Reclamation Water Research Articles

The impact of river infiltration on the chemistry of shallow groundwater in a reclaimed water irrigation area

Reclaimed water reuse is an effective method of alleviating agricultural water shortages, which entails some potential risks for groundwater. In this study, the impacts of wastewater reuse on groundwater were evaluated by combination of groundwater chemistry and isotopes. In reclaimed water infiltration, salt composition was affected not only by ion exchange and dissolution equilibrium but also by carbonic acid equilibrium. The dissolution and precipitation of calcites and dolomites as well as exchange and adsorption between Na and Ca/Mg were simultaneous, leading to significant changes in Na/Cl, (Ca+Mg)/Cl, electrical conductivity (EC) and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR). The reclaimed water was of the Na-Mg-Ca-HCO3-Cl type, and groundwater recharged by reclaimed water was of the Na-Mg-HCO3 and Mg-Na-HCO3 types. The hydrogeological conditions characterized by sand-clay alternation led to both total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) removal efficiencies >95%, and there was no significant difference in those contents between aquifers recharged by precipitation and reclamation water. >40years of long-term infiltration and recharge from sewage and reclaimed water did not cause groundwater contamination by nitrogen, phosphorus and heavy metals. These results indicate that characteristics of the study area, such as the lithologic structure with sand-clay alternation, relatively thick clay layer, and relatively large groundwater depth have a significant role in the high vulnerability.

BM 미생물제제를 이용한 선박 오·폐수 내 유해물질처리

본 연구에서는 선박에서 발생하는 오 폐수의 처리를 위하여 SBR공정에 유효미생물을 주입하는 변법을 이용하여 Lab scale 실험을 수행하였다. 유해물질 유입에 따른 생물학적 처리 장치의 효율 저하 문제를 해결하기 위하여 SBR공정에 유효미생물을 주입하는 변법은 크루즈선이라는 특수 환경과의 접목성과 생물학적 처리 시 야기될 수 있는 문제를 대비하기 위한 대안으로 선박환경에 매우 적합한 공정으로 평가되었다. 슬러지 관찰 결과 기존의 활성슬러지에 유효미생물의 주입함으로써 슬러지의 안정성을 확보할 수 있었으며, 슬러지의 EPS 함량도 40% 이상 높아진 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 슬러지의 미생물 분석 결과 유효미생물 주입으로 인해 수처리에 유리한 미생물종이 다수 출현하여 휘발성 유기화합물과 같은 유기 유해물질이 생분해되어 안전한 물질로 전환되는 것을 확인할 수 있었으며. 중금속과 같은 무기 유해물질도 중금속의 종류와 유입농도에 영향을 받지 않고 70% 이상의 안정적인 처리 효율도 확보할 수 있는 것으로 확인되었다. Lab scale experiment study was carried out for biological treatment process development in shipboard. SBR(Sequence Batch Reactor) process with BM(Beneficial Microorganisms) was investigated for practical application on shipboard sewage treatment. From the results it was suggested that SBR process with BM might be a suitable process in terms of harmful materials removal. By adding BM to SBR system, the useful species of microorganisms and EPS(Extracellar Polymetric Substances) in sludge was increased. It was found that the biodegrability and harmful organic compounds like VOCs and harmful inorganic compounds like heavy metals. was reduced over 70%. As far as reclamation water is considered, this process is very advantageous to special environments such as cruise ships, because the method of adding BM makes it unnecessary to add other facilities on the SBR system.

Study on Prediction of the Final Soil Salinity for Soil Desalinization and the Amount of Reclamation Water Requirement for Salt Leaching of Saline and Sodic Soils Using Empirical Simulation Models (Case Study: Khuzestan Province, Iran)

The study area was located at central part of Khuzestan province, Iran. Soil survey and land classification of the area showed that from total surveyed area of about 41,855 hectares, an area of about 14,100 hectares (33.7%) were saline / saline - sodic soils, in different extents. Also about 36,430 hectares (87.0 % of the total area) was subjected to water logging and poor internal drainage conditions. To study the possibilities of Desalinization and Desodification, six different sites were selected in the most Saline – Sodic parts of the study area for which eight treatments (Six for leaching water applications and two with gypsum as soil amendment) by means of 1.0 meter depth of leaching water application in four 0.25 meter intervals. Soil samples were taken before, during and after each leaching water application interval. The collected soil and water samples were then analyzed in the laboratory. Based on the collected data from salt leaching experiments, the Desalinization and Desodification leaching curves were obtained. Different theoretical models were also tested by comparing the calculated and experimental Desalinization and Desodification data. Reasonable agreements between theoretical and typical experimental leaching curves were observed. Some empirical exponential relationships were then obtained, enabling users to insert leaching efficiency coefficient and volumetric soil water content and depths to predict both final soil salinity and sodicity along with required depth of leaching water application. Also, application of any amendment materials such as gypsum was not needed for the reclamation of these soils.

Global evaluation of the effects of agriculture and water management adaptations on the water-stressed population

Fresh water is one of the most important resources required for human existence, and ensuring its stable supply is a critical issue for sustainable development. The effects of a general set of agriculture and water management adaptations on the size of the world’s water-stressed population were assessed for a specific but consistent scenario on socio-economic development and climate change during the 21st century. To maintain consistency with agricultural land use change, we developed a grid-based water supply–demand model integrated with an agro-land use model and evaluated the water-stressed population using a water withdrawals-to-availability ratio for river basins. Our evaluation shows that, if no adaptation options are implemented, the world’s water-stressed population will increase from 1.8 billion in 2000 to about 3.3 billion in 2050, and then remain fairly constant. The population and economic growth rather than climate change will be dominant factors of this increase. Significant increase in the water-stressed population will occur in regions such as North Africa and the Middle East, India, Other South Asia, China and Southeast Asia. The key adaptation options differ by region, depending on dominant crops, increase in crop demand and so on. For instance, ‘improvement of irrigation efficiency’ and ‘enhancement of reclamation water’ seem to be one of important options to reduce the water stress in Southeast Asia, and North Africa and the Middle East, respectively. The worldwide implementation of adaptation options could decrease the water-stressed population by about 5 % and 7–17 %, relative to the scenario without adaptations, in 2050 and 2100, respectively.

Water Reclamation and Reuse Regulatory and Water Quality Drivers

Water Reclamation and Reuse Regulatory and Water Quality Drivers

Cost Effectiveness and Environmental Benefits of Combined Ozonation-UV System for Water Reclamation and Surface Water Discharge

Cost Effectiveness and Environmental Benefits of Combined Ozonation-UV System for Water Reclamation and Surface Water Discharge

Novel Processes for Treatment of Syncrude Fine Transition and Marine Ore Tailings

Syncrude Canada Ltd. has compiled a substantial amount of work on tailings research and development to determine the most effective treatment and deposition processes to increase reclamation options, water reuse and thermal energy recovery. This research has shown that the conventional processes using a single flocculant, a single coagulant or a coagulant-flocculant combination are ineffective for transition and marine ore tailings. For example, using a single flocculant to treat transition or marine ore tailings resulted in a thickener overflow of 1∼4% solids content compared with the target solids content of <0.5% obtained with estuarine ore. On the other hand, new processes including Coagulation-Flocculation-Coagulation (CFC), Flocculation-Coagulation (FC) and Flocculation-Coagulation-Flocculation (FCF) have been found to be acceptable options. However, the FCF process outperformed the CFC and FC processes because the FCF process produced huge flocs resulting in fast initial settling rates. The key components of these technologies consist of the recipe of chemicals and their sequences of addition. With these technologies, almost all submicron clay minerals are aggregated together and settle as a whole resulting in a clear supernatant of less than 0.13% solids.

Directions in National Water Research Policy and Funding

Water policy and water research have been relatively low profile over the last several years as larger issues have grabbed the headlines. Occasionally, as drought becomes particularly pervasive a bit of news trickles out in the national media (Johnson and Murphy 2004). Nevertheless, far-reaching legislative and executive activities are underway. The question remains, what impact will these Federal actions have in resolving our long-term water supply needs?

水資源の有効利用システムと膜技術 水資源有効利用システム用膜の現状と今後の課題

As often called that the 21st century is the age of water, various demands for sustainable water resources and effectual use of water have been risen in the world. In response to such demands, membrane technology plays a great roles and many application of membrane technology for achieving effectual use of water have been spread worldwide. Especially seawater desalination, wastewater reclamation, and purification of groundwater are major approaches for effectual use of water resources with membrane technology. In the field of seawater desalination, significant improvements of membranes and membrane process technology developments provided low cost water with enough reliability to seashore societies. Large scale studies for wastewater reclamation with membranes have been carried out in North America, Europe, South West Asian countries. Actually the new approach of the reclamation water to real drinking water started in Singapore and related persons are seriously watching its results. In case of water purification or clarification of groundwater or river surface water, safe and clean water without any fear of pollution or microbes are obtained by membrane technology.

Estimating Irrigators' Ability to Pay for Reclamation Water

Estimating Irrigators' Ability to Pay for Reclamation Water

Novosibirsk reservoir: Ecological aspects of operation

The Novosibirsk reservoir was created as a result of constructing the Novosibirsk hydro development on the Ob River (20 km upstream from Novosibirsk) (Fig. 1). The Ob was dammed at the end of 1956, the reservoir was filled to the normal pool level (NPL) in June 1959. The reservoir parameters (at NPL 113.50 m), original and refined in the "Feasibility Study for Improvement of the Technical State of the Novosibirsk Reservoir Banks in Connectiop with Their Abrasive Reworking" carried out in 1990, are given in Table 1. The seasonal reservoir is located in the Ob valley. The backwater from the dam extends 200 km upstream to Kamen'on-Ob city and 50 km up the Berd' River to Iskitim city. The configuration of the reservoir shoreline is mainly complex, its length is estimated to be 550 km. There are 19 local inflows longer than 10 km. Bays are formed at the mouths of the rivers Berd' (the largest tributary), Mil'tyush, Karakan, Orda, Sharap, and Irmen'. The reservoir is shallow with many islands and has a maximum depth up to 20 m only along the drowned Ob channel. The dominant depths are less than 10 m. The Novosibirsk reservoir stores on average 13.4% of the volume of the annual runoff of the Ob, varying from 9 to 18.8% depending on the wetness of the year. The average annual river runoff at the site of the hydrostation is 54.5 km 3 with a range from 39.8 to 73.7 km 3. The maximum monthly runoff from 6.7 to 18.6 km 3 is observed in May; the minimum from 1.4 to 1.8 km 3, in December. The annual variation of the reservoir water level is determined by three characteristic phases: filling by the surplus spring flood runoff, summer stand of the levels at the NPL with its brief excess during passage of a freshet, and long drawdown of the level. In the ice-free period the drawdown of the water level does not exceed 1.3 m, in the winter it is 4 m and limited by the dead storage level (DSL) of the reservoir. However, in connection with natural dry years in the past decade and markedly increased demands for water resources of the Novosibirsk reservoir downstream by water users and consumers, it was drawn down below the DSL in 1980-1981 by 1.28 m, in 1981-1982 by 1.87 m, in 1989 and subsequent years by up to 0.6 m. The reservoir is divided into three parts according to morphologic characteristics: lower from the hydrostation dam to the site of Zav'yalovo--Novopichugovo, representing a lakelike water area with a width reaching 20-22 kin. This stretch has large depths, especially in the right-bank part, in the region of the drowned Ob channel. The hydrologic regime is lake-sea. The wave height reaches 2.5-3.5 m. Wind denivellation (wind set-up and set-down phenomena) with an increase of the water level up to 50-60 cm is observed; middle from Zav'yalovo village to Ust'-Khmelevka village, representing a long, narrow stretch with a width of not more than 5-6 km with numerous islands and shoals at places of washed-away islands. In the flood period this stretch is characterized by a regime close to river; upper upstream of Ust'-Khmelevka, during a flood it has a regime close to river. At this time the flow velocity here reaches 1.5-2 m/sec. The regime of using the water resources of the reservoir is determined by the requirements of the main water users: power industry, water transport, public water supply. Beginning in 1969 it was decided to increase the NPL by 20 cm, to 113.70 m, in the interests of hydropower and water transport. By 1980 the water users' and water consumers' priorities were ranked in the following order: public water consumption, reclamation water consumption, river transport, hydropower. In recent years reclamation water consumption has been passing to a lower level due to a decrease of the use of irrigation systems.

Computer Models in Lower Colorado River Operations

The Lower Colorado Region, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation), is responsible for maintaining and operating Hoover, Davis, and Parker Dams, and the appurtenant reservoirs and powerplants. Operation of this dam and reservoir system is governed by a complex body of congressional acts, a Supreme Court decree, an international treaty, and interstate agreements that have come to be known as the “Law of the River.” Reclamation uses three computer models for decision support purposes ranging from scheduling hourly release rates to planning future monthly and seasonal operations. A computer model called the “24‐month study” is used for planning monthly and seasonal operation of the reservoir and powerplant system. Another model is used to plan and schedule releases for downstream water delivery, energy generation, and flood control requirements on a daily and weekly basis. Finally, Reclamation water schedulers use the Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) computer model of the Western Area Power Administration to automatically control hourly releases for the next 24‐hr day and for same‐day changes at Davis and Parker powerplants.

Returns to Public Irrigation Development and the Concomitant Cost of Commodity Programs: Discussion

Martin addresses himself to what many economists as well as others have viewed for years as seemingly contradictory and inefficient government policies: namely, that the federal government has simultaneously supported the Bureau of Reclamation's water development, output-increasing activities and in Martin's words "effected commodity programs designed to reduce the supply of major agricultural commodities .. ." The underlying question being posed by Martin differs somewhat from what one generally would expect to encounter in considering this apparent contradiction. Most previous assessments of Bureau activity are specific to particular projects and use a standard benefitcost framework of analysis. Benefit calculation assumes a perfectly elastic demand curve for commodities to be produced by the single marginal project being evaluated. One does not need great analytical ability to conclude that, generally, an acreage control program operating within the project area would be at cross-purposes at least in the short run, with respect to societal efficiency in the production of agricultural products. Martin, however, poses a different question. He is saying, essentially, what is done is done and is unlikely to be changed. But how do the aggregate costs and benefits of federal irrigation development over the past seventy-five years compare? And in aggregate, have federal projects really had a significant effect on commodity program costs? Quite rightly, Martin argues that while the elasticity of demand for agricultural output may be close to infinity for the Bureau's smallest, 221-acre project, it could not be infinite over all of its 9.3 million acres. Martin then formulates the conceptual framework for the problem in terms of the familiar Marshalian

Returns to Public Irrigation Development and the Concomitant Costs of Commodity Programs

Development of agriculture, and associated agricultural problems, have had a prominent place in congressional deliberations virtually throughout the history of the United States (Benedict). Early policy stressed land development, and the Reclamation Act of 1902 was in such spirit. It was An Act Appropriating the receipts from the sale and disposal of public lands in certain States and Territories to the construction of irrigation works for the reclamation of arid lands. With later modifications of policy to provide greater sources of income for works construction, Congress continues to support the Bureau of Reclamation's water development, output increasing activities. Yet, since 1929, with time out for war, the federal government also has effected commodity programs designed to reduce the supply of major agricultural commodities so as to maintain product prices at levels that would be above the market price in a free and reasonably normal market situation(Benedict, p. 517). Such a situation would tend to strike most economists as peculiar (inefficient). Howe and Easter estimated the annual costs of commodity programs directly related to reclamation irrigation in the range of $83 million to $179 million during the period 1944 to 1964 (p. 143). Some of the facts generated by these apparently contradictory policies are the subject of this paper.

Public Water, Private Land: Origins of the Acreage Limitation Controversy, 1933-1953

Research Article| November 01 1978 Public Water, Private Land: Origins of the Acreage Limitation Controversy, 1933-1953 Clayton R. Koppes Clayton R. Koppes Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Pacific Historical Review (1978) 47 (4): 607–636. https://doi.org/10.2307/3637374 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Clayton R. Koppes; Public Water, Private Land: Origins of the Acreage Limitation Controversy, 1933-1953. Pacific Historical Review 1 November 1978; 47 (4): 607–636. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/3637374 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentPacific Historical Review Search This content is only available via PDF. Copyright 1978 The Pacific Coast Branch, American Historical Association Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Research Benefits in Water Resources Construction

A diversified research program covering engineering materials, design and construction methods, ecological and sociological factors, and electric power and energy problems is described briefly. Emphasis is then placed on specific examples of engineering research which have benefited construction of the Bureau of Reclamation's water resources-related facilities. Among these are savings of –13,000,000 at Grand Coulee Third Powerplant by determining that the penstock bellmouth entrances could be made much smaller than previous practice allowed, a –25,000,000 savings by using a three-centered arch instead of a circular arch for Auburn Dam, a –2,500,000 savings by reducing the amount of cement at Coulee Third Powerplant by using pozzolans and water-reducing agents, as yet undetermined savings through a cooperative program with industry in proving the value and defining working limits for reinforced plastic mortar (RPM) pipe for water distribution systems, and of corrugated plastic pipe for drainage systems.

An economic analysis of water resource investments and regional economic growth

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effects of the Bureau of Reclamation's water resource projects over the period 1930–1970 on regional economic growth in the Southwest. The empirical results indicate that these investments have had an impact on regional economic growth and that the extent of the effect depends on the nature of the water investment, the state of the regional economy, and the amount and nature of other investments in the region.

A PROGRESS REPORT ON RECLAMATION WATER RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT IN THE WEST1

A PROGRESS REPORT ON RECLAMATION WATER RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT IN THE WEST¹

Selling Reclamation Water Rights: A Case Study in Federal Subsidy Policy

THE federal reclamation program was designed to provide working farmers with irrigation water at prices they could afford. The farmers got their water at low prices, but in the process they got something else even more important-the right to continue to receive that share of water year after year.2 In the arid reclamation states, assurance of a continuing, dependable supply of irrigation water is an extremely valuable asset. A piece of dry land may be almost worthless, but that same tract with a reliable water supply will generally be worth a substantial amount of money. Since the worth of the water right is thus typically reflected in land values, one who sells a farm in a reclamation project may also receive payment for this valuable right.3 Moreover, since the asset which is being thus marketed was created by the investment of public funds in the construction of the project,4 the effect is that the seller converts the

Direct Recharge of Ground Water with Sewage Effluents

Report on 3 yr study of feasibility and public health safety of injecting sewage effluents directly into underground aquifers; mixtures of settled raw sewage and water were used to recharge 5-ft thick confined aquifer located 95 ft underground; results show that direct recharge of groundwaters is safe and feasible method of waste water reclamation and ground water replenishment.