Reclamation Measures Research Articles

Economic efficiency of an investment project for the laying (restoration) of protective forest strips in the Dinsk district

The purpose of the study is to substantiate the economic efficiency and riskiness of an investment project for laying (restoring) shelterbelts on the example of the municipality Dinskoy district of the Krasnodar Territory, located on the territory of the fifth alluvial-loesslike flat landscape with plowed steppes. An analysis was made using GIS technologies of the current state of the existing field-protective forest belts in the territory under consideration, the areas of their laying and the volume of necessary repair work were determined. A project for laying (restoring) a system of field-protective forest belts has been developed, the amount of necessary capital investments in forest reclamation measures has been determined, and expected indicators of efficiency and riskiness of investments have been calculated. In the course of the study, it was taken into account that without timely work to restore forest belts, the yield of winter wheat, the main agricultural crop in the region, could be reduced by 30–70 % in the long term, which would result in large losses in cash receipts and profits for commodity producers. It has also been proven that for the effective implementation of the proposed project, it is important to provide state subsidies for at least 30 % of the amount of capital investments incurred

Effect of soil compaction on hydraulic properties and macropore structure: Evidence from opencast mines in the Loess Plateau of China

Affected by heavy machinery, the soil compaction in the opencast coal mine area is serious, which will change the characteristics of soil macropores, then affect the soil hydraulic properties and damage the ecological environment in mining area. In this study, the disturbed soil samples from the dumping area of Pingshuo opencast coal mine of China were collected. The soil samples were processed in bulk density from 1.30 g·cm−3 to 1.70 g·cm−3, and the soil hydraulic properties were measured, and the soil macropore characteristics were obtained using computerized tomography scanning in laboratory. The path analysis method was applied to analyze the effect of macropore characteristics caused by compaction on soil hydraulic properties. Soil compaction resulted in severe effects on soil hydraulic characteristics and macropore properties. Under same soil suction, the water contents remained in soil decreased with increasing compaction. The explanatory variables (average Euler number (AEN), macropore throat number (MTN), and macropore fractal dimension (MFD)) were main determinants of soil-water characteristic curve (SWCC), and the indirect path coefficient of macroporosity. The effects of AEN and MFD on soil infiltration properties were relatively high. The bulk density of 1.4 g·cm−3 was a critical point of affecting macropore properties then affecting soil hydraulic properties, and some soil reclamation measures should be conducted to make bulk density < 1.4 g·cm−3 for compacted soil in opencast coal mining area. This study provides a basis for selecting technology of land reclamation and the subsequent monitoring and maintenance of soil quality in mining areas.

Mechanical Reclamation of Spent Moulding Sand on Chromite Sand Matrix; Removal of Alkali-Phenolic Binder

The foundry industry generates large amounts of waste when casting metal into sand moulds. An important issue is the activities that are related to the re-recovery of the grain matrix (the main component of the moulding sand) for realising subsequent technological cycles. This process is particularly important in the case of the expensive chromite matrix that is necessary for use in manganese steel casting. The effects of the reclamation treatments of spent alkali-phenolic binder sand were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy with EDS, analysing the chemical composition in micro areas and proving the loss of binder on the surfaces of the matrix grains. Tests were also performed using the main criteria for evaluating a reclaimed organic binder: sieve analysis and ignition loss. A thermogravimetric analysis study was performed to assess the change in the chromite character of the grain matrix under the influence of temperature. The effects of the reclamation measures were verified by making moulding compounds on a matrix of reclaimed sand and a mixture of reclaimed and fresh sand. The tests and analyses that were carried out indicated the direction of an effective method for reclaiming used alkali-phenolic binder masses and the extent of the proportion of the regenerate in moulding sand in order to maintain the relevant technological parameters of the moulding sand.

Temporal remote sensing based soil salinity mapping in Indo-Gangetic plain employing machine-learning techniques

Soil salinization is one of the most active land degradation processes, affecting predominantly arid, semi-arid, and dry sub-humid regions and leading to decreased agricultural yields. The Indo-Gangetic plain, which includes the irrigated command areas with arid and semi-arid climatic conditions are severely affected by secondary soil salinization. Assessing the spatial and temporal extent as well as the severity of salinization is an important step for adoption of proper reclamation measures to boost agricultural productivity in the salt affected areas. The study was conducted with this background to evaluate the extent and severity of soil salinization in alluvial plains of Mathura district of Uttar Pradesh, India. In this study, the satellite data of 6 months from January 2019 to June 2019 were pre-processed and various spectral indices were generated in Google Earth Engine. Remote sensing techniques provides an ideal platform for addressing this problem at larger scales and thus we employed Sentinel-2 derived vegetation and salinity spectral indices for distinguishing temporal change in severity of soil salinization and map the salinity as a function of these indices for the entire study area. The time series salinity analysis showed that among the various spectral indices Ratio Vegetation Index (RVI), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Normalized Difference Soil Index (NDSI) had a clear differentiation between slight, moderate and severe salinity class in the first three months of the study period and the Salinity Index II (SI_II) could differentiate for the first four months. Further, two machine learning algorithms namely Random Forest (RF) and Support Vector Machine (SVM), were used to create soil salinity prediction models making use of the soil Electrical Conductivity (EC) values of 115 ground-sampling sites as the predictand variable and the optimal spectral indices as the predictor variables. Further, we evaluated the prediction ability of different models using 12 and 24 variables combination using R2 and RMSE values. The prediction accuracy of the RF model was found to be slightly higher than that of the SVM model, and the spatial distribution pattern of soil salinity predicted by the two models were comparable. We concluded that spectral indices combined with machine learning techniques have the potential for low cost reliable spatial and temporal soil salinity distribution mapping for planning and implementation of salinity reclamation measures.

Assesment of Effectiveness of Reclamation Activities on Coal Dumps in Kuzbass

The results of assessing the soil-ecological efficiency of reclamation activity on different ages coal dumps in the forest-steppe of Kuzbass are presented. The main physical and chemical soil properties were studied: density, clay fraction and organic carbon in the areas of forestry and agricultural reclamation measures and natural overgrowing. It was revealed that the maximum efficiency achieves by technologies of the fertile layer of natural soils application on the surface of dumps (more over 80% of efficiency).

Implementation of «lean manufacturing» technologies in rice irrigation systems of the Krasnodar region

The article discusses the issues of improving the planning of land reclamation activities in rice irrigation systems due to the increasing shortage of water resources. Rice is the most important crop in ensuring Russia’s food security. The modern stage of rice production involves large expenditures of resources, including water. The main “tool” of rice production is rice irrigation systems. Optimization of rice production should be based on taking into account the factors and parameters of rice cultivation, the best practices of leading rice-growing countries and the level of scientific and technological progress. The main difficulty of developing new resource-saving technologies lies in the balanced management of available resources. Such management is possible only when taking into account all the connections and relationships of factors and parameters that affect the final result - yield. Therefore, to solve the problem of obtaining guaranteed rice yields, it is necessary to solve equations with a number of constraints and several objective functions. The solution of such issues requires a progressive and multilevel approach using statistical analysis of the available monitoring data, using a mathematical apparatus implemented in a simulation-optimization mathematical model. Therefore, the presented studies are relevant, and their solution will strengthen Russia’s food security. The main and major task of resource allocation is to reduce the cost of agro-reclamation activities. The achievement of this task is implemented by the developed ecological-adaptive methodology, including optimization of land reclamation measures, taking into account the uncertainty of the initial information to ensure the effectiveness of management decisions on the rice irrigation system. This approach will allow employees of the agro-industrial complex to make management decisions in a timely manner, receive guaranteed yields of high-quality rice grains, and rice crops rotation.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE TERRITORY OF THE NORTHERN BLACK SEA AS A FACTOR IN THE ECOLOGICAL AND GEOMORPHOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF THE DEGREE OF THE SOIL COVER OF THE REGION

The article dwells upon the economic development of the territory of the Northern Black Sea Coast, which in various ways affected the state and transformation of its soil cover. An overview of historical sources, which outlines the forms of public order, which determined the possibilities and necessity of using land resources. The relevance of the purposeful analysis of archaeological and historical periodization in the economic development of the studied territory was substantiated, comments on the actual material on the probability of certain impacts on the quality of soil cover were presented, the stages during which the state of the soil was influenced by certain factors of natural and anthropogenic origin, the author's assessment of the existing at that time, problems regarding changes in the extent of spread of cultivated land and changes in their quality.&#x0D; The conclusions determine the need to focus the concentration of research efforts on the establishment of correlations and the emergence of patterns of soil formation in the geomorphological environment, its transformation as a result of population growth, the diversity of economic use, and powerful melioration measures. The variety of tectonic patterns in the orographic and river network, the variability of stratigraphic and lithological complexes of soil forming species, significant differences in the geomorphological structure, complex combinations of significant areas of distribution of "background" genetic types of soils and local areas of the spread of colorful soil cover, as well as historically determined sequences of settlement of the region make up the range of analysis of the history of land use.&#x0D; The given historical excursion points to the need to focus research efforts on establishing relationships and deriving regularities of soil cover formation in the geomorphological environment, its transformation as a result of population growth, a variety of economic uses, and powerful reclamation measures. This region of modern Ukraine, in our opinion, can be interpreted as a key one for the entire Black Sea region, as it encompasses the set of tectonic, lithological and geomorphological features of the environment, other components of the environment, characteristic of the entire region, including the variety of tectonic regularities in the orography and river network, reliable and probable tectonic disturbances and areas of ascending and descending tectonic movements of weak activity, variegation of stratigraphic and lithological complexes with increased and decreased foundation of the inclined undulating and horizontal flat plain on Neogene deposits, significant differences in the geomorphological structure of individual territories of the Black Sea region, due to the presence of various morphological features, genetic types of relief, the time of formation of various geomorphological taxa and the intensity of modern geomorphological processes, significant areas of distribution of "background" genetic types of soils (mainly at the interfluves), and local areas of the distribution of variegated soil cover due to the significant role of the relief of the earth's surface, the historically determined sequence of settlement of the region and, accordingly, a different degree of economic activity, caused by a change in the nature of economic activity - from local around settlements and in the coastal zone, to regional, associated with the expansion of agricultural production and the development of irrigated agriculture.

Differential responses of soil nutrients to edaphic properties and microbial attributes following reclamation of abandoned salinized farmland

Salinization is a global threat to the sustainability of farmland in arid areas. However, the mechanisms by which soil physicochemical and microbial properties affect soil nutrients in salinized farmlands are not completely understood. Here, the direct and indirect responses of edaphic properties (bulk density [BD], saturated hydraulic conductivity [SC], field capacity [FC], alkalinity[pH], microbial biomass carbon [MBC], and microbial biomass nitrogen [MBN]) and soil microbial properties (denitrifying genes [nirS], nitrogen-fixing genes [nifH], catalase [CAT] and urease [UR] activities, and species richness [Chao1]) to the total soil N content (TN), soil organic carbon (SOC), alkali hydrolyzable N (AN), potassium (K+), and calcium (Ca2+) ions at low-salinity (2–4 dS m−1), mid-salinity (4–8 dS m−1), high-salinity (8–15 dS m−1) sites, and non-salinity (Control, 0–2 dS m−1) farmland in arid areas of northwest China were examined. Soil UR activity (range: 703.5–956.6 U UR L-1 ) and nifH, AN, SOC, and MBN content were higher at the low-salinity than at the medium- and high-salinity sites. Furthermore, FC was indirectly affected by the soil nutrients due to their effects on nifH and CAT activities. The relative contribution of soil TN, SOC, and AN content on the direct responses of the microbial attributes (52–70%) was higher than that of the soil physicochemical properties (27–45%) in different reclamation types. The reclamation process on abandoned salinized farmland promoted the activity of microorganisms, further improving the soil's physical properties and nutrient status. This study has found that improving microbial metabolic activity in combined with reclamation measures will be crucial for future salinity management.

Биосферно-экологическое обоснование комплексных мелиораций

The current state of land reclamation in the country is considered, which showed not suffi ciently effective use of reclaimed land due to signifi cant depreciation of fi xed assets, the use of obsolete technologies and non-compliance with operational reclamation regimes, which requires a revision of the paradigm of reclamation activities. The purpose of the research is to develop the main provisions of the concept of biosphere and ecological substantiation of integrated land reclamation, which can signifi cantly increase the productivity of reclaimed lands and reduce the load on the agrolandscape. The use of the regularities of energy and mass transfer in natural landscapes makes it possible to more effectively use the natural potential of the natural environment, and taking into account the assimilating and barrier properties to reduce reclamation loads. The most important direction should be the digitalization of the reclamation industry, and the automation of soil reclamation management processes and the creation of information and communication systems for decision-making on agrochemical and reclamation measures in real time will allow obtaining high yields of quality products.

Производственная классификация земель бассейна Саны

The industrial classifi cation of lands has been developed as an integral part of the agricultural assessment of the natural resources of the research object, which divides the lands into categories of suitability and classes, if possible, for their use for arable land and perennial plantations during irrigation. Classifi cation, together with land reclamation assessment, makes it possible to determine for what purposes it is more appropriate to use certain irrigated lands, which reclamation measures can contribute to the most effective use of natural potential with natural moistening and irrigation, as well as to make a comparative assessment of soil fertility by the selected categories and classes of land to substantiate the project crop yields.

Assessment of the aridity index of various agro-climatic regions of the Republic of Azerbaijan

The issue of updating information about the aridity index AI for various agro-climatic regions of the Republic of Azerbaijan is considered in the article. It has been found out that the irrigated lands are mainly concentrated in arid zones with an aridity (hydrothermal) index AI = 1.3...3.0 (for soils with different degrees of salinity and with different intensity of erosion processes). The humidity (water) deficit D is on average 199...800 mm. It is noted that the obtaining of guaranteed yields of agricultural crops is possible with reclamation measures only. The maps-schemes of agro-climatic regions and aridity index zoning of the Republic of Azerbaijan are presented in the article.

MODELING AND FORECASTING OF THE STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT IN THE WASTE MANAGEMENT AND MANAGEMENT SYSTEM CONSUMPTION IN WARTIME

We consider waste management and management as an area of ​​ecological safety. As a result of the study, the ecological aspects of this branch of activity were analyzed on the example of the operation of the operating MSW landfill in the city of Kremenchuk. The prospective direction of the field of waste management in the region, as well as the state of its financing, are taken into account. Such dangerous factors in the operation of the municipal landfill for the environment as: pollution of groundwater and open dumps of the landfill have been identified. The chemical composition of the leachate formed in the body of the landfill was evaluated and the concentrations of pollutants were compared with the permissible values ​​in wastewater discharged to the city sewer. Priority measures for landfill reclamation were proposed. We analyzed solid household waste landfills from the point of view of resource-energy saving, as an alternative source of energy thanks to the use of generated biogas, as well as extracted secondary resources.

Районирование при обосновании вероятности необходимости осушения земель и методы снижения загрязненности дренажного стока

Purpose: to develop mechanisms for territory zoning according to demand for land drainage and the volume of substances leaching with drainage runoff and to identify the methods for reducing the pollution of drainage runoff. All calculations are made using the example of macrozonal zoning of drainage when growing strategically important crops: spring wheat and potatoes – using the example of the European part of Russia. Materials and methods. The justification for drainage was carried out using the bioclimatic method of V. V. Shabanov. A dimensional analysis technique and laboratory experiments on leaching soil monoliths for determining the main factors influencing the leaching of substances from soil were used. Results. A justification of reclamation measures (drainage) for regions and districts of the Russian Federation was carried out using the example of grains and potatoes. The main water protection measures reducing the polluting impact on water intakes from drainage runoff include: the creation of biological engineering structures; passive measures – precise reclamation aimed at managing the conditions for the drainage runoff formation, taking into account soil heterogeneity based on the zoning of drainage and the volume of nutrient leaching from drained lands. Conclusions. The European part of Russia has been zoned based on demand for drainage. A low degree of demand for land drainage when growing spring wheat was noted on approximately 40 % of the area and high degree was noted on 50 %. When growing potatoes, these areas account for 20 and 50 % of the area, respectively. The influence of factors on the drainage runoff formation and the volume of substance leaching was revealed. Water protection measures are proposed: construction of biological engineering structures and carrying out precise reclamation as a way to control the water regime of soils.

Rekultivacija površinskog kopa "Garajevac Istok" kod Novog Bečeja

The surface exploitation of mineral raw materials is realized in the natural environment, causing the degradation of the narrower and wider space: the change of the physical appearance of the terrain and the degradation of the soil and autochthonous vegetation cover. The recultivation of the surface mine area, after the exploitation of mineral raw materials, is an important and mandatory measure in the function of environmental protection. In a biologically empty space, with damaged or destroyed natural content, in parallel with the slow and long-lasting process of spontaneous self-revitalization, technical and biological reclamation measures and procedures are applied to control and accelerate the revitalization process.The subject of this work is the design of reclamation on the surfaces affected by the exploitation of clay, on the example of the Garajevac Istok surface mine near Novi Bečej, with the aim of creating habitats for plant and animal life. The planned goals of the reclamation of the post-exploitation area of the Garajevac Istok surface mine will be realized by applying a combination of afforestation measures and spontaneous self-reclamation.

Factors of soil formation and their evolution in the south of the Zerafshan valley

In article is stated main groundforming (the geomorphological-hydra geological land reclamation, climatic and anthropogen) factors, describes the evolution of soils in the lower part. In Zerafshan valley are chosen 3 geomorphological regions. Differ the raised contents a magnesium, high water table on irrigated territory in roast time and heavy expences them on evaporation. Economic activity of the person is reflected and on climate, and on hydralogical condition to surfaces of the land. As a result of reclamation measures, takyr-meadow, old-fallow meadow with bog-meadow and salt marshes, gray-brown soils were transformed into old-irrigated meadow alluvial soils. The increase in irrigated land was due to the development of new, previously unrevealed territories.

Geoinformation systems and technologies in agriculture logistics and transport

The article contains theoretical considerations on the application of information technology in the field of logistics and transport. In the process of performing mechanized work during construction or in land reclamation measures, technical and technical means are used to provide fuel and lubricants. Based on the analysis of modern information technologies are recommended that ensure a reduction in material and technical resources and an increase in the utilization rate of machines over time.

Использование выпавших из сельскохозяйственного оборота бесхозяйных ранее мелиорированных земель на примере Иркутского района Иркутской области

The purpose of the work is to study ownerless previously reclaimed lands that have fallen out of agricultural use on the example of the Irkutsk district of the Irkutsk region. The study was conducted in 2022 as part of a grant from the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation on the topic “Research of ownerless reclaimed lands in the Irkutsk region”. The conducted research revealed the presence of unused agricultural land related to haymaking in the Irkutsk region for a long time. A hydro-reclamation drainage system with a destroyed open regulating and conducting network of channels is located for a long time in the surveyed territory. The lands of the surveyed land are waterlogged due to the high level of groundwater standing, their periodic flooding by spring and summer floods and stagnation of surface waters. In general, the land has good soil characteristics. However, degradation processes are observed, such as waterlogging, overgrowing, overgrowing with woody and shrubby vegetation. It is recommended to involve agricultural land in agricultural turnover through the implementation of federal and regional state support programs for the development of land reclamation in Russia through the implementation of a set of restoration and land reclamation measures and its subsequent radical improvement. A list of cultural and technical measures, technological

Забруднення угідь унаслідок бойових дій: огляд рішень для подолання кризи

The purpose of this work is to analyze the types of pollution on the lands that have undergone hostilities and to review scientific research on this topic in order to find rational technological solutions to overcome the crisis. Methods and materials. The study is aimed at reviewing open scientific literary sources regarding the contamination of agricultural lands affected by the conduct of military operations. The research focuses on physical and chemical disturbances in the soil caused by military actions (bombing of land, land contamination by shrapnel remains, soil compaction by military equipment, chemical pollution by heavy metals, etc.) and land restoration methods. Research results. The primary task in eliminating the consequences of hostilities is the demining of land areas. There is a wide range of types of means for finding mines and machines for demining, in which the working body can be a reactive explosive device or a mechanical system in the form of a bucket, rollers of a rotating rotor, etc. Reclamation of lands disturbed as a result of military operations is carried out in two stages: technical and biological. The essence of the technical stage is to prepare the territories for the next target use. It consists in planning, as well as applying soil or fertile rocks to a leveled surface. The biological stage is a set of measures to restore the fertility of disturbed lands. It covers agrotechnical and reclamation measures aimed at restoring flora and fauna. To overcome the consequences of soil pollution by oil products and to compensate for nitrogen losses on land due to burning of fields, it is advisable to use active oil-oxidizing and regenerating soil microorganisms, by applying them with tillage and seeding units equipped with devices for applying liquid and dry complex fertilizers. Conclusions. Among the practical agrotechnical approaches to soil restoration after rough reclamation of land, the following can be distinguished: cultivation of bioenergy crops on damaged lands; application of minimal tillage technologies using organic waste and microbiological preparations; biotechnologies of soil remediation. In view of the technical and technological solutions of soil treatment for land restoration, each of the following consequences requires a special approach. Reclamation of damaged lands is advisable when experts estimate the terms of restoration of economic activity at no more than 15 years. If the soil cover needs a longer period for recovery, land conservation is carried out. Key words: soil pollution, hostilities, reclamation, remediation, land reclamation, soil treatment.

BEHAVIOR OF HEAVY METALS IN SOIL-CONDENSATE-PLANTS SYSTEM IN THE ULAN-UDE LANDFILLS

The impact of waste dumps on environmental components, i.e., soil, evaporating soil water (condensate) and plants is studied. It has been revealed that industrial and municipal waste dumps continue to affect significantly the environment after their closure. The behavior of heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Zn, Ni, Cd, Co, Sb, Sn, Bi, Hg, and Cr) in soils, plants, and condensate in landfill areas and beyond them (the background) has been studied in detail. It has been found out that soils, plants and condensate at landfills are enriched in heavy metals as compared to the background sites. The degree of soil contamination at waste dumps depends on the reclamation stage of the latter. The landfill soils exceed the norms of maximum permissible concentrations for heavy metals by 1.1–90 times. Concentrations of heavy metals in plants exceed the background values from 1.1 to 104 times at all dumps. The maximum level of heavy metals in plants is exceeded for Zn, Cd, Cr. In the condensate sampled at the dumps, MPC is exceeded for Cu, Zn, and Hg. Based on the analysis results, the geochemical rows of heavy metal distribution in different landfill environments were compiled: in plants – Zn Cu Cr Ni Pb Cd Co Hg Sn Bi; in condensate – Zn Cu Ni Cr Pb Sn Co Hg Sb Cd Bi; in the soil – Zn Cr Cu Ni Pb Co Sb = Sn Cd. The distribution of heavy metals in the condensate and plants is similar. In these environments, contribution of Zn and Cu is more than 80%, contribution of Cr, Ni, Pb varies from 1 to 10%; contribution of Cd, Co, Sb, Sn, Bi, Hg is less than 1%. Heavy metals are distributed in soil according to a different pattern: the main contributors are Zn and Cr (their input is more than 50%), then go Ni, Cu, Co, and Pb (their content in soil varies from 1 to 50%), followed by Sb, Sn, and Cd (their content is less than 1%). Total pollution indices (Zc) of the soil, condensate and plants have been calculated for each landfill. Based on Zc, the landfills were grouped in a ranking series, which can form the basis for assigning the sequence of landfill reclamation measures.

Growth and Timber Quality of European Larch Planted in Areas Reclaimed After Coal Mining in Central Poland

Understanding the impact of reclamation measures on the quality of timber produced in post-mining areas is crucial for the proper establishment of future forest cultures on such sites. We studied European larch trees (Larix decidua Mill.) grown since 1981 on the external dump of a brown coal mine in Bełchatów (Central Poland). In particular, the effects of stand admixture and the intensity of mineral fertilization, applied in the initial phase of tree growth, on the increments and quality of larch wood were evaluated. Total tree height and stem diameter of 4-meter sections were measured. Qualitative timber classification took into account the share of wood defects, which excluded the timber from a higher quality-dimensional class. Larch trees grown in a monoculture had a better quality of wood compared to larch grown mixed with other species. Fertilization, applied in the initial afforestation period, had only a limited effect on the growth of larch trees. Curvature and knots determined timber quality most significantly. While knots had a decisive importance in larch growing in the monoculture stands, curvature determined wood quality in the admixed larch stands.