Reciprocal Transformation Research Articles

Hyperspectral-based Inversion of Heavy Metal Content in the Soil of Coal Mining Areas.

Coal mining has environmental impacts on surrounding areas, including heavy metal contamination of soil. This study explores the feasibility of using hyperspectral remote sensing to determine the heavy metal (Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb) content of soils in a coal-mining area in the city of Zoucheng, Shandong Province, China. We used a plasma mass spectrometer to measure the heavy metal contents of soils and an ASD Field Spec4 spectrometer to measure soil hyperspectral data. Savitzky-Golay (SG) convolution smoothing and multiplicative scatter correction (MSC) were applied to the data, along with multiple mathematical transformations. Finally, a regression model for estimating heavy metal content of soils was developed using partial least squares regression (PLSR) analysis. Results show that the average heavy metal content of study soils was lower than the national standard value of soil environmental quality. The model's predictive accuracy is extremely high for Ni ( = 0.923 and RMSE = 0.831 by modeling; = 0.879 and RMSE = 1.292 by testing); ideal for Cr, Cu, Zn, and Pb; and insufficient for Cd. Preprocessing the reflectance spectra with SG convolution smoothing in combination with MSC and reciprocal logarithm transformation yields the highest model accuracy. Hyperspectral PLSR modeling can effectively predict heavy metal content of soils in coal-mining areas, and preprocessing spectral data is crucial for achieving high prediction accuracy.

Переосмысление текста и мотив превращения в малом жанре интернет-поэзии («порошок»)

In this article, I analyse the vehicles of humour in two short forms of Internet poetry that developed in the 2000s: the pirozhok (literary, a ‘stuffed bun’) and the poroshok (‘powder’). Poems of these genres are quatrains written in iambic tetrameter. Pirozhoks have no rhyme scheme, whereas, in poroshoks, the fourth line truncated to two syllables rhymes with the second line. The poroshok as a genre is a descendant of the pirozhok. Just as in jokes and several other genres, a punchline plays an important role in pirozhoks and poroshoks. In Russian, the punchline is termed puant, which is a borrowing from French (la pointe). The truncation of the final line in a poroshok puts it in a special position. The truncated line, independently or together with the third line, comprises the punchline of a poroshok. The punchline is practically mandatory and may be presented in greater detail inasmuch as it does not simply violate the reader’s expectations but enters into conflict with the beginning of the verse and forces the reader to reinterpret it. Reinterpretation manes that readers change their perception of the situation or carry out a ‘transformation’, that is, substitute the character or the entire situation. I identify common transformations, namely: thing → person, person → thing, person → animal, etc. Most frequent is the reciprocal transformation of men and cats. The transformation motif binds objects in the manner of a metaphor.

On a canonical nine-body problem. Integrable Ermakov decomposition via reciprocal transformations

Here, a recently introduced nine-body problem is shown to be decomposable via a novel class of reciprocal transformations into a set of integrable Ermakov systems. This Ermakov decomposition is exploited to construct more general integrable nine-body systems in which the canonical nine-body system is embedded.

Remarks on certain two-component systems with peakon solutions

We consider a Lax pair found by Xia, Qiao and Zhou for a family of two-component analogues of the Camassa-Holm equation, including an arbitrary function $ H $, and show that this apparent freedom can be removed via a combination of a reciprocal transformation and a gauge transformation, which reduces the system to triangular form. The resulting triangular system may or may not be integrable, depending on the choice of $ H $. In addition, we apply the formal series approach of Dubrovin and Zhang to show that scalar equations of Camassa-Holm type with homogeneous nonlinear terms of degree greater than three are not integrable.

A Novel Comprehensive Evaluation Method of Forest State Based on Unit Circle

Comprehensive evaluation of forest state is the precondition and critical step for forest management. To solve the problem that the radar plot and unit circle only focus on the value of each the evaluation index, this paper proposes a novel method for comprehensively and simultaneously evaluating the functionality and inhomogeneity of forest state based on the modified unit circle method. We evaluated the forest state of the Quercus aliena BL. var. acuteserrata Maxim. ex Wenz. broad-leaved mixed forest in the Xiaolong Mountains Forest Area of Gansu Province and the Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc. broad-leaved mixed forest in Jilin Province in China. According to the principle of comprehensive, scientific and operability, 10 evaluation indices on forest structure and vitality were selected to construct the evaluation indicator system. Each index was normalized based on the assignment method and ensured to be strictly positive based on reciprocal transformation method. The areas and arc length of the closed graph, formed by connecting every two adjacent indicators, in the radar plot and unit circle were extracted. Based on the isoperimetric theorem (isoperimetric inequality), a comprehensive evaluation model was constructed. Compared with radar chart and unit circle method, each index in the newly proposed unit circle method is represented by an independent sector region, reflecting the contribution of the index to the overall evaluation result. Each index has the same relative importance weight, contributing to the estimation the relative sizes of each aspect of forest state. The unique area and arc length of the closed graph help summarize the overall performance with a global score. The expression effect of improved unit circle has been enhanced, and as an English proverb put it, “A picture is worth a thousand words.” The new proposed method simultaneously evaluates the functionality and inhomogeneity of the forest state and it is a powerful tool for the diagnosis of forest state problems and the decision-making of forest management.

On modulated multi-component NLS systems: Ermakov invariants and integrable symmetry reduction

A multi-component, modulated NLS system is presented which admits symmetry reduction to a nonlinear subsystem that is shown to be integrable by application of its admitted Ermakov invariants and a novel class of reciprocal transformations.

On Stefan-type moving boundary problems with heterogeneity: canonical reduction via conjugation of reciprocal transformations

Here, two distinct kinds of reciprocal transformation are employed in conjunction to reduce a wide class of nonlinear moving boundary problems with heterogeneity to analytically solvable canonical forms. These are associated, in turn, with a classical Stefan problem and with one with variable latent heat relevant to the analysis of the evolution of seepage fronts in soil mechanics.

Symmetry Reduction Related by Nonlocal Symmetry and Explicit Solutions for the Whitham-Broer-Kaup System

The nonlocal symmetry for the Whitham-Broer-Kaup (WBK) equation is obtained by the Painleve analysis. With the introduction of two auxiliary dependent variables, the nonlocal symmetry is localized to the Lie point symmetry. The reciprocal transformation is established by the localization nonlocal symmetry procedure and can be used to construct a link between the WBK equation and the usual Burgers equation. By using the similarity reductions related with the nonlocal symmetry of the Burgers equation, we derive the symmetry invariant solutions for the WBK equation. Furthermore, the power-series solutions are computed by using the power-series theory.

Determination of Soil Salt Content Using a Probability Neural Network Model Based on Particle Swarm Optimization in Areas Affected and Non-Affected by Human Activities

Traditional partial least squares regression (PLSR) and artificial neural networks (ANN) have been widely applied to estimate salt content from spectral reflectance in many different saline environments around the world. However, these methods entail a great amount of calculation, and their accuracy is low. To overcome these problems, a probability neural network (PNN) model based on particle swarm optimization was used in this study to build soil salt content models. Furthermore, there is a clear correlation between the level of human activities and the degree of salinization of an environment. This paper is the first to discuss this matter. Here, the performance of the PNN model to estimate soil salt content from reflectance data was investigated in areas non-affected (Area A) and affected (Area B) by human activities. The study area is located in Xingjinag, China. Different mathematical procedures, five wave band intervals, and two types of signal input sources were used for cross analysis. The coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square error (RMSE), and ratio of performance to deviation (RPD) index values were compared to verify the reliability of the model. Particle swarm optimization was used to adjust the optimal smoothing parameters of the PNN model and to avoid the long training processes required by the traditional ANN. The results show that the optimal wave band interval of the PNN is between 1000 nm and 1350 nm in Area A and between 400 nm and 700 nm in Area B. The reciprocal (1/R) transformation after Savitzky-Golay (SG) smoothing of the signal source is optimal for both areas. The RPD for both is greater than 30, which shows that the PNN model is applicable to areas with and without human activities and the prediction results are very good. The results indicated that the optimal wave band intervals for PNN modeling differed in areas affected and non-affected by human activities. The optimal interval of the artificial activities region falls in the visible light portion of the spectrum, and the optimized wave band region without human activities falls in the near-infrared short-wave portion of the spectrum.

Soliton solutions to the Novikov equation and a negative flow of the Novikov hierarchy

The Novikov equation and a negative flow of the Novikov hierarchy are related to a negative flow of the Sawada–Kotera hierarchy and the Sawada–Kotera equation by reciprocal transformations, respectively. With the help of the Darboux transformations for the negative flow of the Sawada–Kotera hierarchy, the Sawada–Kotera equation and reciprocal transformations, we obtain a parametric representation for N-soliton solutions to the Novikov equation and the negative flow of the Novikov hierarchy.

Reciprocal transformation of seniority number restricted wave function.

In this work, an extension of Malmqvist's algorithm is efficiently implemented for the reciprocal transformation of a seniority number restricted multideterminant wave function constructed by nonorthogonal orbitals to an equivalent one constructed by biorthogonal orbitals. Test calculations show that the novel algorithm is capable of applying to transform quite large nonorthogonal orbital based wave function of distributing 22 electrons on 22 orbitals with the maximum seniority number sector and for the evaluation of a three-body operator, at an affordable memory cost of about 800 GB, which is only about one tenth of the size of the corresponding complete active space. Moreover, the algorithm displays improved computational efficiency, due to the compactness of seniority number restricted multi-determinant wave functions.

On Madelung systems in nonlinear optics: A reciprocal invariance

The role of the de Broglie-Bohm potential, originally established as central to Bohmian quantum mechanics, is examined for two canonical Madelung systems in nonlinear optics. In a seminal case, a Madelung system derived by Wagner et al. via the paraxial approximation and in which the de Broglie-Bohm potential is present is shown to admit a multi-parameter class of what are here introduced as “q-gaussons.” In the limit, as the Tsallis parameter q → 1, the q-gaussons are shown to lead to standard gausson solitons, as admitted by the logarithmic nonlinear Schrödinger equation encapsulating the Madelung system. The q-gaussons are obtained for optical media with dual power-law refractive index. In the second case, a Madelung system originally derived via an eikonal approximation in the context of laser beam propagation and in which the de Broglie Bohm term is neglected is shown to admit invariance under a novel class of two-parameter class of reciprocal transformations. Model optical laws analogous to the celebrated Kármán-Tsien law of classical gas dynamics are introduced.

Study on the prediction of soil heavy metal elements content based on visible near-infrared spectroscopy

The estimation of soils heavy metal content can reflect the impending surroundings of surface, which lays theoretical foundation for using covered vegetation to monitor environment and investigate resource. In this study, the contents of Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Hg and Pb in 44 soil samples were collected from Fufeng County, Yangling County and Wugong County, Shaanxi Province and were used as data sources. ASD FieldSpec HR (350–2500nm), and then the NOR, MSC and SNV of the reflectance were pretreated, the first deviation, second deviation and reflectance reciprocal logarithmic transformation were carried out. The optimal spectroscopy estimation model of nine heavy metal elements of Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Hg and Pb was established by regression method. Comparing the diffuse reflectance characteristics of different heavy metal contents and the effect of different pretreatment methods on the establishment of soil heavy metal spectral inversion model. The results of chemical analysis show that there was a serious Hg pollution in the study area, and the Cd content was close to the critical value. The results show that: (1) NOR, MSC and SNV were adopted for the acquisition of visible near-infrared. Combining differential transformation can improve the information of heavy metal elements in the soil, and use the correlation band energy Significantly improve the stability and predictability of the model. (2) The modeling accuracy of the optimal model of nine heavy metal spectra of Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Hg and Pb by PLSR method were 0.70, 0.79, 0.69, 0.81, 0.86, 0.58, 0.55, 0.99, 0.62. (3) The optimal estimation model of different elements using different treatment methods has better stability and higher precision, and can realize the rapid prediction of nine kinds of heavy metal elements in this region.

SU(3) × SU(2) × U(1) Symmetries of Lattice System and Correspondence to Quantum Field Theory

Three theorems on critical fluctuations and new concepts of isomorph spin, hyperspin, quablocks, and pioblocks are proposed, these new quantities correspond to the same symmetries although they have distinguishable values in different lattice systems. The self-similar transformations take place not only in the ordblocks, but also in the disblocks. In the quablocks sense, the critical fluctuation is analogous to the asymptotic freedom of the quark theory, and the reciprocal transformation between the ordblocks and disblocks is like the transfer between protons and neutrons. There are three transition temperatures, different temperature regions correspond to different symmetries and gauge invariances, leading to that there is no unified quantum theory.

Study on Hyperspectral Estimation Model of Total Nitrogen Content in Soil of Shaanxi Province

The development of hyperspectral remote sensing technology has been widely used in soil nutrient prediction. The soil is the representative soil type in Shaanxi Province. In this study, the soil total nitrogen content in Shaanxi soil was used as the research target, and the soil samples were measured by reflectance spectroscopy using ASD method. Pre-treatment, the first order differential, second order differential and reflectance logarithmic transformation of the reflected spectrum after pre-treatment, and the hyperspectral estimation model is established by using the least squares regression method and the principal component regression method. The results show that the correlation between the reflectance spectrum and the total nitrogen content of the soil is significantly improved. The correlation coefficient between the original reflectance and soil total nitrogen content is in the range of 350 ~ 2500nm. The correlation coefficient of soil total nitrogen content and first deviation of reflectance is more than 0.5 at 142nm, 1963nm, 2204nm and 2307nm, the second deviation has a significant positive correlation at 1114nm, 1470nm, 1967nm, 2372nm and 2402nm, respectively. After the reciprocal logarithmic transformation of the reflectance with the total nitrogen content of the correlation analysis found that the effect is not obvious. Rc2 = 0.7102, RMSEC = 0.0788; Rv2 = 0.8480, RMSEP = 0.0663, which can achieve the rapid prediction of the total nitrogen content in the region. The results show that the principal component regression model is the best.

ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЙ ПОЯС ШЕЛКОВОГО ПУТИ: ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ АСПЕКТЫ

The paper examines the institutional transformations initiated by the leadership of the China in connection with the implementation of Economic Belt Silk Road and “Ecological civilization”. First, the article presents an overview of the guidance documents of the Government of China aimed at increasing environmental responsibility of Chinese companies in their foreign investment and projects. The most significant of them are aimed, on the one hand, at the development of specific “green” financial instruments (stocks, bonds, loans) and, on the other hand, to increase environmental responsibility in the global financial system as a whole. That is, in essence, the spread of the “Equator principles” in the sphere of financial practices. The economic expansion of China involves the participation of Chinese companies in the creation and modernization of infrastructure in many countries in the territory of Silk Road Economic Belt, and this is a very important aspect for the Eastern regions of Russia. Therefore, special attention has been paid to analysis of Sustainable Infrastructure Guidelines for Overseas Chinese Enterprises elaborated by China International Contractors Association. The author’s analysis reveals that the documents reflect current scientific approaches to ensuring of ecological balance. At the same time, China’s official position on issues of social and environmental responsibility is an important and apparently necessary, but not a sufficient condition for ecological safety of projects of Russian-Chinese cooperation. We discuss the potential environmental risks for projects in Russia, connected with imperfection of the Russian environmental institutions. We argue that Russia faces a challenge of the necessity of substantial reciprocal institutional transformation. In conclusion, proposals for the urgent changes are presented, including the establishment of adequate levels of payments for negative impact on the environment and introduction of the Strategy Environmental Assessment procedures according to Espoo Convention.

Sizing up the Antistrophos View of Pragmatics-Rhetoric Relationship

<p><em>This paper is an introduction to and comment on Liu & Zhu’s antistrophos view of pragmatics-rhetoric relationship. It unfolds why they choose “antistrophos” rather than “counterpart(s)” for the bilateral positing, holding that “counterpart” is not impossible for that end. Then the paper affirms the merit of their “antistrophos view”, capable of facilitating “</em><em>reciprocal and reversible transformation” of pragmatics and rhetoric. In terms of the bilateral relations, this paper maintains the stance of radical pragmaticism of the complementarity camp. Finally we discuss the possibility of the disciplinary integration resulting in pragma-rhetoric.</em></p>

Psychomotor Vigilance Test and Its Association With Daytime Sleepiness and Inflammation in Sleep Apnea: Clinical Implications.

Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) is a key symptom of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). The Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT) has been suggested as an objective easy-to-use, inexpensive alternative to the Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT) to measure EDS. In patients with OSA, physiological sleepiness, but not subjective EDS (Epworth Sleepiness Scale [ESS]), has been associated with increased levels of the sleep- inducing proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6). The goal of this study was to assess the association of PVT with objectively measured sleepiness (MSLT) and subjectively measured sleepiness (ESS) and IL-6 levels in patients with OSA. We studied 58 untreated patients with OSA who underwent an 8-hour in-laboratory polysomnography for 4 consecutive nights. MSLT, PVT, and 24-hour serial profiles of IL-6 were assessed on the fourth day. PVT variables included number of lapses, mean reciprocal of the fastest 10% and slowest 10% reaction times, and median of 1/reaction time. ESS was assessed on day 1 of the study. Higher ESS scores were significantly associated with greater number of lapses (β = .34, P = .02) and lower values of 1/RT (β = -.36, P = .01) and slowest 10% RTs (β = -.30, P = .04). No significant association was observed between PVT and MSLT, nor PVT and IL-6 levels. Our findings suggest that PVT is associated with subjectively assessed daytime sleepiness, but not with physiological sleepiness nor IL-6 levels in patients with OSA. It appears that ESS and PVT may be useful in predicting risks associated with impaired performance, such as traffic accidents, in patients with OSA.

Mating-type genes of the anamorphic fungus Ulocladium botrytis affect both asexual sporulation and sexual reproduction

Ulocladium was thought to be a strictly asexual genus of filamentous fungi. However, Ulocladium strains were shown to possess both MAT1-1-1 and MAT1-2-1 genes as observed in homothallic filamentous Ascomycetes. Here, we demonstrate that the U. botrytis MAT genes play essential roles for controlling asexual traits (conidial size and number). Using reciprocal genetic transformation, we demonstrate that MAT genes from the related heterothallic species Cochliobolus heterostrophus can also influence U. botrytis colony growth, conidial number and size, and have a strong effect on the range of the number of septa/conidium. Moreover, U. botrytis MAT genes can also affect similar aspects of asexual reproduction when expressed in C. heterostrophus. Heterologous complementation using C. heterostrophus MAT genes shows that they have lost the ability to regulate sexual reproduction in U. botrytis, under the conditions we employed, while the reciprocal heterologous complementation demonstrates that U. botrytis MAT genes have the ability to partially induce sexual reproduction in C. heterostrophus. Thus, the genetic backgrounds of C. heterostrophus and U. botrytis play significant roles in determining the function of MAT genes on sexual reproduction in these two fungi species. These data further support the role of MAT genes in controlling asexual growth in filamentous Ascomycetes but also confirm that heterothallic and homothallic Dothideomycete fungi can be interconverted by the exchange of MAT genes.

Multisoliton solutions of the two-component Camassa–Holm system and their reductions

We develop a systematic procedure for constructing soliton solutions of an integrable two-component Camassa–Holm (CH2) system. The parametric representation of the multisoliton solutions is obtained by using a direct method combined with a reciprocal transformation. The properties of the solutions are then investigated in detail focusing mainly on the smooth one- and two-soliton solutions. The general N-soliton case is described shortly. Subsequently, we show that the CH2 system reduces to the CH equation and the two-component Hunter–Saxton (HS2) system by means of appropriate limiting procedures. The corresponding expressions of the multisoliton solutions are presented in parametric forms, reproducing the existing results for the reduced equations. Last, we discuss the reduction from the HS2 system to the HS equation.