Reciprocal Assistance Research Articles

Сибирское и Бухарское ханства в материалах казахско-русских переговоров 1595 года

Research objectives: To consider, on the basis of documentary materials of the Kazakh-Russian embassies in the 1590s, what place in bilateral relations took the issues related to Siberian and Bukhara khanate. Research materials: Materials of research: Archival and published materials of mutual Kazakh and Russian embassies, which were deposited in the Russian State Archive of the Russian Federation in the fund № 122, “Kirghiz-Kaisat affairs”, were used for the study. Results and novelty of the research: The study of the content of the documents of the Kazakh-Russian embassies quite clearly shows the priorities of each party and explains what place in the bilateral relations occupied the Bukhara Khanate headed by Abdallah II and the Siberian state headed by Kuchum. For the Kazakh khan, Tavakkul, who initiated ambassadorial contacts with the Russian kingdom, the main goal was to obtain military assistance from the tsar to fight against Bukhara. At the same time, the issue of “liberation” of the khan’s nephew, Uraz-Muhammed, was not the main one as it is often considered in historiography. For the Russian government, the pressing issue in the eastern direction of foreign policy remained the opposition to Kuchum, in which connection Moscow linked assistance to the Kazakh khanate against Bukhara with reciprocal assistance by the Kazakhs against the Siberian ruler.

Entrepreneurial Women in a Saturated Marketplace: How Gendered Power Shapes Experiences of Debt in Rural Cambodia

Debt can be both a path to freedom and prosperity and a source of exploitation. This article analyses the embodied debt relations of rural shop owners in Cambodia to show how gender, class, and ethnic relations of power shape people’s ability to benefit from micro-credit. Drawing on 25 interviews with rural shop owners, the article analyses how the expansion of micro-finance loans for Khmer and Indigenous women to set up micro-businesses with little capital has encouraged an over-supply of rural shops. Struggling shop owners seek to retain loyal customers and perform obligations of altruism rooted in gender and ethnic norms by offering interest-free credit to customers, a practice that brings benefits to communities but entails gendered risks and embodied labour that is disproportionately borne by poorer women. This analysis reveals how formal debt can articulate with traditions of reciprocal assistance in ways that expand reciprocal bonds, while also enabling exploitation. The expectations placed on “entrepreneurial women” neglect the structural conditions of loan saturation and the intersectional relations of social power that shape people’s ability to run small businesses.

Reciprocal assistance of intravascular imaging in three-dimensional stent reconstruction: Using cross-modal translation based on disentanglement representation.

Accurate and efficient 3-dimension (3D) reconstruction of coronary stents in intravascular imaging of optical coherence tomography (OCT) or intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) is important for optimization of complex percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI). Deep learning has been used to address this technical challenge. However, manual annotation of stent is strenuous, especially for IVUS images. To this end, we aim to explore whether the OCT and IVUS images can assist each other in stent 3D reconstruction when one of them is lack of labeled dataset. We firstly performed cross-modal translation between OCT and IVUS images, where disentangled representation was employed to generate synthetic images with good stent consistency. The reciprocal assistance of OCT and IVUS in stent 3D reconstruction was then conducted by applying unsupervised and semi-supervised learning with the aid of synthetic images. Stent consistency in synthetic images and reciprocal effectiveness in stent 3D reconstruction were quantitatively assessed by F1-Score (FS) on two datasets: OCT-High Definition IVUS (HD IVUS) and OCT-Conventional IVUS (IVUS). The employment of disentangled representation achieved higher stent consistency in synthetic images (OCT to HD IVUS: FS=0.789 vs 0.684; HD IVUS to OCT: FS=0.766 vs 0.682; OCT to IVUS: FS=0.806 vs 0.664; IVUS to OCT: FS=0.724 vs 0.673). For stent 3D reconstruction, the assistance from synthetic images significantly promoted unsupervised adaptation across modalities (OCT to HD IVUS: FS=0.776 vs 0.109; HD IVUS to OCT: FS=0.826 vs 0.125; OCT to IVUS: FS=0.782 vs 0.068; IVUS to OCT: FS=0.815 vs 0.123), and improved performance in semi-supervised learning, especially when only limited labeled data was available. The intravascular images of OCT and IVUS can provide reciprocal assistance to each other in stent 3D reconstruction by cross-modal translation, where the stent consistency in synthetic images was maintained by disentangled representation.

Hypertension Awareness Reciprocal Assistance Through SENSI (Senam Lansia) In Elderly With Healthy Lifestyle

Hypertension is the number one cause of death in the world every year. Hypertension is one of the common cardiovasycular diseases and the most common in the community. Hypertension is called the “silent killer” because it often comes without symptoms. Elderly people are at risk of developing hypertension because as they get older, blood pressure tend to increase. Therefore, there is a need for knowlwdge for the elderly to maintain a healthy lifestyle and do elderly exercise to prevent hypertension. This reciprocal assistance on hypertension awareness throught SENSI (Senam Lansia) is expected to improve health and maintain the health of the elderly in the Bangsongan Health Center. The achievement target in this activity is to increase the knowlwdge of the elderly about how to prevent hypertension and to do elderly exercise regulary either independently or together. After mentoring, the elderly know how to prevent hypertension and are enthusiastic about participating in the elderly gymnastics program as aroutine activity. The elderly who participated in the mentoring felt enthusiastic about participating in gymnastics and would do gymnastics as a routine physical activity at home.

BANTUAN HUKUM TIMBAL BALIK DALAM TINDAK PIDANA NARKOTIKA

<p><em>Ilicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs is carried out by international networks operating in several countries. Ilicit traffic in narcotic drugs results in huge financial and wealth gains that enable transnational crime organizations to penetrate, pollute and undermine the structure of government, legitimate commercial and financial business, and society at all levels. In dealing with this situation, Indonesia harmonizes the law through mutual legal assistance arrangements. In this study two issues will be discussed namely legal reform through mutual legal assistance and mutual legal assistance in narcotics crimes.</em></p><p><em>Legal reform is a policy carried out by a country to deal with the situation that occurs in the country. The development of transnational crime was responded by the state through a policy of mutual legal assistance as outlined in the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 1 of 2006 concerning Reciprocal Assistance in Criminal Matters. Cooperation between countries in the process of law enforcement needs to be done to tackle the crime of trafficking in narcotics. Ilicit traffic in narcotic drugs is carried out by involving several countries. Reciprocal legal assistance in narcotics crimes can be implemented in three ways, namely diplomatic channels, through central authorities and through direct cooperation between law enforcement agencies.</em></p><p><strong>Keywords</strong>: <em>Mutual legal assistance, Ilicit Traffic, Narcotic Drugs</em></p>

Procedures For The Implementation Of Mutual Legal Assistance To Recover Assets Resulting From Corruption That Are Rushed Abroad

The purpose of this study is to find out how the procedures for implementing Reciprocal Assistance in Criminal Matters as well as to find out what can hinder the recovery process of assets resessed abroad is reviewed from Law No. 1 of 2006 on Reciprocal Assistance in Criminal Matters. The research method used is the normative legal research method. Legal resources used are from legislation and secondary legal materials as well as interviews with relevant law enforcement. Based on the results of the study found several essential things that affect the success and rapidly slow recovery process of criminal assets abroad such as case handling and evidentiary process, the flow of application for assistance, the response of the country requested assistance and other factors.

The Nicolas Maduro Regime (O.A.S.)

On September 11, 2019, twelve states parties invoked the Inter-American Treaty on Reciprocal Assistance (TIAR), because they considered the crisis in Venezuela to have a destabilizing impact on the peace and security of the hemisphere. Venezuela was one of the twelve, voting in favor; this was because, on April 9, 2019, the Organization of American States (OAS) formally recognized Juan Guaido's representative, Gustavo Tarre, in lieu of Nicolas Maduro's Ambassador. At the OAS General Assembly in June, Tarre's appointment was approved in a much contested and heated session. The OAS has thirty-five member states and approximately one-third of its membership supported the invocation of the TIAR. The TIAR is the OAS's mutual defense pact; it was last invoked following the events of September 11, 2001. Article 5 of the NATO Charter, calling for collective action in the case of an armed attack on one member, is derived from Article 3 of the TIAR. Following invocation of the TIAR, the Consultation of Ministers of Foreign Affairs (the OAS equivalent to the UN Security Council, but without veto power) held its 30th meeting in New York City during the UN General Assembly. The result of that meeting was the adoption of the Resolution under consideration here.

African Americans’ Dreams and Expression of Love during the Great Depression: A Critical Reading through <i>Of Mice and Men</i> by John Steinbeck

Love and dream sometime appear as inseparable things that keep people hoping and fighting for living and better life; this is much true for those African Americans, who, after they were said to be emancipated, have had to pay daily tribute for that change of status. And when an almost uncontrollable crisis as the Great Depression occurred, those African Americans could do nothing but dream of miracles, and live on the reciprocal assistance and love from their fellows. John Steinbeck’s novel Of Mice and Men came in this context, with the description of two young African Americans’ unreachable dream and the impact of their dependence and their excessive love for each other. This study is the revisitation of two different and opposite black Americans’ eventful life who, in search of a much chimeric future, have been committing crimes, which will make impossible the achieving of their goal. Steinbeck’s novel is then plotted in the double context of American racial segregation and the 1929 global economic crisis. The characteristic of this study has been many folds: first it has considered the context, that is the circumstances or events that form the environment within which both the historical Great depression and Steinbeck’s novel have taken place; then it has based on critical thinking, which is a disciplined intellectual criticism that combines research knowledge of historical context, and balanced judgement, that is, evaluating, examining and analyzing.

Towards an Agape-Based Organization

In the last decade, scholars have rediscovered the Italian tradition of Civil Economy and the different vision of the market it offers, one that is anchored on reciprocal assistance in market exchange relationships. So far, scholars are discussing Civil Economy especially in the fields of the history of economic though and in economics and philosophy. Nevertheless, this article proposes looking also at business ethics and organizational studies through the lens of Civil Economy, especially considering the notion of virtue provided by civil economists. In particular, it sets forth an organizational model that derives from Civil Economy, i.e. the agape-based organization.

Conselho de Defesa Sul-Americano

The Organization of American States (OEA) and the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance (TIAR), existing defense organizations until the creation of the CDS, have not evolved enough and lack legitimacy, since they are under clear american influence. There were several contributions from the new Council and some possibilities were glimpsed, some of which are very relevant, even if they still need more attention. This paper will analyze this topic, studying the meaning and results of the CDS until now, trying to build a perspective for its future, taking into account the current circumstances in South America (SA).Keywords: South American Integration. South American Defense Council. UNASUL. Perspectives and results.

Restructuring of Banks and Financial Institutions

Effective management of banks and financial institutions are crucial issues of contemporary society. Good and effective governance are expected to establish financial credibility to its stakeholders and society. However, insolvency, liquidation and restructuring of the company are the matters of court procedure. Insolvency process begins only with the decision of designated court. In case banks and financial institutions, Nepal Rastra Bank can follow administrative measures of financial liquidation under prevailing laws and custom of administration, and it can recommend to the court for the liquidation of company. Direction to banks and financial institutions for improvement, declaration of problem bank, reformative and corrective measures, resolution process i.e. formation of special administration team, suspension of power of directors, establishment of bridge institutions or unit, exchange of reciprocal assistance; information sharing through credit Information Bureau are also the measures of restructuring of banks and financial institutions in Nepal. Other methods of restructuring of financial sector are granting lender of the last resort facilities, prompt corrective actions for capital improvement, merger and acquisition, declaration of insolvency i.e winding up of companies, liquidation, restructuring of the company if so is possible upon the decision of the court etc. The decision of restructuring of banks and financial institutions are made by the examination of books of account and financial statement. Central Bank can also make inspection and supervision to find out actual situation of banks and financial institutions. Nepal Rastra Bank, with their own administrative team, has already been restructured then Lumbini Bank Limited from March 20, 2002 to December 24, 2004; Nepal Bank Limited from March 14, 2002 to April 2015; Nepal Bangladesh Bank Limited from November 12, 2006 to March 2010; NCC Bank Limited from February 4, 2014 to January 2, 2017; Bank of Kathmandu from May 20, 2009 to July 23, 2009 etc. Nepal Rastra Bank also restructured then Gorkha Development Bank, H & B Development Bank, Nepal Share Market Finance Company, Nepal Finance etc. Many institutions are in the process of resolutions. Nepal Rastra Bank acts as a guardian of banks and financial institutions. If corrective and remedial actions are not sufficient, such institutions are sent for liquidation and winding up. United Development Bank, including some finance companies, was liquidated upon the decision of designated court. Last but not least, Central Bank, Nepalese Judiciary, Office of the Company Registrar, and Credit Information Bureau are playing important role to make restructuring of banks and financial institutions in Nepal. Conversely, absence of the Asset Management Company, longer time period for court decision, priority payment in the time of liquidation through small depositors, and longer time period of liquidation are the challenges of restructuring of banks and financial institutions in Nepal.

Mutual Legal Assistance Pada pemberantasan Cyber Crime Lintas Yurisdiksi di Indonesia

The development of global information and transportation technology is accompanied by the development of criminal acts that no longer recognize jurisdictional boundaries, so that the response requires joint handling of world countries. Mutual assistance in criminal matters is one way to stop fraudulent acts of criminals who want to hide assets. The implementation of the Mutual Legal Assistance System was realized in the implementation of Law Number 1 of 2006 concerning Reciprocal Assistance in Criminal Issues, namely by establishing cooperation with countries that have the potential to be used as hiding places or to save income from the crime. This has become one of the efforts to prevent cross-jurisdictional cyber crime by implementing a Mutual Legal Assistance System

Analytics of IoT Data for Smart Cities on the Cloud

A smart city is one that has some of the most advanced and useful IoT programmes in use. In the last several years, the concept of smart city integration has been more important in academic, healthcare, and industrially focused areas. Cloud computing and the Internet of Things (IoT) are two well-known information and communication technology (ICT) standards that are likely to shape the next era of processing. The proposal depicts an appealing platform for various forms of technology-enabled government discontent. It provides a vision of the city in which specialised organisations use specialised data to collaborate with residents and shape a thriving urban culture by designing infrastructure that may boost individual happiness. Because of its flexibility to adapt to new environments, the Internet of Things (IoT) will be able to seamlessly combine a vast number of programmes at varying levels of development. This will initiate the release of a small, authorised data collection that may be used to effect change across a variety of modernised institutions. IoT frameworks in urban areas are suggested to make smart cities a reality. The topic at hand is the evolving systems of reciprocal assistance that the city's many institutions and families rely on. This article presents and discusses the fundamental configurations and technological standards that must be embraced in a city in order to make it smarter. As a result, the standard of living and general welfare of the populace will improve thanks to this strategy.

Genealogía y modernización de las fuerzas armadas en el Ecuador

La modernización de las Fuerzas Armadas en el período de Alianza País se asienta en la disyunción entre institución armada y soberanía nacional, combina diversas formas superpuestas de soberanía con nuevas formas de disciplinamiento y control de la población, y se orienta al paso del Estado de derecho al Estado de seguridad a nivel global. Las modificaciones de las Fuerzas Armadas se articulan al proceso genealógico del Estado-nacional, pasando por cuatro momentos: primero, el momento fundacional en la Revolución Alfarista ordenado en torno a la soberanía territorial-nacional-interna. Segundo, con la incorporación al Tratado Interamericano de Asistencia Recíproca (TIAR), las FFAA entran en la lógica de la defensa continental como dispositivo de alineamiento y dependencia del poder americano, en el marco de la Guerra Fría. Tercero, este ordenamiento llega a su forma fuerte con la Doctrina de la Seguridad Nacional que trasmuta el orden de la soberanía territorial al dominio de la subversión interna. Y cuarto, la fase neoliberal parte de la licuefacción del Estado nacional.

美術教育と芸術療法(I) : 生きるための芸術の視点から

美術教育と芸術療法(I) : 生きるための芸術の視点から

美術教育と芸術療法(II) : 生きることと想像力

美術教育と芸術療法(II) : 生きることと想像力

A Conferência do Rio de Janeiro e o Tratado Interamericano de Assistência Recíproca: Conflitos na construção do sistema interamericano

This article focuses on the conflicts surrounding the approval of the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance (ITRA) at the conference held in Rio de Janeiro in 1947. We analyze the draft treaties sent to the Pan-American Union, which were mainly Brazilian, Mexican and from the United States; the preliminary votes taken before the Meeting in the aim of obtaining a consensus among the countries involved; as well as the final text of the ITRA. Our hypothesis is that the final version of the ITRA failed to materialize complete US control over the other members of the Pan-American Union, instead representing a solution reached by means of negotiation in a period of transition from a policy of good neighborliness to a doctrine for containing communism. This context allowed the member countries of the Pan-American Union to assert several of their proposals in spite of opposition from the United States, a situation unlikely to be repeated in the future, with the consolidation of the policy containing communism and US control over the Americas.

‘All together now!’ Couples and the ontological problem of cohabitation as a form of life

The aim of this essay is that of analysing cohabitation as a form of life, according to its ontological status. This way of investigating leads to a comparison with marriage as a specific institution and with the conversation rules between partners. From the empirical analysis of more than 50 interviews with cohabitating couples comes the idea of a relationship whose intent is reciprocal care and assistance in everyday life. In other words, cohabitation is not a mere refusal of marriage as an institution, in the perspective of the interviewed, but seems to represent the lifestyle that best expresses the political ideal of a liberal-democratic society based on conversation between free and consenting individuals. At first glance cohabitation shows an ontological status of its own, a sort of ‘marriage conversation’. Yet, deploying a deeper way of analysis and following a critical realist and relational epistemology, one can notice that such status is influenced by an abstract expansion of the present as the only possible dimension for the couple. As soon as one thinks about shared future plans, the implied call of a married perfection of one's life experience strikes back, revealing the existence of a hidden rule towards marriage as a form of life. The importance of cohabitation is now conceived as the relevance of contingency and unselected opportunities. This fact reveals the limits of the individualized perspective influencing the everyday life of cohabiting couples. Doubts on ontological independence of cohabitation are still many, with its constant and ambivalent reference to the marriage dimension.

An informatics model for guiding assembly of telemicrobiology workstations for malaria collaborative diagnostics using commodity products and open-source software.

BackgroundDeficits in clinical microbiology infrastructure exacerbate global infectious disease burdens. This paper examines how commodity computation, communication, and measurement products combined with open-source analysis and communication applications can be incorporated into laboratory medicine microbiology protocols. Those commodity components are all now sourceable globally. An informatics model is presented for guiding the use of low-cost commodity components and free software in the assembly of clinically useful and usable telemicrobiology workstations.MethodsThe model incorporates two general principles: 1) collaborative diagnostics, where free and open communication and networking applications are used to link distributed collaborators for reciprocal assistance in organizing and interpreting digital diagnostic data; and 2) commodity engineering, which leverages globally available consumer electronics and open-source informatics applications, to build generic open systems that measure needed information in ways substantially equivalent to more complex proprietary systems. Routine microscopic examination of Giemsa and fluorescently stained blood smears for diagnosing malaria is used as an example to validate the model.ResultsThe model is used as a constraint-based guide for the design, assembly, and testing of a functioning, open, and commoditized telemicroscopy system that supports distributed acquisition, exploration, analysis, interpretation, and reporting of digital microscopy images of stained malarial blood smears while also supporting remote diagnostic tracking, quality assessment and diagnostic process development.ConclusionThe open telemicroscopy workstation design and use-process described here can address clinical microbiology infrastructure deficits in an economically sound and sustainable manner. It can boost capacity to deal with comprehensive measurement of disease and care outcomes in individuals and groups in a distributed and collaborative fashion. The workstation enables local control over the creation and use of diagnostic data, while allowing for remote collaborative support of diagnostic data interpretation and tracking. It can enable global pooling of malaria disease information and the development of open, participatory, and adaptable laboratory medicine practices. The informatic model highlights how the larger issue of access to generic commoditized measurement, information processing, and communication technology in both high- and low-income countries can enable diagnostic services that are much less expensive, but substantially equivalent to those currently in use in high-income countries.

The Role of the Italian Tax Police (‘Guardia Di Finanza’) in Cross–Border Audits and Cross–Border Requests for Tax Assistance

The phenomenon of globalization presents businessmen with an easy opportunity for tax evasion and tax dodging. In this scenario the awareness of the importance of reciprocal administrative assistance in the fiscal field and the relevant requests to and from foreign countries for exchanges of information concerning VAT and Direct Taxes have increased.