Reciprocal Dependence Research Articles

Statistical implication analysis: a novel approach to understand the reciprocal relationships between outcomes in early psychosis.

Patients can respond differently to intervention in the early phase of psychosis. Diverse symptomatic and functional outcomes can be distinguished and achieving one outcome may mean achieving another, but not necessarily the other way round, which is difficult to disentangle with cross-sectional data. The present study's goal was to evaluate implicative relationships between diverse functional outcomes to better understand their reciprocal dependencies in a cross-sectional design, by using statistical implication analysis (SIA). Early psychosis patients of an early intervention program were evaluated for different outcomes (symptomatic response, functional recovery, and working/living independently) after 36 months of treatment. To determine which positive outcomes implied other positive outcomes, SIA was conducted by using the Iota statistical implication index, a newly developed approach allowing to measure asymmetrical bidirectional relationships between outcomes. Two hundred and nineteen recent onset patients with early psychosis were assessed. Results at the end of the three-years in TIPP showed that working independently statistically implied achieving all other outcomes. Symptomatic and functional recovery reciprocally implied one another. Living independently weakly implied symptomatic and functional recovery and did not imply independent working. The concept of implication is an interesting way of evaluating dependencies between outcomes as it allows us to overcome the tendency to presume symmetrical relationships between them. We argue that a better understanding of reciprocal dependencies within psychopathology can provide an impetus to tailormade treatments and SIA is a useful tool to address this issue in cross-sectional designs.

Tunable thermal conductivity of surface phonon polaritons in SiC thin film

As an additional heat carrier besides phonons and electrons, the surface phonon polariton (SPhPs) possesses a large potential to increase the thermal conductivity. In this work, the influences of SPhP frequency, film thickness and film permittivity on the SPhP-contributed thermal conductivity of SiC thin films were probed. Results show that: there are two frequency zones which could lead to a much high thermal conductivity, i. e. the frequency which approaching zero and the frequency in singularity zone. The thermal conductivity decreases with the increase of the film thickness, following a power-function relationship, and a thin film with a thickness of 10-nm could have a thermal conductivity higher than 1×104 W·m−1·K−1. However, the experimental observation of this high thermal conductivity is still difficult because of the size effect of the film length. The thermal conductivity will increase with the decrease of the imaginary part of the film permittivity and/or increase of the real part of the film permittivity, and there is approximately a reciprocal dependence of thermal conductivity on the imaginary part of the film permittivity. The thermal conductivity could be tuned by several times with tailoring its permittivity through adding fillers in it or adding dopant in it. This work provides some potential methods to tune the SPhP thermal conductivity in SiC thin film, which could help its application in microscale heat dissipation.

Resource Dependence: Evidence from an FMCG Industry

This study focuses on Resource Dependence Theory (RDT) in relation to the export processes of firms in the Fast-moving Consumer Goods (FMCG), Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) context. Our examination reveals that the RDT showcases a number of elements including firms essential call for survival; their need to acquire resources; their obligation to increase their level of reliance on the cooperative players and work towards a degree of reciprocal dependence. However, in the PDO context, which represents a significant influence, the level of reliance is sidelined. Our research supports international business for future research on the PDO context. This empirical study has an industry related focus and thus generates practical insights that are also discussed in this manuscript.

Strong reciprocal dependencies as exceptions when correlations are weak

Strong reciprocal dependencies as exceptions when correlations are weak

Kinetic regularities and a possible mechanism of ATP non-enzymatic hydrolysis induced by calix[4]arene С-107

The kinetic model of calix[4]arene-induced ATP hydrolysis was elaborated. It is assumed that calix[4]­arene С-107 molecules form a complex with nucleoside triphosphate, ensuring the release of inorganic phosphate Рі, and then switch into an inactive state. Inactive calix[4]arene molecules are no longer able to form a complex with ATP and, accordingly, to provide hydrolysis of nucleoside triphosphate. In the author’s experimental studies, it was possible to explain the kinetic properties of the reaction, namely: the insignificant output of the reaction end product Pi; the quantitative regularities of the plateau (time-wise) accumulation of the reaction product when the concentration of calix[4]arene C-107 or ATP changes; the reciprocal dependence of the ATP half conversion on its concentration; the correspondence of the initial reaction rate dependence on the calix[4]arene and ATP concentration to the Michaelis-Menten equation. The final decision regarding the molecular mechanism of calix[4]arene-induced ATP hydrolysis requires further experimental and theoretical studies. Keywords: calixarenes, empirical kinetic analysis, hydrolysis of ATP

Targeting Tumor Heterogeneity by Breaking a Stem Cell and Epithelial Niche Interaction Loop.

Tumor heterogeneity, the presence of multiple distinct subpopulations of cancer cells between patients or among the same tumors, poses a major challenge to current targeted therapies. The way these different subpopulations interact among themselves and the stromal niche environment, and how such interactions affect cancer stem cell behavior has remained largely unknown. Here, it is shown that an FGF-BMP7-INHBA signaling positive feedback loop integrates interactions among different cell populations, including mammary gland stem cells, luminal epithelial and stromal fibroblast niche components not only in organ regeneration but also, with certain modifications, in cancer progression. The reciprocal dependence of basal stem cells and luminal epithelium is based on basal-derived BMP7 and luminal-derived INHBA, which promote their respective expansion, and is regulated by stromal-epithelial FGF signaling. Targeting this interaction loop, for example, by reducing the function of one or more of its components, inhibits organ regeneration and breast cancer progression. The results have profound implications for overcoming drug resistance because of tumor heterogeneity in future targeted therapies.

The OECD and the nation-state: an interdependent but ambivalent relationship

ABSTRACT The aim of this article is to explore the interrelationships between a national government and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in terms of the power and legitimization of education reforms, here based on the reciprocal dependence of the two actors. Although the current case study only analyses the shifting relationships between Sweden and the OECD, the assumption is that the case is quite representative of the ambiguities of power in the relationships between the OECD and its smaller member countries and the Nordic countries in particular. To explore the relationship between the Swedish national government and OECD, we make use of discursive institutionalism as a general framework. For a closer understanding of the standpoints of the OECD and Sweden on different matters and at different times, two explanation logics are used. The discourses we found characterizing the different kinds of relationships over time are a discourse of opposition, a discourse of mentorship and a discourse of subordination. We argue that there are both ideational and institutional reasons affecting the conditions for cooperation on educational policy. Although institutional reasons strengthen the maintenance of the cooperation, ideational reasons both challenge and develop the nature of the collaboration between the OECD and Sweden.

In vitro interactions between Bradyrhizobium spp. and Tuber magnatum mycelium.

Tuber magnatum is the most expensive truffle, but its large-scale cultivation is still a challenge compared to other valuable Tuber species. T. magnatum mycelium has never been grown profitably until now, which has led to difficulties to studying it in vitro. This study describes beneficial interactions between T. magnatum mycelium and never before described bradyrhizobia, which allows the in vitro growth of T. magnatum mycelium. Three T. magnatum strains were co-isolated on modified Woody Plant Medium (mWPM) with aerobic bacteria and characterised through microscopic observations. The difficulties of growing alone both partners, bacteria and T. magnatum mycelium, on mWPM demonstrated the reciprocal dependency. Three bacterial isolates for each T. magnatum strain were obtained and molecularly characterised by sequencing the 16S rRNA, glnII, recA and nifH genes. Phylogenetic analyses showed that all nine bacterial strains were distributed among five subclades included in a new monophyletic lineage belonging to the Bradyrhizobium genus within the Bradyrhizobium jicamae supergroup. The nifH genes were detected in all bacterial isolates, suggesting nitrogen-fixing capacities. This is the first report of consistent T. magnatum mycelium growth in vitro conditions. It has important implications for the development of new technologies in white truffle cultivation and for further studies on T. magnatum biology and genetics.

Rethinking Ontological Individualism

The paper offers a critique of ontological individualism as a framework for social ontology. The phrase gives unjustified priority to facts about individuals over facts about higher-level social features. The paper reviews several important contributions to more nuanced views, including Giddens, Archer, Granovetter, Mahoney, and Thelen. It is argued that our guiding “map” of the social world needs to reflect the unavoidable reciprocal dependency over time between individual actors and social entities. The ideas of methodological localism (Little) and the diachronic character of the actor-social nexus explore the inherent interdependency between actor and structure.

GOVERNMENT, STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISE, and LIBERALIZATION of UNIVERSAL POSTAL OBLIGATION SERVICES

This study aimed to examine the extent to which the relationship between the government and state-owned enterprise (SOE) hinders the achievement of the liberalization of universal postal obligation (UPO) services. This study motivated the failure of postal industry reforms and the performance improvement of PT Pos Indonesia (the Indonesian postal SOE). A case study method is selected to expand the existing path dependency theory. The development of postal services was reconstructed using path dependence, which also revealed the nature of relationships between the government and SOEs, and the barriers to the success of liberalization and performance improvement. Through this method, the theoretical approach is expanded. This study demonstrates how the historical need to perform socio-political functions has produced high dependence, reciprocal dependence, and mutual advantages between the government and SOE, which have hindered the company’s ability to be lucrative and effective. The cause of SOE’s poor performance and inefficiency occurs when the company is required to execute UPO services. This study added to the body of knowledge and improved government policy. These study implications are anticipated to offer border knowledge and comprehension of the vital responsibilities that USOs and subsidies play in the community.

How does facilitation influence the outcome of species interactions?

Abstract Research on facilitation has not had the advantage of being explicitly underpinned by mathematical population dynamic theory. This has limited understanding of the role of facilitation on ecological dynamics and the integration of facilitation into general theory. I show that facilitative interactions can be classified into four categories likely to be dynamically similar to interaction types for which population‐dynamic theory does exist. This classification provides a useful population‐dynamic foundation for facilitation studies and reveals several fundamental questions unanswered by existing empirical work. While facilitation has typically been excluded from studies of ‘competitive’ coexistence, I also describe how coexistence theory does not always default to the assumption that species only compete; recent developments in coexistence theory fully accommodate the potentially important influence of facilitation. Simple models of multispecies population dynamics emphasize the importance of reciprocal interspecific interactions, intraspecific interactions, and density dependence for understanding the outcome of facilitative interactions. I point to approaches for aligning future empirical studies of facilitation with these features. Synthesis: Closely aligning at least some future empirical work on facilitation with existing mathematical population dynamic theory will further improve understanding of the effects of facilitation on ecological dynamics.

Stakeholder Collaboration in the Development of Essential Ecosystem Area

Abstract. This study aims to analyze the process of collaborative governance in the development of the Ujungpangkah Mangrove (MUP) Essential Ecosystem Area (KEE) in Gresik Regency, East Java which has been established by the Governor of East Java in 2020. Collaboration between government and non-government is seen from the aspect of their respective roles each stakeholder, common understanding and goals, clarity of roles and responsibilities of each party, commitment of stakeholders in carrying out roles and responsibilities, reciprocal relationships and dependencies as well as potential conflicts and efforts made to resolve these conflicts for the sustainability of KEE-MUP as an ecotourism destination. This research uses a qualitative method with a case study approach. The results show that the dynamics of collaborative governance are not good, this can be seen from the unclear understanding and common goals among stakeholders. The collaboration scheme carried out by the government to build trust and commitment in the development of KEE must be carried out so that the roles of each stakeholder are clearly known. With these facts, common perceptions between stakeholders are needed as well as arrangements for rights and obligations in effective management, each stakeholder must bear the costs of managing KEE which is his responsibility, and is entitled to benefit from managing KEE through activities that are legally justified. As well as a partnership mechanism between stakeholders in the management of KEE, the mechanism for sharing costs and benefits must be regulated in a transparent, fair and fulfilling the principle of equality.

#4205 ESTIMATED PROXIMAL TUBULE FLUID PHOSPHATE (EPTFP) CONCENTRATION: AN EARLY MARKER OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE-MINERAL AND BONE DISORDER (CKD-MBD)?

Abstract Background and Aims MBD develops early in CKD and is associated with kidney damage progression, but CKD-MBD markers, of initial CKD-MBD like FGF23 and α-Klotho are not available in clinical practice. Recently ePTFp has been proposed as a new early marker of MBD. In fact, the progressive reduction of nephron number, with the proportional FGF23 increments, reduce renal tubular phosphate reabsorption to maintain phosphate balance. As a consequence, PTFp concentration per single nephron progressively increases, leading to progression of kidney tubular damage. For this reason, PTFp could represent an innovative early marker of CKD-MBD. We evaluated the relationship of ePTFp with FGF23, α-Klotho and kidney damage progression. Method In CKD stage G2-4, we assayed serum FGF23, α-Klotho and ePTFp [ePTFp = (Phosphaturia / creati-ninuria) x creatininemia x 3,33]. The progression of CKD was evaluated during 5 years and the patients were splitted in two groups according to the basal ePTFp median value. 30 healthy subject pro-vided the normal value of ePTFp. Results In 68 CKD patients (age 58,9 ± 15.6 y.o. eGFR 45 ± 21 mL/min), ePTFp averaged 2.4±1.3 mg/mg which was higher than the control group (ePTFp = 1.2±0.5; p<.01). ePTFp increased progressively along with the increasing CKD stages with values higher than the control group since stage 2 (Table 1). ePTFp showed a positive correlation with FGF23 (r: 0.69; p<.001) and a negative correlation with α-Klotho (r:-237; p<.05) and eGFR (r:-647; p<.001). Follow-up was available in 30 patients (Table 2) and showed a greater reduction of eGFR in the 15 patient with higher ePTFp (threshold 2 mg/dl) (Fig. 1). Conclusion Our data show early and progressive increments of ePTFp in CKD along with increments of FGF23 and PTH and reduction of α-Klotho, as per reciprocal pathophysiologic dependence. ePTFp values > than 2 mg/dl identified patients at highest risk of CKD progression. Accordingly, ePTFp, a surrogate of renal tubular cells phosphate overload, could represent a novel marker of CKD-MBD development and of increased risk of kidney damage potentially helpful to make therapeutic choice.

Analysis of structural and electrical properties of Sn modified Ca0.6Sr0.4TiO3 ceramics

In this study, we synthesized Ca0.6Sr0.4Ti1-xSnxO3 ceramics using the solid-state reaction technique, varying the Sn compositions from x = 0.0 to 0.08. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed a slight modification in the crystallographic structure of calcium strontium titanate (CST) as the Sn content increased, while confirming the formation of single-phase ceramics. Parameters such as crystallite size, lattice strain, stacking fault, and dislocation density were estimated based on the XRD data. Crystallite size generally increased with higher tin concentrations, except for x = 0.08 where a decrease was observed. The FTIR spectra exhibited a broad band, and deconvolution using a Gaussian distribution was employed to identify structural units. Density measurements demonstrated densification with increasing Sn content. The activation energy values increased from 0.76 eV for undoped CST to 0.95 eV for x = 0.06, except for x = 0.08, which measured 0.89 eV, indicating the role of Sn in modifying the structure. Activation energy was determined through linear fitting of experimental data, revealing that the reciprocal temperature dependence of DC conductivity followed Arrhenius behaviour. These findings contribute novel insights into the synthesis and characterization of Ca0.6Sr0.4Ti1-xSnxO3 ceramics, highlighting the impact of Sn on the structural and electrical properties of CST.

Cognitive and Linguistic Manifestations of a Blind Child in Anthony Doerr’s All the Light We Cannot See

The research intended to construe the interconnection among Marie-Laure’s blindness, thinking, and language and, thereby, explore if the language choice or spontaneous language of a blind person could be interpreted psycholinguistically in Anthony Doerr’s All the Lights We Cannot See. This novel presented the life-long stories of a girl and a boy whose paths merged eventually despite remaining unaffiliated throughout the first part of their life. Named Marie-Laure, the girl was blind and had her passage in her world through both sweet childhood experiences and chronologically upsetting predicaments. In the whole narrative of the novel, the novelist presented a reciprocal affiliation between Marie-Laure’s cognitive processing resulting from her physical condition, blindness, and language. Through portraying the predicaments of Marie-Laure, one of the two protagonists of All the Light We Cannot See, demonstrated vivid instances of the physical as well as mental trauma a blind child usually goes through. Concurrently, the novel also depicted conspicuously what improvisations a blind child had to devise to face reality, discern prevalent meanings of phenomena, construct her thoughts, and produce language. The research applied a qualitative method consisting of in-depth content analyses based on the selected text and secondary sources, namely published books, journals, and research articles. It analyzed the existing literature on the cognitive, psychological, and linguistic considerations of blind children and linked the discernment with the related portrayal in the narrative. The findings reveal substantial reciprocal dependence between a child’s physical authenticity and cognitive making, i.e., a child’s blindness influences his/her language, thoughts, and circadian psycholinguistic behavior.

The influence of inert gas on limiting experimental safe gap of fuel-air mixtures at various initial pressures

The Maximum Experimental Safe Gap (MESG) is an important criterion to assess the propagation of flames through small gaps. This safety-related parameter is used to classify the flammable gases and vapors in explosion groups, which are fundamental to constructional explosion protection. It is used both, for the safe design of flameproof encapsulated devices as well as for selecting flame arresters appropriate to the individual application. The MESG of a fuel is determined experimentally according to the standard ISO/IEC 80079-20-1:2017 at normal conditions (20 °C, 1.0 bar) with air as oxidizing gas. The aim of this work is to investigate the effect of inert gas addition on the MESG in order to assess the effectiveness of inertization in constructional explosion protection. The term limiting experimental safe gap (SG) is used for the result of these measurements. The fuel-air mixtures (fuels: hydrogen, ethylene, propene, methane) used as representatives for the explosion groups in flame arrester testing were chosen and diluted with inert gas (nitrogen, carbon dioxide) before testing. The dependence of the limiting experimental safe gap on the total initial pressure, amount and nature of inert additive is discussed. The initial pressure was varied up to 2.0 bar to include increased pressure conditions used in flame arrester testing. Apart from the well-known reciprocal dependence on the initial pressure, the added inert gas results in an exponential increase of SG. This effect depends on the inertizing potential of the gas and is therefore different with nitrogen and carbon dioxide. The ranking of the fuels is the same as with MESG. As a result, various mixtures of the same limiting experimental safe gap can now be chosen and tested with an individual flame arrester to prove the concept of a constant and device-related limiting safe gap. The work was funded by BG-RCI in Heidelberg (PTB grant number 37056).

The social drama of digital multimodal composing: A case study with emergent bi/multilingual newcomer students

AbstractThis multi‐year, ethnographic, qualitative case study in English Language Learning classrooms contributes a unique analysis of nine adolescent newcomer students' investment in a digital multimodal composing (DMC) project as a social drama. Using reflexive thematic analysis, it explores the following possibilities afforded by in‐school, dramaturgically structured DMC processes for the students' investment in classroom learning: (1) changing the definition of the situation, (2) supporting students' impression management to gain social and cultural capital, and (3) creating bonds of reciprocal dependence and familiarity. The study helps language and literacy researchers, educators, and teacher educators better understand emergent bi/multilingual newcomer students' investment in DMC processes through the sociological perspective of dramaturgy, suggesting how DMC might deepen learning while valuing the assets of culturally, linguistically, and racially diverse newcomer students.

Correlation analysis of parameters of cardiointervalography and immune status in patients with ischemic stroke depending on the affected area (P1-4.007)

<h3>Objective:</h3> To conduct a correlation analysis of cardiointervalography and immunogram parameters in patients with ischemic stroke depending on the location of the ischemia <h3>Background:</h3> The rates of the immunogram and level of autonomic regulation can be used as an additional criterion for autoimmune disorders, assessing the severity of the condition and predicting infectious and inflammatory complications <h3>Design/Methods:</h3> 52 patients with ischemic stroke divided into 3 groups. The I group stroke in the left middle cerebral artery, II–right middle cerebral artery, III-vertebrobasilary basin. Subpopulations of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD16+, CD19+, as well as Interleukin-1β, Interleukin-4, Interleukin-8, Tumor necrosis factor-α were detected in venous blood serum. The functional state of the autonomic nervous system was assessed by R.M. Baevsky’s method of mathematical analysis of heart rate variability. The observation period is 1 and 10 days from the onset of stroke. <h3>Results:</h3> The subpopulation level of lymphocytes depends on the potential of the sympathetic spectrum of vegetal regulation; the indicators of humoral immunity have reciprocal dependencies with neurohumoral activity and parasympathetic regulation. In patients with ischemia in the left hemisphere in the acute period, 21% parameters of cardiointervalography and immunograms show significant correlations; in the acute period, the number of dependencies increased with an increase in sympathetic activity. In patients with stroke in the right hemisphere and in the vertebrobasilar basin in the most acute period, the number of significant correlations was 42%, which is 2 times more than in the first subgroup. In the acute period, with the growth of parasympathetic impact, the relations of the studied parameters reciprocally weaken and decrease. <h3>Conclusions:</h3> An unfavorable prognostic sign in patients with stroke living in low-mountain area is low values of CD3+, CD8+ cells and IL4, high CD16+, CD19+ cells, as well as a low level of neurohumoral and sympathetic regulation <b>Disclosure:</b> Nargiza Chekeeva has nothing to disclose.

Probing the Boundary between Classical and Quantum Mechanics by Analyzing the Energy Dependence of Single-Electron Scattering Events at the Nanoscale

The relation between the energy-dependent particle and wave descriptions of electron-matter interactions on the nanoscale was analyzed by measuring the delocalization of an evanescent field from energy-filtered amplitude images of sample/vacuum interfaces with a special aberration-corrected electron microscope. The spatial field extension coincided with the energy-dependent self-coherence length of propagating wave packets that obeyed the time-dependent Schrödinger equation, and underwent a Goos-Hänchen shift. The findings support the view that wave packets are created by self-interferences during coherent-inelastic Coulomb interactions with a decoherence phase close to Δφ = 0.5 rad. Due to a strictly reciprocal dependence on energy, the wave packets shrink below atomic dimensions for electron energy losses beyond 1000 eV, and thus appear particle-like. Consequently, our observations inevitably include pulse-like wave propagations that stimulate structural dynamics in nanomaterials at any electron energy loss, which can be exploited to unravel time-dependent structure-function relationships on the nanoscale.

Structural phase transition and charge carrier dynamics in Dy containing La6MoO12 ionic conductor

The solution combustion method was adopted to prepare a single-phase La6MoO12 compound by doping 10% Dy in the La site and sintered at 800 °C, 1000 °C, and 1200 °C temperatures. The X-ray diffraction patterns confirmed a phase transition of the samples from the cubic fluorite phase (Fm3‾m) to a complex rhombohedral structure (R3‾m) with increasing sintering temperature. The microstrain and particle size show the opposite behaviour in the case of 800 °C and 1200 °C sintered samples. The FE-SEM and XRD results corroborated the increment of particle size with sintering temperature. Elemental mapping confirmed the uniform distribution of elements in the compositions. Red and blue shifts in optical bandgap were observed with sintering temperature. All samples show a negative temperature coefficient of resistance (NTCR) behaviour. The sample sintered at 1200 °C has the highest ionic conductivity of 1.03×10−4Ω−1cm−1 at 540 °C. The reciprocal temperature dependence of conductivity followed the VTF equation. The dielectric loss tangent indicated that all samples have a single relaxation process. The time-temperature superposition principle has been verified from the scaling of the dielectric loss tangent.