Reclamation Area Research Articles

KOMPOSISI DAN KEANEKARAGAMAN JENIS POHON DI KAWASAN IZIN USAHA PERTAMBANGAN PT. ANTAM UBPE PONGKOR, BOGOR

Post-mining land revegetation is one of PT. ANTAM UBPE Pongkor committed to restoring the impact of both mining and non-mining activities in its concession area, comprising 3 locations (GHSNP Critical Land, Cepu Landslide Block, and Mount Puntang Block). This study aimed to identify the species composition, diversity, evenness, and richness of tree species. This research was carried out by observation at 12 locations following checkered paths, parallel to intersecting contour lines. Observation sample plots for the tree, pole, sapling, and seedling were measured on areas 20x20 m, 10x10 m, 5x5 m, and 2x2 m, respectively, with maximum sampling intensity of 10%. Vegetation composition and structure were observed by measuring the Importance Value Index (IVI), the Biodiversity Index (H'), Species Evenness Index, and Richness Index (Dmg). Sixty species of trees were found in the IUP area of PT. ANTAM UBPE Pongkor, in the growth phase of trees, saplings, poles, and seedlings, dominated by Puspa, Rasamala, Waru Lot Mara, Calik Angin, Huru, Kaliandra, and Ganitri, which were spread almost evenly in each location, with IVI value of 50% -300 %. Species diversity with a high category (H' =3.23) was found in the natural forest in the Baching Plant, the medium category was in the cepu landslide block reclamation area (2.67), while the small diversity was in the reclamation area around the administration office (1.61). The evenness index (E) ranged from 0 to 1, and the species richness index (Dmg) ranged from 0 – 7.58, indicating that the IUP area is quite diverse regarding its biodiversity.

Application of integrated spatial analysis and NDVI for tree monitoring in reclamation area of coal mine.

Reclamation, defined as one of the important processes in mining, is commonly conducted to regain the value of the land after natural resource extraction. The process involves many activities such as reforestation, remediation, and land transformation. Even supposing that those processes can be monitored, thus some of the progress in those activities cannot be numerically evaluated, especially for reforestation. Mae Moh mine, the largest coal mine in Southeast Asia, is in the early stage of reclamation where a large scale of reforestation must be accomplished. However, the monitoring and evaluation of the improvement of those areas are based on manual field observation which is time-consuming and inefficient. For a purpose of subsiding the conventional method, integrated spatial technology was assigned as the main tool in defining the effective indirect method for monitoring and evaluating the reforested area. In this study, the remote sensing techniques, based on satellite-images and multispectral-UAV, were compared to define the most appropriate data collecting method which will be assigned as the main tool for gathering the data over the reforestation area of Giant crepe-myrtle, Indian cork Tree, Laza wood, and Teak. These collected data were further analyzed into normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and used as the dependent variable for linear regression with significant parameters, affecting the growth of the reforested species. The results of the study defined that the suitable collecting method is the multispectral-UAV which can give %RSD of NDVI range from 16.58 to 40.75. In accordance with the analysis, the R2 of the regression modeling for each species ranged from 0.568 to 0.831, which can determine the feasibility of assigning the model for the indirect monitoring scheme for the reclamation.

Spatio-temporal changes of coastline in Jiaozhou Bay from 1987 to 2022 based on optical and SAR data

In the past 35 years, the natural coastline along Jiaozhou Bay has undergone extensive changes under the influence of human activities, and the coastal wetland area has been drastically reduced. Therefore, it is of great importance to study the spatio-temporal changes of the Jiaozhou Bay coastline, and their trends and causes, for sustainable economic development and the rational utilization of coastal resources. This paper constructed a comprehensive method for extracting the coastline information and change analysis based on long time series remote sensing data. Based on multi-spectral optical data and dual-polarization SAR data, the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) and the Sentinel-1 Dual-polarized Water body Index (SDWI) combined with the Otsu threshold segmentation method were used to automatically extract the spatial distribution of coastline. The U-Net semantic segmentation model was used to classify the land cover types in the land direction of the coastline to count the coastline types. The End Point Rate (EPR) and Linear Regression Rate (LRR) were used to analyze the coastline changes, and the land reclamation was calculated according to the changing trends. The Pearson coefficient was used to study the reasons for the coastline changes. With an average time interval of 5 years, eight coastlines of Jiaozhou Bay in different years were extracted, and the coastline types were obtained. Then, the changes of the coastlines in Jiaozhou Bay from 1987 to 2022 were analyzed. The results show that: 1) Coastline type information provides important information for analyzing the coastline changes in long time series, and coastline information can be effectively extracted using multi-spectral optical data and dual-polarization SAR data. When the resolution of remote sensing data is 30m, the average error of the two types of data is better than one pixel, and the error between the data is about 1-2 pixels. 2) Based on the U-Net model, the overall accuracy of coastline classification using multi-spectral optical data and dual-polarization SAR data is 94.49% and 94.88%, respectively, with kappa coefficients of 0.9143 and 0.8949. 3) In the past 35 years, Jiaozhou Bay area has shown an obvious trend towards the ocean, with an average annual expansion of 16.723m. 4) The coastline of the Jiaozhou Bay area is dynamic. Due to the frequent human activities, the coastline has been reconstructed on a large scale, and the length of artificial coastline has increased significantly. The proportion of artificial coastline length has increased from 33.72% in 1987 to 59.33% in 2022. 5) In the past 35 years, the land reclamation area has reached 41.45km2, of which Shibei District, Licang District, and Huangdao District are the three most frequent areas, with an area of 34.62 km2.

Factors Mediating or Moderating the Effects of Obesity on Walking: Targeting Areas for Rehabilitation

Increased physical activity, such as walking, is often prescribed to address obesity. Several factors that may influence the connection between obesity and walking include the biomechanics of gait, pain, depressive symptoms, physical health, and activity. The objective of this study was to assess the moderation and mediation effects of knee pain and buckling, depressive symptoms, physical activity, and physical health on spatiotemporal gait parameters in individuals with obesity. Forty participants with obesity performed a task in which they walked on flat ground and crossed an obstacle. Measures of knee pain and buckling, depressive symptoms, physical activity, and physical health were collected. We conducted mediation analyses with knee buckling and pain as mediators of the effect of the BMI on spatiotemporal gait parameters. Moderation analyses were performed with depressive symptoms, physical activity, and physical health as moderators of the effect of BMI on spatiotemporal gait parameters. We found that depressive symptoms and physical health moderated the relationship between BMI and Step Width in people with obesity. These effects were pronounced when participants crossed an obstacle. In conclusion, depressed mood and physical health influence the relationship between obesity and walking. These factors present potential avenues for rehabilitation interventions to aid individuals with obesity.

Fertilizer management methods affect bacterial community structure and diversity in the maize rhizosphere soil of a coal mine reclamation area

BackgroundThe filling or mixed stack mode is a frequently used coal mine reclamation engineering technique that results in changes in soil microbial community structure and nutrient content, which lead to considerable deviations from the characteristics of restored coal mine reclamation areas that can be used for farming. Fertilization is an effective strategy for improving soil fertility in such areas; however, the response of soil bacterial communities, especially in the crop rhizosphere soil, to different fertilization techniques in such soils remains unclear. Therefore, we investigated the effects of different fertilization management methods, including no fertilizer, farmers' practice, inorganic fertilizer, organic fertilizer, and organic–inorganic fertilizer, on maize yield, rhizosphere soil bacterial community and diversity, soil physicochemical properties, and nitrogen cycle-related gene abundance (nifH, AOB, and nirS).ResultsThe results showed that organic–inorganic fertilizer treatment significantly improved maize yield. The relative abundance of the dominant phyla did not significantly differ between the treatment groups. However, the Chao 1 and Shannon indices of the bacterial community significantly changed between the no fertilizer and organic–inorganic fertilizer treatments. Notably, organic–inorganic fertilizer application significantly increased the copy numbers of nifH and nirS. Further, moisture, bulk density, and available phosphorus content were identified as the major driving factors responsible for the changes in bacterial community structure, diversity, and copy numbers of nifH, nirS, and AOB.ConclusionsThe results of this study revealed that organic–inorganic fertilizer application improved soil bacterial diversity and the copy numbers of nifH and nirS in maize rhizosphere soil. Therefore, we concluded that organic–inorganic fertilizer is an effective strategy for the restoration of maize rhizosphere soil properties and bacterial communities in coal mine reclamation areas.

Soil Quality Evaluation and Driving Factor Analysis of Hippophae rhamnoides Plantations in Coal Mine Reclamation Areas Based on Different Restoration Durations

The driving factors affecting soil quality were identified to evaluate the effect of vegetation on soil quality in coal mine reclamation areas with various restoration durations. This study used Hippophae rhamnoides subsp.sinensis Rousi with different reclamation durations (3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 years) in the abandoned land area of the Juxinlong coal mine in Ordos as the research subject. Artificial and abandoned grasslands were selected as the study’s controls. A soil quality evaluation model was constructed to assess the soil quality in the reclamation area. A structural equation model was used to thoroughly analyze the driving factors affecting soil quality in the study area. The findings show that: (1) Reclamation duration significantly affected the physicochemical characteristics of the soil. As the reclamation duration increased, soil nutrients such as organic carbon accumulated while the bulk density index (BD) decreased. (2) The soil quality index of Hippophae rhamnoides forest land in China was the highest after 6 years of reclamation. The Hippophae rhamnoides forest land with the lowest soil quality index after 4 years of reclamation differed significantly from that after 6 years (p < 0.05). The soil quality index (SQI) of 6a (years) significantly increased by 67.44% compared to 4a. (3) By constructing a structural equation model, it was found that physical indicators (saturated water content and silt) and reclamation durations were the main drivers of soil quality. SQI had a strong interaction with organic matter (OM) and different restoration durations. The findings of this study will serve as important guidelines for future quantitative evaluation of soil quality following land reclamation and management during the ecological restoration process.

Distribution Characteristics of Rainfall Erosivity in Jiangsu Coastal Areas

The issue of regional soil and water loss caused by human activity is particularly severe in coastal regions. Since coastal reclamation areas are a valuable land reserve resource, it is of practical significance to understand the distribution characteristics of rainfall erosion and its impact on soil erosion for the prediction, evaluation, and management of regional soil and water resources. Rainfall erosivity should be updated and estimated from simplified indices. This paper analyzed the observed rainfall data of field runoff plots in Dongtai City, Jiangsu Province, between 2011 and 2017. According to the standard of erosive rainfall in coastal areas, reporting 10.8 mm of rainfall or 7.6 mm·h−1 of I30 (maximum 30 min rainfall intensity), the annual average erosive rainfall frequency in Dongtai City was 37.7 and the annual erosive rainfall was 1082.0 mm on average, which accounted for 51.6% and 90.6% of the total rainfall frequency and the total rainfall, respectively. Moreover, the annual average rainfall erosivity in the region from 2011 to 2017 was 7717.4 MJ·mm·hm−2·h−1. The annual distribution of rainfall erosivity was irregular, with an average monthly erosivity value of 4501.8 MJ·mm·hm−2·h−1. Since the accumulated rainfall erosivity of Dongtai City in the flood season (May to September) accounted for 88.1% of the total rainfall erosivity, it is essential to focus on preventing soil and water loss in the flood season. This paper established a rainfall-based model and a composite model and intensity appropriate for a single event and monthly rainfall erosivity in the region. Both models can be used to calculate the annual rainfall erosivity, but only the composite model based on rainfall amount and intensity is recommended for calculating single and monthly rainfall erosivity levels in Jiangsu coastal areas. The empirical formulas in Jiangsu coastal areas can be updated using more recent rainfall data and assess soil erosion risk accurately.

Estimation of soil inorganic carbon with visible near-infrared spectroscopy coupling of variable selection and deep learning in arid region of China

Soil inorganic carbon (SIC) is the primary component of the soil carbon pool in arid and semiarid regions and strongly impacts the global carbon cycle, ecosystem services, and soil functions. The global climate change and intensify of human activities, could substantially change SIC, which highlights the importance of monitoring SIC. Rapid and accurate estimation of SIC concentration is critical for soil inorganic carbon pool monitoring. Currently, visible near-infrared (Vis-NIR) spectroscopy is a promising technique for estimating SIC via a rapid and cost-effective manner. Thus, in this study, we collected 315 topsoil samples from the Alar Reclamation Area in South Xinjiang, China, and measured their Vis-NIR spectra and SIC content. Then, we used deep learning algorithms, including a one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D-CNN), two-dimensional convolutional neural network (2D-CNN), long short-term memory network (LSTM), and deep belief network (DBN), combined with variable selection algorithms (particle swarm algorithm (PSO), interval random frog (IRF), competitive adaptive reweighting algorithm (CARS), ant colony algorithm (ACO), and iteratively retaining informative variables (IRIV) to estimate SIC. Results showed that all five variable selection algorithms could effectively extract the featured spectral information of SIC, and reduce the number of spectral variables by >97%, simplifying the model structure. The variable selection algorithm could markedly improve the SIC spectral estimation accuracy, and the corresponding estimation accuracy follows the order: IRF > IRIV > PSO > CARS > ACO. All four deep learning models have high prediction accuracy, and the modeling accuracy of each method follow the order: LSTM > 1D-CNN > 2D-CNN > DBN. The combined IRF and LSTM model achieved the highest estimation accuracy (R2 = 0.93, RMSE = 1.26 g kg−1 in the calibration dataset; R2 = 0.92, RMSE = 1.37 g kg−1 in the validation dataset). This study demonstrated that deep learning combined with variable selection algorithms can detect SIC content quickly and accurately.

Górnictwo w Arktyce, problemy środowiskowe i ekologiczne na przykładzie N Skandynawii (Kvalsund, Norwegia, Monchegorsk, Rosja)

The Arctic region is a prospective area for ore mining and urbanization progress. The areas of Europe located beyond the Arctic Circle have unique features of the natural environment. Conducting mining works in this place is associated with certain difficulties resulting from weather conditions (numerous rains, long winters, polar night) and due to the high risk of permanent environmental pollution. An example of the specificity of arctic mining is Kvalsund in northern Norway, where there is a copper mine that is currently under development. Another example is the Monchegorsk region in Russia, which is currently no longer mining. Both of these places are associated with sulphide deposits of non-ferrous metals and the resulting consequences. The purpose of this text was to show the differences and similarities of these mining plants, and on this basis to demonstrate the complexity of the issues of exploitation and reclamation of mining areas in the Arctic.

THE NECESSITY, SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL PRINCIPLES OF IMPROVING METHODS OF DRAINAGE SYSTEMS DESIGN AND CALCULATION

The paper presents a new approach to improving the methods of design and calculation of drainage systems and their technical elements in the drainage mode and in the subsoil moistening mode. This was done on the basis of substantiating the connection of all technical elements of the system and taking into account the influence of their work efficiency on the effectiveness of regulating the water regime of drained lands. The existence and structure of the hierarchical and hydraulic relationship between the parameters of soil flow movement, the parameters of the closed collector-drainage network, and the parameters of canals and structures of drainage systems were determined based on the application of the system methodology. A physical model, a structural model, a mathematical model, and a hydraulic model of the drainage system were developed. By using these models, the principles of determining the parameters of the hydraulic characteristics of drainage or water supply (discharge, pressure, velocity etc.) for all elements (drained massif of reclaimed field, collector and drainage network, open canals of the network, main canal, water intake) in the entire range of variation with possible consideration of changes in slopes were obtained. The considered approach will make it possible to evaluate the efficiency of water flow movement simultaneously on every technical element and on the drainage system as their interconnection. In the future, this will make it possible to improve the methods of designing and calculating the technological and structural parameters of drainage systems, and thereby ensure the overall technical, technological, economic, and ecological efficiency of their functioning in accordance with modern conditions and requirements. This is a further improvement of the methods of design and calculation of drainage systems and their technical elements, taking into account the structural, hierarchical, and hydraulic relationship between them in accordance with modern conditions and requirements. This will make it possible to increase the validity and general technical, technological, ecological and economic efficiency of the creation and functioning of drainage systems during the implementation of adaptive measures regarding the changes in climatic conditions and the level of agricultural production in the area of drainage reclamation, for example, in Ukrainian Polissia. It will also provide an opportunity to ensure the necessary level of food security in the region and the country as a whole in the war and post-war periods.

CARDIO-VASCULAR INVOLVEMENT AND CARDIAC REHABILITATION ON COVID-19 INDIAN PATIENTS: RECENT ADVANCES AND FUTURE PROSPECTIVE

Introduction: The novel corona virus disease 2019 -23 (COVID-19) pandemic so many Indian patients have experienced with their multisystem involvement, critically ill patients and treated with in intensive care units (ICUs), critical care unit (CCU) and even so many died as unable to get proper treatment and cardiac rehabilitations (CRs) at the acute infections and critically ill patients. Material and Methods:We have selected those patients having systemic effects, cardiac involvement patients prognosis and diagnosis with COVID-19 and their cardiac complicacy. Patients with COVID-19 develop cardiac complications are including with the heart failure, myocarditis, pericarditis, vasculitis, acute coronary syndrome (ACS), cardiac arrhythmias (CAMs), trigger and accompanying with cardiac diseases like coronary artery diseases (CAD) and coronary vascular diseases (CVD). We identify the recommendations of scientific and professional treatment and cardiac rehabilitations given by our organizations in the area of rehabilitation in our institutions respectively. We performed more than 500 cases in critical conditions and recovered in our main data bases. In our organizations were identified and selected as very specific contribution related to our study and excluded the single case reports and those are not interested to participate to our study. SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG and IgM, mild increases in the CD4+T cells, diverse changes in the several newly developed biochemical and haematological biomarkers are also studied. Results:Cardiac Rehabilitations (CRs) taken Patients with COVID-19 develop cardiac complications are including with the heart failure, myocarditis, pericarditis, vasculitis, acute coronary syndrome (ACS), cardiac arrhythmias (CAMs), trigger and accompanying with cardiac diseases like coronary artery diseases (CAD) and coronary vascular diseases (CVD) are improved more than (85%-95%). In hospitalized patients 10-15% with worse outcomes, longer stay in the intensive care unit (ICU) & 5-8% in cardiac critical care (CCU), and higher risk of death ratio of COVID-19 cardiac involvement ranges between 0-10percent. Deconditioning rate is increased due to immobility and muscle involvement in the pre and post-COVID-19 management is very poor at that time. COVID-19 Patients need CRs facilities. Conclusion: Cardiac Rehabilitations (CRs) findings suggested that COVID-19 patients showed a gradual changes in improvement in exercise capacity of critically ill patients are significantly declined in the SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG and IgM, test reports are mild increase in CD4+ T cells, and diverse changes in several biochemical and hematological biomarkers after hospital discharge in 6-month. Cardiac Rehabilitations (CRs) effect on improving exercise capacity was observed in COVID-19 patients in a dose–response fashion after 6-months. CRs suggested that a batter innovation strategy to promote recovery in patients during/after acute COVID-19.Although higher certainty in the evidence in convalescent plasma for the treatment of individuals with moderate to severe diseases. It does not reduce mortality and has little to no impact on measures of clinical improvement. Cardiac Rehabilitations (CRs) taken Patients with COVID-19 develop cardiac complications got better treatment through the CR experts clinically and feeling good.

Evaluation of the Stability of Muddy Coastline Based on Satellite Imagery: A Case Study in the Central Coasts of Jiangsu, China

Monitoring the coastline dynamic can provide the basis for the balance of sediment erosion and deposition. The evaluation of coastal stability is beneficial to decision makers for the rational development and ecological conservation of coastal resources. The present study first collected 61 scenes of remote sensing images and extracted the multi-temporal coastlines from the years 1990–2020 in Jiangsu Province, China using an improved waterline method. Given the characteristics of gentle slopes of our study area, we modified the coastlines using actual tidal level data to avoid the influence from different tidal regimes. Finally, the coastal stability analysis was conducted on the central coast of Jiangsu, which experiences frequent changes in erosion and siltation. The results showed that the coastline has changed significantly; the natural coastline decreased by 116 km, while the artificial coastline increased by 108 km. the area of tidal flats decreased by 1152 km2, and the average width of the tidal flats decreased from 8.83 km to 3.55 km. In general, the coastline advanced seawards for many years, mainly due to sediment siltation and tidal flat reclamation, with annual average rates of siltation and reclamation of 9.67 km/a and 40.75 km/a, respectively. The node of siltation and erosion migrated 1.8 km southwards, moving from the Sheyang Estuary to the Doulong Port. The coastal stability gradually decreased from north to south, by values of 88.5 km (40%) for stable coast and 63.97 km (28.9%) for extremely unstable coast. The most unstable coast came from frequent reclamation areas. The method in this study is expected to provide a reference for evaluating the stability of typical muddy coasts, and our results can provide a basis for the sustainable development, utilization, and protection of coastal areas.

A retrospective analysis and systematic review of the areas of entertainment computing and persuasive technologies for health

The areas of entertainment computing and persuasive technologies are interdisciplinary fields that have gained increasing attention in the last decades. Health is one of the domains that has leveraged the benefits of fun to improve the results of its technology-enabled interventions. Previous work has reviewed the area of health entertainment from many different perspectives; however, an integrative analysis across disciplines (health sciences and computer science and engineering) throughout the development and validation cycle of technologies in this domain is missing. Having such an in-depth retrospective analysis would shed light on how research on entertainment computing and persuasive technologies for health has evolved, acknowledging its contributions, recognizing its strengths and limitations, and, as a result, allowing for the definition of ways forward. This paper engages in an unprecedented systematic review of the work produced between 2004 and 2017 in this area. From an initial total of 10,350 retrieved results, a total of 1,307 full-texts were included in this review and were thoroughly examined to gain a retrospective understanding of the type of studies that have been produced. Among others, this systematic review reports on the trends, venues of publication, and the characteristics of the studies including methodologies, sample characteristics, study design, the type of solutions produced, the conditions and domains of application, and the purpose of the studies. Results show that there is a growing body of research in the area, with most studies being published in roughly the same venues, and where the lion's share of solutions fall into the area of health rehabilitation and motor conditions. With regards to the most addressed health domains, our review shows that most solutions produced are aimed at stroke and fitness, followed by balance training. Most studies (82.3%) are conducted with their target population, mostly adults (18–49 y), and are conducted either in the lab or in clinical settings. However, the median sample size of the studies has remained stable (N = 20) in the last decades. Regarding technology, 2D and 3D solutions are equally used, and most systems employ movement sensors and are single-user. Finally, only 21.4% of the studies are performed using validated instruments.

From Robotics to Prosthetics: What Design and Engineering Can Do Better Together

This paper discusses how the disciplines of Design and Engineering are jointly addressing disability and somehow affecting its very interpretation. The discussion focuses on high-tech prostheses, where robotic devices substitute human body parts. The application of robotic technologies to prosthetics has a relatively long history. Nevertheless, only in the last decade have we witnessed applications reach the market and become available for a large base of users who were offered prostheses with superior motor and sensory performance. The process of bringing ever more advanced technologies to fruition by prosthetic users is fully ongoing today, with some promising solutions coming from robotics (such as, e.g. AI techniques or soft robotics materials) to be transferred to human use. In this transfer process, technology alone is insufficient to warrant success, and the need for a close collaboration between the Engineering domain and the Design disciplines is apparent. We address this point with specific reference to a case study, i.e. the transformation of an innovative but by-now established technology in the industrial robotics field (the “Pisa/IIT SoftHand”) into a prosthetic hand (the “SoftHand Pro”). Besides obvious technical considerations about size, connections, control, and so on, which can be addressed with a thorough technical revision of the design, what makes the profound difference between the two devices is that, as a prosthesis, the SoftHand is intended as a human body part, and not as an external tool. To reach its ultimate goals, the hand should become a part of the human user, with his body and mind. The empirical approach and tools of Designers afford the possibility to enrich the re-design process, considering the final user at the centre of the process, in a sort of renewed humanistic approach. The paper reflects this multidisciplinary approach and is structured as follows: the first part describes a cultural framework for the use of high-technology upper limb prostheses. This culture is defined through two significant relations (Users & Society; Users & Device). Inputs come from desk research conducted in different fields, ranging from Social Psychology to Medicine and Rehabilitation area. In this scenario, it is possible to extract design insights applicable to the design brief. The introduction of a robotic prosthetic hand (SoftHand Pro) and a related, single-user case study follow. The aim here is also to illustrate a process where engineering innovations are facilitated by tools from the Design field in the attempt to make the whole process coherently centred on users. Involved are all aspects, from material technology to the covering and finishing of the prosthetic device. The resulting, final prototype of the SoftHand Pro is finally presented.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOCIO-CULTURAL ASPECTS AND THE PHYSICAL SETTING OF MUNCAR COASTAL SETTLEMENT

Muncar has been developed into a core Minneapolitan area since 2012. The development of the Minneapolitan area can affect the socio-cultural aspects of the fishing community which then affects the physical setting of the coastal settlement, which is actually part of the ekistics elements of the settlement. This research aims to examine the relationship of the socio-cultural aspects of the Muncar fishing community especially in Sampangan Hamlet to the condition of its physical setting which is associated with ekistics elements in the form of networks and buildings. The method used in the research is descriptive-qualitative with spatial analysis and community field studies related to the influence of local socio-culture on the physical setting. Based on the research results, it is known that socio-cultural aspects affect settlement patterns, building orientation directions, landform changes, space utilization, gender-based activity spaces and the formation of cultural spaces in the reclamation area.

Carbon Stores and CO2 Absorption Potential in Palm Oil Reclamation Area PT. Borneo Indobara (BIB), Tanah Bumbu District, South Kalimantan

Stored carbon in plant coconut palm will experience change along with growth and development plant, where rate growth plants and carbon stored will affected by conditions fertility as well as topography soil in the planting area plant coconut palm. Study This aim For do analyze savings carbon and potential CO2 absorption in the reclamation area plant coconut palm oil at PT. Indobara Borneo (BIB). The research was conducted in the Batulaki Palm Oil Reclamation Area at PT. BIB, Administratively PT BIB with a work agreement area of 24,100 ha. Carbon storage in the reclamation area of PT. BIB in 2009 - 2013 amounted to 4,837.87 tons with a total reclamation area of 101.15 ha. CO2 absorption potential in the reclamation area of PT. BIB in 2009 – 2013, namely 17,754.99 tons of CO2 The model for estimating carbon storage in oil palm plantations in the reclamation area until the end of the mine (2036) uses a linear regression equation model with an R2 value of 0.96 4 with the resulting model " y=2.1341" ("x" )" - 7.7287". Based on the resulting model, it is predicted that the carbon stock of oil palm plants in 2036 will be 52.6 tons C/Ha.

Effects of Vegetation Types on Carbon Cycle Functional Genes in Reclaimed Soil from Open Pit Mines in the Loess Plateau

Vegetation restoration can effectively improve the ecological environment of mining areas, enhance the ecological service function, and promote the carbon sequestration and sink increase in the ecosystem. The soil carbon cycle plays an important role in the biogeochemical cycle. The abundance of functional genes can predict the material cycling potential and metabolic characteristics of soil microorganisms. Previous studies on functional microorganisms have mainly focused on large ecosystems such as farmland, forest, and wetland, but relatively little attention has been paid to complex ecosystems with great anthropogenic interference and special functions, such as mines. Clarifying the succession and driving mechanism of functional microorganisms in reclaimed soil under the guidance of vegetation restoration is helpful to fully explore how functional microorganisms change with the change in abiotic and biotic conditions. Therefore, 25 topsoil samples were collected from grassland (GL), brushland (BL), coniferous forests (CF), broadleaf forests (BF), and mixed coniferous and broadleaf forests (MF) in the reclamation area of the Heidaigou open pit waste dump on the Loess Plateau. The absolute abundance of soil carbon cycle functional genes was determined using real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR to explore the effect of vegetation restoration on the abundance of carbon cycle-related functional genes in soil and its internal mechanism. The results showed that:① the effects of different vegetation restoration types on the chemical properties of reclaimed soil and the abundance of functional genes related to the carbon cycle were significantly different (P<0.05). GL and BL showed significantly better accumulation of soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, and nitrate nitrogen (P<0.05) than that in CF. ② The gene abundance of rbcL, acsA, and mct was the highest among all carbon fixation genes. The abundance of functional genes related to carbon cycle in BF soil was higher than that in other types, which was closely related to the high activity of ammonium nitrogen and BG enzymes and the low activity of readily oxidized organic carbon and urease in BF soil. The functional gene abundance of carbon degradation and methane metabolism was positively correlated with ammonium nitrogen and BG enzyme activity and negatively correlated with organic carbon, total nitrogen, readily oxidized organic carbon, nitrate nitrogen, and urease activity (P<0.05). ③ Different vegetation types could directly affect soil BG enzyme activity or affect soil nitrate nitrogen content, thus indirectly affecting BG enzyme activity, in turn manipulating the abundance of functional genes related to the carbon cycle. This study is helpful to understand the effects of different vegetation restoration types on the functional genes related to the carbon cycle in the soil of mining areas on the Loess Plateau and provides a scientific basis for ecological restoration and ecological carbon sequestration and sink enhancement in mining areas.

Vegetation Analysis as Indicator of Mangrove Degradation Level in Keboromo Village, Tayu

Mangrove degradation is one of the most common issues in the coastal areas of Java, which can cause ecological impacts and even disadvantage for local community. The mangrove forest degradation can be identified based on the vegetation analysis results, which could potentially contribute to the mangrove ecosystem management and rehabilitation programs in the coastal areas. Mangroves in Keboromo Village was the rehabilitation and cultivation area, but often get damaged by ocean waves. This study aims to determine the ecological and vegetation conditions of mangrove ecosystems consist of species composition, density, canopy cover, tree height, and environmental parameters were held in February 2023. The method used was direct observation using transect quadrants of 10x10 m2. The average mangrove density of all observation stations was 3.425 individuals/ha for the tree category, 575 individuals/ha for the sapling category, and 250 individuals/ha for the seedling category. The average percentage of canopy cover was 78.41%. The average height of mangrove trees at all stations is 4.15 m. The environmental parameters were still compatible with the water quality standard for biota and mangrove life. The mangrove forest degradation level based on standard criteria and guidelines for determining mangrove degradation is categorized as low, indicated by mangrove density &gt;1500 individuals/ha and canopy cover &gt;75%. Poor conditions were measured for sapling and seedling densities, which may be caused by environmental factors unsupportive for mangrove regeneration. Based on the results of mangrove vegetation analysis in Keboromo Village, it can state the mangrove ecosystem condition is good. However, management programs are needed to keep the mangroves sustainable.

Adapting to sea level rise: participatory, solution-oriented policy tools in vulnerable Mediterranean areas

The coasts of the Mediterranean basin are exposed to the ongoing effects of climate change and anthropogenic pressure. Low elevated coastal plains, river deltas, lagoons and reclamation areas are experiencing beach retreat, coastal erosion and marine flooding. This makes them particularly vulnerable to sea level rise (SLR), which is expected to increase up to 1 m by 2100 AD, according to the projections of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. In this study, selected stakeholders from four Mediterranean coastal areas that are highly vulnerable to the impacts of SLR have been engaged through a structured participatory process for the development of solution-oriented, case-specific and site-specific Policy Tools to address SLR. The developed Policy Tools for the Venice Lagoon, the Metaponto reclamation area and the Basento river mouth, in Italy, the Ebro River Delta in Spain, and the coastal plain of Chalastra, near the Axios River Delta, in Greece, contain relevant, effective and implementable actions stemming from stakeholder interaction and consensus building. The interconnected stakeholder engagement steps employed in this study identified relevant issues that should be considered when defining SLR adaptation policies to bridge knowledge and perception gaps, facilitate knowledge exchange and foster social learning through structured science communication on SLR. This participatory stakeholder process can lay the foundations for more extensive participation in public processes through which the resulting Policy Tools can materialise into collectively accepted, concrete actions to help vulnerable areas adapt to the expected SLR and consequent coastal hazards by the end of this century.

Productivity and economic effectiveness of young black locust tree stands on afforested sulphur opencast mine sites

Abstract The correct selection of the species composition of afforestation in relation to the habitat conditions has a decisive impact on the effects of forest reclamation. In most of the reclaimed forestry areas in Poland, the stands enter the prelogging period, and it is possible to assess the first economic and production effects of reclamation. The assessment was made based on the analysis of the size of the harvested wood during the intermediate cutting on the heap of the former ‘Piaseczno’ opencast sulphur mine located in southern Poland and managed by the State Forests. At this stage of development, Robinia pseudoacacia played a large role in obtaining a good income from the sale of intermediate cutting wood and economic effects. The obtained results may be important in the context of indicating alternative directions for reclamation and afforestation of post-mining areas, e.g., for plantation purposes.