no misclassified classes. Using an Xception model with depth-wise convolutions reduces the number of parameters and the cost of implementation. The proposed work merges machine learning and deep learning by extracting features using CNN and then using ML-based RF for classification, which has resulted in an increase in performance in terms of accuracy.

Few‐shot learning for plant disease recognition: A review

AbstractMonitoring plant diseases is essential for farmers to secure crop quantity and quality. Deep learning has recently been applied to plant disease recognition to help farmers take prompt and proper actions to prevent reductions in crop quantity and quality. Generally, deep learning requires a large‐scale dataset with supervised information annotated often by specialists. However, because collecting plant disease images in natural environments is difficult and obtaining proper annotations from specialists is costly, deep learning is infeasible for plant disease recognition tasks. Few‐shot learning (FSL) is an alternative for plant disease recognition using prior knowledge. Although FSL has attracted considerable attention, comprehensive reports on the application of FSL methods for plant disease recognition are required. Here, we introduce FSL with its applications in plant disease recognition. We begin with an overview of computer vision tasks using machine learning and FSL. We provide practical examples of FSL applications. Utilizing these practical examples, we describe different approaches for data augmentation and FSL methods of embedding, multitask learning, transfer learning, and meta‐learning. Further, we summarize how models are optimized for performance with reference to existing studies. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages are discussed, along with potential challenges for FSL applications in plant disease recognition.

Development of weighted ensemble transfer learning for tomato leaf disease classification solving low resolution problems

ABSTRACT The manual prediction of Tomato Leaf Diseases (TLD) is more time-consuming, and the implementation cost is high. The various natural characteristic and the low resolution of images make a difficult task for plant disease recognition. The main intention of this paper is to develop a novel tomato leaf disease classification using deep learning techniques, especially for solving the low-resolution issues in the images. The pre-processing is done by the contrast enhancement technique and then the low-resolution problem in pre-processed images is done through Deep Convolutional Neural Networks (DCNN). The segmentation of diseases is carried out through Mask Region-Based Convolutional Neural Networks (Mask R-CNN). The weight of each classifier score is optimized by Controlling Parameter-based Artificial Gorilla Troops Optimization (CP-AGTO). The accuracy and sensitivity of the recommended technique attain 92% and 93%. Thus, the efficacy of the proposed model has been examined with several performance metrics over various recent approaches.

Plant Disease Diagnosing Based on Deep Learning Techniques

Agriculture crops are highly significant for the sustenance of human life and act as an essential source for national income development worldwide. Plant diseases and pests are considered one of the most imperative factors influencing food production, quality, and minimize losses in production. Farmers are currently facing difficulty in identifying various plant diseases and pests, which are important to prevent plant diseases effectively in a complicated environment. The recent development of deep learning techniques has found use in the diagnosis of plant diseases and pests, providing a robust tool with highly accurate results. In this context, this paper presents a comprehensive review of the literature that aims to identify the state of the art of the use of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) in the process of diagnosing and identification of plant pest and diseases. In addition, it presents some issues that are facing the models performance, and also indicates gaps that should be addressed in the future. In this regard, we review studies with various methods that addressed plant disease detection, dataset characteristics, the crops, and pathogens. Moreover, it discusses the commonly employed five-step methodology for plant disease recognition, involving data acquisition, preprocessing, segmentation, feature extraction, and classification. It discusses various deep learning architecture-based solutions that have a faster convergence rate of plant disease recognition. From this review, it is possible to understand the innovative trends regarding the use of CNN’s algorithms in the plant diseases diagnosis and to recognize the gaps that need the attention of the research community.

Deep learning-based open set domain adaptation for plant disease recognition across multiple greenhouse scenarios

Deep learning-based open set domain adaptation for plant disease recognition across multiple greenhouse scenarios

Automated Detection of Plant Diseases- A Promising Tool for Smart Agriculture

Smart agriculture utilizes modern technologies to increase crop productivity. The productivity of agricultural crops has to be elevated for food security for the ever-increasing global population. The production of agricultural crops is largely affected due to increasing infestation of diseases and pests in addition to abiotic stresses. Early detection and management of diseases hold key to tackling the challenge. The disease pest infestation can be controlled by applying pesticides and insecticides. But numerous negative health effects that have been associated with chemical pesticides have been well documented. The increasing computational technology and recent advances in deep learning have paved the way for rapid disease diagnosis and management. Here we have discussed the automatic detection and classification of plant diseases as well as their severity through Image Processing. The detection of disease and its degree of severity from images is based on colour, texture and shape and gives a fast and accurate solution through the use of smart computational tools. DNNs (Deep Neural Networks) and CNNs (Convolutional Neural Networks) are effective in the detection, recognition and classification of plant diseases towards an automated solution for the large-scale agricultural industry.

From Laboratory to Field: Unsupervised Domain Adaptation for Plant Disease Recognition in the Wild.

Plant disease recognition is of vital importance to monitor plant development and predicting crop production. However, due to data degradation caused by different conditions of image acquisition, e.g., laboratory vs. field environment, machine learning-based recognition models generated within a specific dataset (source domain) tend to lose their validity when generalized to a novel dataset (target domain). To this end, domain adaptation methods can be leveraged for the recognition by learning invariant representations across domains. In this paper, we aim at addressing the issues of domain shift existing in plant disease recognition and propose a novel unsupervised domain adaptation method via uncertainty regularization, namely, Multi-Representation Subdomain Adaptation Network with Uncertainty Regularization for Cross-Species Plant Disease Classification (MSUN). Our simple but effective MSUN makes a breakthrough in plant disease recognition in the wild by using a large amount of unlabeled data and via nonadversarial training. Specifically, MSUN comprises multirepresentation, subdomain adaptation modules and auxiliary uncertainty regularization. The multirepresentation module enables MSUN to learn the overall structure of features and also focus on capturing more details by using the multiple representations of the source domain. This effectively alleviates the problem of large interdomain discrepancy. Subdomain adaptation is used to capture discriminative properties by addressing the issue of higher interclass similarity and lower intraclass variation. Finally, the auxiliary uncertainty regularization effectively suppresses the uncertainty problem due to domain transfer. MSUN was experimentally validated to achieve optimal results on the PlantDoc, Plant-Pathology, Corn-Leaf-Diseases, and Tomato-Leaf-Diseases datasets, with accuracies of 56.06%, 72.31%, 96.78%, and 50.58%, respectively, surpassing other state-of-the-art domain adaptation techniques considerably.