Rechargeable Mg-ion Batteries Research Articles

Mitigating Interfacial Capacity Fading in Vanadium Pentoxide by Sacrificial Vanadium Sulfide Encapsulation for Rechargeable Mg-Ion Batteries.

Rechargeable Mg-ion Batteries (RMB) containing a Mg metal anode offer the promise of higher specific volumetric capacity, energy density, safety, and economic viability than lithium-ion battery technology, but their realization is challenging. The limited availability of suitable inorganic cathodes compatible with electrolytes relevant to Mg metal anode restricts the development of RMBs. Despite the promising capability of some oxides to reversibly intercalate Mg+2 ions at high potential, its lack of stability in chloride-containing ethereal electrolytes, relevant to Mg metal anode hinders the realization of a full practical RMB. Here the successful in situ encapsulation of monodispersed spherical V2O5 (≈200nm) is demonstrated by a thin layer of VS2 (≈12nm) through a facile surface reduction route. The VS2 layer protects the surface of V2O5 particles in RMB electrolyte solution (MgCl2 + MgTFSI in DME). Both V2O5 and V2O5@VS2 particles demonstrate high initial discharge capacity. However, only the V2O5@VS2 material demonstrates superior rate performance, Coulombic efficiency (100%), and stability (138mAhg-1 discharge capacity after 100 cycles), signifying the ability of the thin VS2 layer to protect the V2O5 cathode and facilitate the Mg+2 ion intercalation/deintercalation into V2O5.

Rationally Designed Spherical V2O5 Encapsulated by 2d-VS2 as High Capacity Insertion Cathode for Mg-Ion Battery

Owing to high energy density and economic viability, rechargeable Mg-ion batteries (MIB) are considered as alternative to lithium-ion batteries. However, beside chevrel phase, none of conventional inorganic cathode materials demonstrate reversible intercalation/deintercalation of Mg+2 ions in anhydrous electrolyte system. The lack of high voltage and high-capacity cathode frustrates the realization of MIB. Previous studies indicated that vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) has potential to reversibly insert\\extract Mg ions. However, many attempts to utilize V2O5 demonstrated limited electrochemical response, due to hindered Mg ion mobility in solid. Herein, we demonstrated a tailored approach to synthesize uniformly dispersed spherical V2O5 homogeneously coated with 2D VS2 through a facile in-situ chemical method and study the electrochemical activity in 0.2 M Mg(TFSI)2 + MgCl2 in DME electrolyte system and Mg metal anode. The V2O5@VS2 cathode exhibit the highest reported 1st discharge capacity of ~ 260 mA.h.g-1, excellent stability, retention and restricted capacity fading after 100 cycles which witness the prominence of VS2 coating in rationally designed V2O5 as a cathode material in non-aqueous electrolyte system for next generation high capacity MIB. Most interestingly, exact phase and morphology is completely retained even after repeated Mg+2 ion intercalation/deintercalation at different current rates, demonstrating pronounced electrochemical activity in anhydrous magnesium electrolyte and realization of a practical MIB.

A mini review on alloy-based anode materials for Mg-ion batteries

There is a growing call for secondary batteries in superior-performance energy storage devices. The existing ruling Li-ion batteries are restricted by cost, accessibility of resources, and their theoretical capacities. So, scientists have explored substituted batteries. Rechargeable Mg-ion batteries are fascinating of the substitute metal-ion batteries owing to the Mg-ion obtainability in the soil, low price, protection, more volumetric energy density, and environment-friendliness. Mg-metal anodes function in the electrolytes reversibly, but these electrolytes are not suitable for superior capacity-producing transition metal cathodes owing to complicated surface spectacles. Conversely, transition metal oxides work well in the presence of conventional electrolytes, but these conventional electrolytes are not suitable for Mg metal anodes because of passivation spectacles that entirely block them. Alternative anodes that are replaced with Mg metal work reversibly in conventional electrolytes are the hopeful way to produce superior capacity and voltage Mg batteries. The current advancement in alloy-founded elements is discussed in this review. The various approaches, attainable capacities, reaction mechanisms, and electrochemical properties of ally-sort electrodes are scientifically discussed.

A High-Rate and Long-Life Aqueous Rechargeable Mg-Ion Battery Based on an Organic Anode Integrating Diimide and Triazine.

Aqueous Mg-ion batteries (MIBs) lack reliable anode materials. This study concerns the design and synthesis of a new anode material - a π-conjugate of 3D-poly(3,4,9,10-perylenetracarboxylic diimide-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine) [3D-P(PDI-T)] - for aqueous MIBs. The increased aromatic structure inhibits solubility in aqueous electrolytes, enhancing its structural stability. The 3D-P(PDI-T) anode exhibits several notable characteristics, including an extremely high rate capacity of 358 mAh g-1 at 0.05 A g-1 , A 3D-P(PDI-T)‖Mg2 MnO4 full cell exhibits a reversible capacity of 148 mAh g-1 and a long cycle life of 5000 cycles at 0.5 A g-1 . The charge storage mechanism reveals a synergistic interaction of Mg2+ and H+ cations with C-N/C=O groups. The assembled 3D-P(PDI-T)‖Mg2 MnO4 full cell exhibits a capacity retention of around 95 % after 5000 cycles at 0.5 A g-1 . This 3D-P(PDI-T) anode sustained its framework structure during the charge-discharge cycling of Mg-ion batteries. The reported results provide a strong basis for a cutting-edge molecular engineering technique to afford improved organic materials that facilitate efficient charge-storage behavior of aqueous Mg-ion batteries.

Layered buserite Mg-Mn oxide cathode for aqueous rechargeable Mg-ion battery

Layered buserite Mg-Mn oxide cathode for aqueous rechargeable Mg-ion battery

Potential use of silicon carbide monolayer as an anode in rechargeable Mg-ion batteries

In this study, we evaluated the possible application of a two-dimensional silicon carbide monolayer, which is a similar to material graphene, as an anode material in rechargeable Mg-ion batteries based on density functional theory computations. In particular, we investigated the related electronic structures, structural geometry changes, Mg-ion diffusion characteristics, and the corresponding electrochemical characteristics during charging. The adsorption energy of Mg is higher on the six-ring member than other sites. The maximum theoretical capacity of SiC is as high as 683.99 mAh/g, which is accompanied by a negligible change in the Si–C spacing band. We also considered the changes in the open circuit voltage caused by the adatom concentrations due to the intercalation of Mg in Si. The open-circuit voltage range determined for the SiC monolayer after the adsorption of Mg adtoms also indicates that the SiC monolayer can be considered a promising anode material. Considerable charge transport of approximately one electron occurs in SiC nano-sheets from the Mg atom-, thereby making them electrically conductive, which is a requirement for an acceptable anode material. Furthermore, the SiC monolayer can be regarded as the best candidate for use as an anode material in magnesium-ion batteries because of its properties.

Re-delocalization of localized d-electrons in VO2(R)-VS4 hetero-structure enables high performance of rechargeable Mg-ion batteries

Rechargeable Mg-ion batteries (MIBs) have attracted much more attentions by virtue of the high capacity from the two electrons chemistry. However, the reversible Mg2+ diffusion in cathode materials is restricted by the strong interactions between the high-polarized bivalent Mg2+ ions and anionic lattice. Herein, we design and propose a hetero-structural VO2(R)-VS4 cathode, in which the re-delocalized d-electrons can effectively shield the polarity of Mg2+ ions. Theoretically, the electrons should spontaneously transfer from VS4 to VO2(R) through the interfaces of hetero-structure due to the lower work function value of VS4. Furthermore, the internal electrons transfer lead to the electronic injection into VO2(R) from VS4 and the partially broken V-V dimers, indicating the presence of lone pair electrons and charge re-delocalization. Benefiting from the shield effect of re-delocalized electrons, and the weakened attraction between cations and O/S anions enables more S2−-S22− redox groups to participate the electrochemical reactions and compensate the double charge of Mg2+ ions. Accordingly, VO2(R)-VS4 hetero-structure exhibits a high specific capacity of 554 mA h g−1 at 50 mA g−1. It is believed that the charge re-delocalization of cathode extremely boost the Mg2+ ions migration for the high-capacity of MIBs.

Evolution of the Dynamic Solid Electrolyte Interphase in Mg Electrolytes for Rechargeable Mg-Ion Batteries.

Formation and evolution of the microscopic solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) at the Mg electrolyte/electrode interface are less reported and need to be completely understood to overcome the compatibility challenges at the Mg anode-electrolyte. In this paper, SEI evolution at the Mg electrolyte/electrode interface is investigated via an in situ electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation mode (EQCM-D), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR). Results reveal remarkably different interfacial evolutions for the two Mg electrolyte systems that are studied, a non-halogen Mg(TFSI)2 electrolyte in THF with DMA as a cosolvent (nhMg-DMA electrolyte) versus a halogen-containing all-phenyl complex (APC) electrolyte. The nhMg-DMA electrolyte reports a minuscule SEI formation along with a significant Coulomb loss at the initial electrochemical cycles owing to an electrolyte reconstruction process. Interestingly, a more complicated SEI growth is observed at the later electrochemical cycles accompanied by an improved reversible Mg deposition attributed to the newly formed coordination environment with Mg2+ and ultimately leads to a more homogeneous morphology for the electrochemically deposited Mg0, which maintains a MgF2-rich interface. In contrast, the APC electrolyte shows an extensive SEI formation at its initial electrochemical cycles, followed by a SEI dissolution process upon electrochemical cycling accompanied by an improved coulombic efficiency with trace water and chloride species removed. Therefore, it leads to SEI stabilization progression upon further electrochemical cycling, resulting in elevated charge transport kinetics and superior purity of the electrochemically deposited Mg0. These outstanding findings augment the understanding of the SEI formation and evolution on the Mg interface and pave a way for a future Mg-ion battery design.

Facile synthesis of three-dimensional conducting scaffold with magnesiophilic decorations toward non-dendritic Mg-metal batteries

Despite the substantial efforts aimed at suppressing metallic dendrite growth in Li-metal batteries, Mg-metal dendrite growth has thus far received relatively little attention, and the formation of Mg dendrites has recently been shown to be a critical limitation for the practical advancement of rechargeable Mg-ion batteries. The development of an appropriate anode to efficiently accommodate Mg deposits is thus key to overcome this limitation. Here, we report the unique design of Ag-decorated Cu foam (ACF) consisting of a porous Cu scaffold decorated with magnesiophilic Ag nanoparticles (NPs) on its surface through a facile one-step synthesis process. For the first time, we demonstrate the strong affinity of Ag atoms to the electrochemically deposited Mg; magnesiophilicity is then adopted to design an efficient anode host for Mg-metal batteries and suppress the Mg dendritic formation. As a result, the ACF exhibits a greatly decreased nucleation overpotential with a longer cycle life compared with those of conventional substrates. In the absence of magnesiophilic Ag nano-seeds, non-uniform and top-oriented Mg depositions are observed; in contrast, the ACF helps contribute to an even deposition of the electrochemically formed Mg over the entire active surface, resulting in improved electrochemical performance.

1 T-VSe2 Nanoparticles cooperated with reduced graphene oxide as a superior cathode material for rechargeable Mg-ion batteries

Transition metal disulfides (TMDs) have received widespread attention and are expected to be a kind of potential energy material because of their unique structures. In this paper, we obtained 1 T-VSe2 nanoparticles cooperated with reduced graphene oxide (1 T-VSe2@rGO) composite in APC electrolyte environment via a simple hydrothermal method, and it was used as the cathode material of the second generation rechargeable magnesium ion battery (RMIB). The test results show that the 1 T-VSe2@rGO composite cathode material has an excellent reversible capacity (235.5 mA h g−1 at 50 mA g−1), and a prominent cycle life (62.7 % of the initial capacitance is maintained at 50 mA g−1 after 500 consecutive cycles). The rate capability of 46 % initial capacitance is received when the current density reaches 1000 mA g−1. We also evaluated the influence of Mg-insertion behavior on RMIBs based on the cathode of 1 T-VSe2@rGO composite with the first-principles Density Functional Theory (DFT) computations. The results prove that the composites based on 1 T-VSe2@rGO have great development potential as cathode materials for RMIBs.

Facilitating Mg2+ diffusion in high potential LixV2(PO4)3 cathode material with a co-insertion strategy for rechargeable Mg-ion batteries

Rechargeable Mg-ion batteries offer high energy density and good safety. However, the lack of cathode materials with high operating potential and considerable capacity is a great challenge for their practical applications. This is limited by the sluggish diffusion of multivalent Mg 2+ cations in solid lattices. Here, we propose a co-insertion strategy to facilitate cation diffusions and present a polyanion cathode of Li 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 to provide high redox potential. The initial charge of the material is associated with the extraction of two Li + cations, which are co-inserted with Mg 2+ from the 0.5 m Mg(ClO 4 ) 2 /PC electrolyte during the following electrochemical processes. The cation diffusion coefficients are largely enhanced in comparison to the electrode without Li + co-insertion, and higher capacity is obtained. At room temperature, the Li 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 electrode delivers 124 mAh g −1 capacity at 100 mA g −1 with discharge plateaus at 0.46 V and −0.44 V vs. Ag/Ag + . A capacity retention of 80% is realized after 300 cycles at 500 mA g −1 . A rocking-chair Mg-ion full cell coupling the Li 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 cathode with an anthraquinone anode achieves 41 mAh g −1 capacity (based on the mass of both electrodes). The work demonstrates a promising pathway for the design of high performance cathode materials for Mg-ion batteries. • A high potential polyanion cathode of Li 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 is proposed for Mg-ion batteries. • A co-insertion strategy is revealed to enhance cation diffusion in solid lattices. • The Li 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 electrode delivers 124 mAh g −1 capacity at 100 mA g −1 . • High discharge potentials of 0.46 V and −0.44 V vs. Ag/Ag + are achieved. • A capacity retention of 80% is realized over 300 cycles with 99.3% CE.

Operando X-ray Diffraction Studies of the Mg-Ion Migration Mechanisms in Spinel Cathodes for Rechargeable Mg-Ion Batteries.

A promising high-voltage spinel oxide cathode material MgCrMnO4 with 18% Mg/Mn inversion was synthesized successfully. A new custom operando battery device was designed to study the cation migration mechanisms of the MgCrMnO4 cathode using 0.1 M Mg(TPFA)2 electrolyte dissolved in triglyme and activated carbon as the anode. For the first time in multivalent batteries, high-quality operando diffraction data enabled the accurate quantification of cation contents in the host structure. Besides the exceptional reversibility of 12% Mg2+ insertion in Mg1-xCrMnO4 (x ≤ 1), a partially reversible insertion of excess Mg2+ during overdischarging was also observed. Moreover, the insertion/extraction reaction was experimentally shown to be accompanied by a series of cation redistributions in the spinel framework, which were further supported by density functional theory calculations. The inverted Mn is believed to be directly involved in the cation migrations, which would cause voltage hysteresis and irreversible structural evolution after overdischarging. Tuning the Mg/Mn inversion rate could provide a direct path to further optimize spinel oxide cathodes for Mg-ion batteries, and more generally, the operando techniques developed in this work should play a key role in understanding the complex mechanisms involved in multivalent ion insertion systems.

Formation of an Artificial Mg2+-Permeable Interphase on Mg Anodes Compatible with Ether and Carbonate Electrolytes.

Rechargeable Mg-ion batteries typically suffer from either rapid passivation of the Mg anode or severe corrosion of the current collectors by halogens within the electrolyte, limiting their practical implementation. Here, we demonstrate the broadly applicable strategy of forming an artificial solid electrolyte interphase (a-SEI) layer on Mg to address these challenges. The a-SEI layer is formed by simply soaking Mg foil in a tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether solution containing LiTFSI and AlCl3, with Fourier transform infrared and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy measurements revealing spontaneous reaction with the Mg foil. The a-SEI is found to mitigate Mg passivation in Mg(TFSI)2/DME electrolytes with symmetric cells exhibiting overpotentials that are 2 V lower compared to when the a-SEI is not present. This approach is extended to Mg(ClO4)2/DME and Mg(TFSI)2/PC electrolytes to achieve reversible Mg plating and stripping, which is not achieved with bare electrodes. The interfacial resistance of the cells with a-SEI protected Mg is found to be two orders of magnitude lower than that with bare Mg in all three of the electrolytes, indicating the formation of an effective Mg-ion transporting interfacial structure. X-ray absorption and photoemission spectroscopy measurements show that the a-SEI contains minimal MgCO3, MgO, Mg(OH)2, and TFSI-, while being rich in MgCl2, MgF2, and MgS, when compared to the passivation layer formed on bare Mg in Mg(TFSI)2/DME.

1T-VSe <sub>2</sub> Nanoparticles Cooperated with Reduced Graphene Oxide as a Superior Cathode Material For Rechargeable Mg-Ion Batteries

1T-VSe <sub>2</sub> Nanoparticles Cooperated with Reduced Graphene Oxide as a Superior Cathode Material For Rechargeable Mg-Ion Batteries

Intercalation/deintercalation of solvated Mg2+ into/from graphite interlayers.

In the development of rechargeable Mg-ion batteries which are not limited by resource constraints, studies on negative electrode materials have been concentrated on efficient Mg-deposition/stripping rather than on insertion/extraction-type active materials, driven by the extremely high theoretical capacity of Mg metal (2205 mA h g-1). This work re-examined the potential of graphite, which is overlooked in electrochemical tests using a two-electrode type cell due to a large overpotential during sluggish Mg-deposition/stripping at the counter electrode caused by the passivation layer. The formation of a graphite intercalation compound (GIC) with a stage structure was demonstrated by the continual application of a constant current without considering the cut-off voltage to eliminate the detrimental impact of the counter electrode, although the intercalant was solvated Mg-ions. The GIC formed during the charging process has a blue tint just like a GIC synthesized by a vapor method. Although there is still issue with the large polarization during the deintercalation of solvated Mg ions, a reversible capacity of approximately 200 mA h g-1 could be achieved in the galvanostatic charge/discharge tests with a current density of 7.44 mA g-1. The results should facilitate future research and development of graphite as a negative electrode material.

Hierarchical WSe2 nanoflower as a cathode material for rechargeable Mg-ion batteries

Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have emerged as a promising material in the energy field due to their unique structural arrangement. In this work, ordered flower-like WSe2 nanosheet was synthesized through simple one-step hydrothermal method, and its cathode application for rechargeable Mg-ion batteries was assessed. The WSe2 cathode exhibits a high reversible capacity above 265 mAh g−1 at 50 mA g−1, excellent cycling life of 90% initial capacitance that can be ceaselessly harvested for 100 cycles at 50 mA g−1, and superior rate capability of 70% initial capacitance maintained even at the current density of 500 mA g−1. This work paves the way for the application of WSe2 cathode in Mg-ion and other rechargeable batteries.

Facile Synthesis of Metastable Mg-Mn Spinel Nanoparticles for Magnesium-Ion Batteries

High energy and high density rechargeable batteries are indispensable for widespread portable electronic devices and the spreading of electric vehicles. Rechargeable Mg-ion batteries have gained much attention as promising alternatives to Li-ion batteries due to the high natural abundance, high volumetric energy density, and no dendrite formation of the Mg metal anode. While Mg-ion batteries are nowadays progressing rapidly, their practical use is still hampered by problems related to both cathode materials and electrolytes. One of the crucial problems is the very low rate capability at the cathodes due to the slow diffusion of Mg2+ ions in solids, therefore Mg-ion batteries work only at low current densities or at high temperature. Among various oxide cathode candidates for Mg-ion batteries, spinel oxides have a high redox potential and a relatively high ion-diffusivity. Especially in the common electrochemical window of electrolytes, MgMn2O4 spinel can exhibit a high theoretical capacity of 540 mAh g–1 using both Mn3+/Mn4+ and Mn3+/Mn2+ redox reactions (λ-MnO2 formation and rock-salt Mg2Mn2O4 formation reactions, respectively). However, these reactions should exhibit large polarizations because of the less reversible tetragonal-cubic phase transitions; MgMn2O4 has a tetragonal spinel structure due to the Jahn–Teller effect of Mn3+ ions, while λ-MnO2 and Mg2Mn2O4 are cubic phase. A suppression of the lattice distortion of MgMn2O4 is necessary for improving its cathode performance. Although a cubic MgMn2O4 phase is known as a metastable phase, this phase is only obtained at high-temperature or high-pressure in bulk. In this study, we aimed at synthesizing metastable cubic MgMn2O4 spinel nanoparticles under ambient conditions and applying them as cathodes for Magnesium-ion batteries.Mg-Mn spinel nanoparticles were synthesized by alcohol-reduction method[1] and hot-injection method. For the alcohol-reduction method, n-Bu4NMnO4 was reduced in anhydrous MgCl2 ethanol solution at room temperature to form fine particles. For the hot-injection method, MgCl2 and Mn(acac)3 were dissolved in anhydrous xylene solution with stearic acid and oleylamine, followed by water injection at 80ºC to form monodisperse nanoparticles. Charge/discharge tests between –1.0~1.0 V vs. Ag+/Ag was carried out using a three-electrode cell with an activated carbon anode and a 0.5 M Mg(ClO4)2/CH3CN electrolyte.The Rietveld refinements of XRD patterns suggested that the obtained samples were assigned to cubic phase Mg1–x Mn2O4, and a transformation to tetragonal phase was observed after annealing at 600ºC. Since the both methods utilize rapid nucleation reactions occurred at moderate temperature, once a meta-stable phase formed, the phase transition to more stable tetragonal phase hardly proceed. The cubic phase is obtained probably due to the rapid nucleation of cubic MgMn2O4 spinel nanoparticles at moderate temperature. According to TEM images, the primary particle size of both samples was below 10 nm, suggesting the rapid nucleation without crystal growth. However, the particles were aggregated to form large secondary particles. The electrochemical performances strongly depended on the morphology of secondary particles, therefore suppression of the aggregation is important for improving the performance. Reference: [1] H. Kobayashi, K. Yamaguchi, I. Honma, RSC Adv. 9 (2019) 36434–36439.

A high thermally stable polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based gel polymer electrolyte for rechargeable Mg-ion battery

The ionic conductivity and thermal stability of the electrolyte-separator system is an essential parameter for improving battery performance and safety. The present work addresses the high thermally stable gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) using polyacrylonitrile (PAN) as a polymer membrane and magnesium perchlorate in propylene carbonate (Mg(ClO4)2-PC) as a liquid electrolyte. The PAN based polymer membrane is prepared by electrospinning process which produces a bead free and uniformly distributed nanofibers. The electrospun PAN based GPE is characterized by different physical and electrochemical techniques like X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, ionic conductivity, linear sweep voltammetry, magnesium ion transference number and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The ionic conductivity of PAN is 3.28 mS cm−1, compared to that of PP Celgard is 1.97 × 10–4 mS cm−1 at 30 °C. The electrochemical stability of PAN is 4.6 V and also exhibits excellent interfacial stability with magnesium metal. The results showed that the PAN-based GPE has higher ionic conductivity and thermal stability than the polypropylene (PP) Celgard membrane.

Reductive solvothermal synthesis of MgMn2O4 spinel nanoparticles for Mg-ion battery cathodes

Rechargeable Mg-ion batteries have gained significant attention as promising alternatives to Li-ion batteries. Owing to its high theoretical energy density and relatively high Mg-ion diffusivity, spinel oxide MgMn2O4 is a viable candidate as a cathode material; however, its poor rate capability limits its applicability. Decreasing the particle size can effectively address this problem by enhancing Mg-ion diffusion. In this paper, we demonstrate the conventional solvothermal synthesis of MgMn2O4 spinel nanoparticles. Solvothermal process is one of the most fundamental methods for nanoparticle synthesis because of its simple and flexible synthetic conditions. In the alcohol solvothermal conditions, spinel type MgMn2O4 nanoparticles of approximately 10–15 nm are successfully synthesized using amorphous MnO2 as a precursor. We note that controlling Mg2+ solvation and oxidation/reduction conditions in the reaction solution is crucial for the effective intercalation of Mg2+ into the MnO6 octahedral framework. Although the obtained MgMn2O4 nanoparticles aggregate to form submicron secondary particles, the aggregation can be suppressed by compositing them with the carbon nanotubes dispersed in the reaction solution. The composite exhibits a discharge capacity of 60 mAh g−1 with maintaining 80% of capacity retention after the 10th cycle.

Non-Nucleophilic Electrolyte Based on Ionic Liquid and Magnesium Bis(diisopropyl)amide for Rechargeable Magnesium-Ion Batteries

A non-nucleophilic electrolyte for rechargeable Mg-ion batteries is developed by the reaction of magnesium bis(diisopropyl)amide and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrachloroaluminate ionic liquid in...