Potential Recharge Research Articles

Impact of climate change on groundwater recharge in the lake Manyara catchment, Tanzania

Groundwater account for about 60 to 80% of water supply to the population of Tanzania's semi-arid regions for domestic and agriculture uses. Despite the importance of groundwater resource in semi-arid areas, limited information exists on the recharge amount and potential recharge zones in Tanzania in the context of climate change which could result in unsustainable withdrawals. This study aimed to estimate the potential impact of climate change on groundwater recharge and identify potential recharge zones in the Lake Manyara catchment using Water and Energy Transfer between Soil, Plants and Atmosphere under the quasi-steady State (WetSpass) model. The WetSpass model was setup and calibrated using hydro-meteorological data (rainfall, temperature, wind speed, potential evapotranspiration, and groundwater depth) and biophysical data (soil, land use, topography, and slope). Simulated rainfall, temperature and potential evapotranspiration from an ensemble of four CORDEX-Africa regional climate models for the period 2021–2050 under the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP 8.5) scenario (hereafter referred as business-as-usual scenario) were used as input in the WetSpass model for the climate change impact assessment. WetSpass model calibration using the water balance equation showed a coefficient of determination (R2) value of 0.9 and Root-Mean-Square Error (RMSE) of 0.49 mm/yr between the simulated and calculated recharge. It was determined that the mean annual recharge of 53.9 mm/year (149 MCM/year) for the period 1989–2018 would increase by 7.9% in the future (2021–2050) under the business-as-usual climate scenario, due to the increase in rainfall. Seasonality and spatial differences in recharge amount were observed, with recharge projected to increase in the dry season and at areas that receive high amount of rainfall. Potential recharge zones in the catchment were found mostly around the northern part near Ngorongoro, the south-western part, and around Mbulu region. Findings from this study would help policymakers, and local stakeholders in planning and management of the groundwater resources for sustainable development.

Investigation of Groundwater Potential Using Remote Sensing and Hydro-geophysical Techniques: A Case Study of the Telidjene Basin (Eastern Algeria)

The present study aims to assess groundwater potential in the Telidjene Basin located in the semi-arid part of eastern Algeria, applying an innovative approach combining both remote sensing and hydrogeophysics methods. A re-interpretation of geophysical data and vertical electrical sounding (VES) measurements were applied and calibrated with the borehole data to map the deep structures that may control the presence of groundwater and identify the geological and hydrogeological setting. Morphometric factors affecting recharge were mapped using several types of remote sensing data (SRTM DEM, Landsat-8). Thematic maps were overlaid using the multicriteria method and GIS to detect potential recharge areas. The results show that the main factors influencing recharge are fracturing and drainage density. Four potential recharge areas were identified over a 547 km2 area of the basin. 20% of the area falls in the weakest class, 32% in the weak class, 3% in the moderate, and 16% in the strongest. Furthermore, the study reveals that an alluvial aquifer with a thickness of up to 60m, spreading over the surface, along the Wadi Telijene and the alluvial soil, is deposited unconformably on Cretaceous terrain containing aquifer horizons of varying thickness and different electrical resistivities (10–150 Ωm), drawing an anticlinal structure with lithostratigraphy interrupted by a series of faults and spurs of Aptian and Triassic age. The south-western part of the basin has a high to moderate recharge and storage capacity. Its alluvial cover is directly fed by precipitation and fractured limestones deposited in a syncline outcropping on the edges forming an alluvial and carbonate bilayer aquifer. This study concluded that an integrated approach, involving recent, efficient, and inexpensive technology, such as remote sensing and conventional geophysical method, can be successfully used to identify groundwater potential in the study area.

Delineation of groundwater potential zones, groundwater estimation and recharge potentials from Mahoba district of Uttar Pradesh, India

Delineation of groundwater potential zones, groundwater estimation and recharge potentials from Mahoba district of Uttar Pradesh, India

A Feasibility Assessment of Potential Artificial Recharge for Increasing Agricultural Areas in the Kerbala Desert in Iraq Using Numerical Groundwater Modeling

Groundwater in Iraq is considered to be an alternative water resource, especially for areas far away from surface water. Groundwater is affected by many factors including climate change, industrial activities, urbanization, and industrialization. In this study, the effect of artificial recharge on the quantity of groundwater in the Dibdibba unconfined aquifer in Iraq was simulated using a groundwater modeling system (GMS). The main raw water source used in the artificial recharge process was the reclaimed water output (tertiary treatment) from the main wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Kerbala, with 20 injection wells. After calibration and validation of the three-dimensional numerical model used in this study and taking wastewater recharge rates into account, two different scenarios were applied to obtain the expected behavior of the aquifer when the groundwater levels were augmented with 5% and 10% of the daily outflow production of the WWTP in Kerbala. The model matched the observed head elevations with R2 = 0.951 for steady state and R2= 0.894 for transient simulations. The results indicate that the injection of treated water through 20 wells raised the water table in more than 91 and 136 km2 for 5000 and 10,000 m3/day pumping rates, respectively. Moreover, increasing the volume of water added to the aquifer could lead to establishing new agricultural areas, spanning more than 62 km2, extending about 20 km along the river.

Identification of Preferential Recharge Zones in Karst Systems Based on the Correlation between the Spring Level and Precipitation: A Case Study from Jinan Spring Basin

The Jinan spring basin is located in the karst area of northern China, where springs serve as important sources of water supply. Several studies on spring protection and water supply have been carried out, and scholars have developed some laws on local groundwater flow dynamic and characteristics of aquifer structures. Unfortunately, there is a lack of detailed research on preferential recharge zones, which are the main recharge pathways of springs. Therefore, this research focuses on identifying preferential recharge zones based on the correlation between the spring level and precipitation. The results show that when precipitation is more intense or lasts longer, there is a stronger correlation between spring level and precipitation. It has been established that the precipitation at Donghongmiao station has the closest relationship with the dynamic of Baotu spring, which is found to be the most significant contribution to spring preservation. Two potential preferential recharge zones in the Jinan spring basin are detected through correlation analysis and geological exploration data. These findings support spring protection and water supply projects in karst regions.

Assessment of Groundwater Recharge Potential Depending on Morphologic Analysis in East of Wasit, Southeastern Iraq

Modern technologies are used for watershed management to cope with drought risks in arid and semi-arid regions. The study aimed to conduct a morphometric analysis and know potential groundwater recharge areas in the eastern region of Wasit Province. Remote sensing and GIS data were used for morphometric analysis. The morphometric analysis results adopted the Digital Elevation Model. The results of the analysis were verified by matching the results with what exists in reality. The area of the first basin was 1482.017, as it is the largest basin from the area, with a percent of 51.228% of the total area of all basins. The percentage of first-degree flows reached 83.37% in the first basin, 74.14% percent in the second basin, 75.51% in the third basin, and 75.75% in the fourth basin from all streams in each basin. The bifurcation rate (3.135-4.233), Stream frequency range values (0.543-0.332), drainage texture coarse, low drainage density that ranged between 0.986-1.14 km/km2 elongation ratio ranging from 0.348-0.624 form factor (0.095-0.316). The basins' circularity (0.105-0.238) relief value (951-112) m infiltration number value (0.369-0.535). All basins have a longitudinal shape and lead to the formation of floods and rapid currents, which exposes the region to rapid seasonal floods and the creation of flash floods that cause soil erosion and analyses the drainage intensity results. It was low, and this is an indication that the ground has high permeability. The flow frequency results indicate that the area is semi-arid and exposed to small amounts of rain and coarse drainage texture by comparing the result parameters from morphometric analysis results for each basin. The potential recharge areas of groundwater in the study area can be known, n as the analysis results showed that recharge potential occurs in all basins. The highest groundwater recharge is possible in the third basin and the lowest in the first basin. Morphometric analysis was performed by ARC-GIS(Arc-map10.4).

PRZ index for identifying potential areas of recharge in alluvial aquifers and for land use planning

An index to identify potential recharge zones (PRZs) in alluvial aquifers was developed to protect these zones during land use planning. The PRZ index was designed as an additive index through the selection of five characterization indicators. The variables were then operationalized and categorized to generate a conceptual model of the physical-geological system. The PRZ index places recharge zones into four classes according to their potential. This index was applied to the Bolo River hydrogeological area (Valle del Cauca, Colombia), and the following proportions were identified for each PRZ category with a total area greater than 426 km2: very high: 23%, high: 30%; moderate: 40% and low: 7%. The areas with a very high recharge potential were found in the upper portion of the debris cones; their potential was predominantly due to the presence of sand and gravel unconfined aquifers and to aquifer outcrop layers at depths of less than 2.5 m. These PRZs were validated with piezometry, and the hydraulic gradient for 71% of the area was greater than 1%. These areas should be declared protected areas.

Identification of the Dominant Factors in Groundwater Recharge Process, Using Multivariate Statistical Approaches in a Semi-Arid Region

Identifying contributing factors of potential recharge zones is essential for sustainable groundwater resources management in arid regions. In this study, a data matrix with 66 observations of climatic, hydrogeological, morphological, and land use variables was analyzed. The dominant factors in groundwater recharge process and potential recharge zones were evaluated using K-means clustering, principal component analysis (PCA), and geostatistical analysis. The study highlights the importance of multivariate methods coupled with geospatial analysis to identify the main factors contributing to recharge processes and delineate potential groundwater recharge areas. Potential recharge zones were defined into cluster 1 and cluster 3; these were classified as low potential for recharge. Cluster 2 was classified with high potential for groundwater recharge. Cluster 1 is located on a flat land surface with nearby faults and it is mostly composed of ignimbrites and volcanic rocks of low hydraulic conductivity (K). Cluster 2 is located on a flat lowland agricultural area, and it is mainly composed of alluvium that contributes to a higher hydraulic conductivity. Cluster 3 is located on steep slopes with nearby faults and is formed of rhyolite and ignimbrite with interbedded layers of volcanic rocks of low hydraulic conductivity. PCA disclosed that groundwater recharge processes are controlled by geology, K, temperature, precipitation, potential evapotranspiration (PET), humidity, and land use. Infiltration processes are restricted by low hydraulic conductivity, as well as ignimbrites and volcanic rocks of low porosity. This study demonstrates that given the climatic and geological conditions found in the Sierra de San Miguelito Volcanic Complex (SSMVC), this region is not working optimally as a water recharge zone towards the deep aquifer of the San Luis Potosí Valley (SLPV). This methodology will be useful for water resource managers to develop strategies to identify and define priority recharge areas with greater certainty.

Estimation of potential recharge through direct seeded and transplanted rice fields in semi-arid regions of Punjab using HYDRUS-1D

The present study utilizes soil water balance and HYDRUS-1D for estimating and predicting potential recharge in groundwater declining region of central Punjab, respectively. A field experiment was conducted at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. Two treatments viz direct-seeded (DSR) and transplanted rice (TPR) with three replications, were sown/transplanted during kharif season of 2019. The amount of water applied through rainfall/irrigation was recorded and bottom flux was measured using frequency domain reflectometry (FDR) and then predicted using HYDRUS-1D in order to assess potential groundwater recharge which was further compared with deep percolation determined using soil water balance. The performance of the HYDRUS-1D was evaluated using RMSE, NSE, and R2 and found to be performing well. The paired t-test (t = 1.28 and t = 1.30 for TPR and DSR, respectively) was found to be non-significant at P = 0.05 which showed the correspondence between predicted and estimated parameters. The percentage change between estimated and predicted potential groundwater recharge was found to be 0.7% and 2.32% in TPR and DSR, respectively. The study revealed that there was 9% water saving and 14.6% more deep percolation (cumulative bottom flux) in DSR as compared to TPR that may potentially contribute to groundwater recharge.

Identification of the Groundwater Potential Recharge Zones Using MCDM Models: Full Consistency Method (FUCOM), Best Worst Method (BWM) and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)

Identification of the Groundwater Potential Recharge Zones Using MCDM Models: Full Consistency Method (FUCOM), Best Worst Method (BWM) and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)

A study of the suitability assessment of groundwater recharge by water supply in the Yongding River

Due to the effect of climate changes and human activities, groundwater over-exploitation and aquifer depletion have become global issues of concern. Artificial recharge of groundwater through a river has been paid more attention among a variety of artificial intervention measures. It is found that not all rivers or river reaches are suitable for artificial recharge of groundwater owing to the limitations of recharge potential by infiltration and storage capacity of the vadose zone. At present, there is still a lack of widely accepted suitability assessment methods. In this study, the Yongding River in the Beijing Plain section and the underlying aquifer are taken as the study area and the case study is carried out. Moreover, the measured data are used to verify the results. The suitability assessment model (LMBGITSC model) constructed by the index system method includes eight indexes: land use types of riverbed, sediment types of riverbed, channel width, channel topographic slope, medium types of the vadose zone, thickness of the vadose zone, specific yield of the vadose zone and horizontal permeability of the vadose zone. The results show that the suitability of groundwater recharge in the Yongding River changes from good degree to medium degree along the river flow direction (except the reaches carried out anti-seepage engineering), presenting a step-type evolution law. The proposed method is of good applicability and can also provide reference for similar regions.

Modelling of potential groundwater artificial recharge in the transboundary Algero‐Tunisian Basin (Tebessa‐Gafsa): The application of stable isotopes and hydroinformatics tools*

AbstractWater resource overuse is a considerable challenge in areas with diverse activities and mixed climate. An area with deteriorated water quality (salinity higher than 5 g/L), typical of the transboundary Algero‐Tunisian area of the Tebessa‐Gafsa Basin in North Africa, was selected to investigate the spatial distribution of groundwater recharge and the water resources management. Several data including soil type, hydrogeologic characteristics, geomorphologic parameters, and climatic settings were used. Seasonal and early groundwater recharge and evapotranspiration were evaluated by applying the physical WetSpass model (Water and Energy Transfer between Soil, Plants, and Atmosphere Under quasi‐Steady State) model‐based geographic information system during 44 years. Results indicate spatio‐temporal changes in the recharge values. The highest values (13.3 mm) were recorded to the north of the study area during the wet season, while the lowest values, which reached −0.5 mm, were recorded to the south during the dry season. The recharge period of these transboundary aquifers, dated using isotopic tools (3H, 2H, and 18O), coincides with the Late Pleistocene and the Early Holocene humid periods. This Pleistocene and Holocene period could be responsible for the groundwater recharge in the Middle East and North Africa regions. Then, management and geovalorization of unconventional water processes promoting better water resource use have been proposed by applying artificial groundwater recharge.

Sustainable water management using rainfall-runoff modeling: A geospatial approach

The rainfall-runoff modeling was carried out using Lacey's and rational formulas to identify the possible locations for surplus precipitation to the groundwater regime with Rain Water Harvesting (RWH) systems, evaluate total recharge potential, and impact on the groundwater regime. Our results found that the total recharge potential created by these artificial recharge systems with injection well is to the tune of 72.07 × 104 m3/annum. These recharge measures will help to improve the groundwater levels as well as control the declining water levels, helps in maintain/improve the existing quality of groundwater, and the quantity of groundwater also increase. While recharging rainfall-runoff water through these RWH systems to the groundwater regime, the overall impact on the groundwater regime will be a positive effect. Groundwater reserves will improve as per the water level fluctuation method; these effects will change the area's replenishable reserves. This phenomenon of continuous recharge of runoff water to groundwater regime, those blocks are in critical/semi-critical/overexploited maybe help to renovate them into the safe category. It may add an excellent source to the groundwater for excess water consumption for irrigation/domestic/industries/mining users. Moreover, considering the cost of installation and maintenance expenses, these systems are effective and economical. This research provides a scientific approach to arrest the extreme possibility of precipitation runoff during different rainfall events, water conservation with groundwater recharge the studied area and helps to ensure the availability of surface and subsurface water in sustainable in long-term uses even in drought period/deficit rainfall events and help mitigate the flood risk hazards.

Mapping Potential Zones for Groundwater Recharge Using a GIS Technique in the Lower Khwae Hanuman Sub-Basin Area, Prachin Buri Province, Thailand

The lower Khwae Hanuman sub-basin in Thailand suffers from water shortage during each dry season. As such, groundwater resources are an additional freshwater source in this region, in particular for cultivating activities. Thus, an understanding of the volume of groundwater recharge into the saturated zone is required. The objective of the study is to assess the groundwater recharge potential (GRP) using the weighted overlay analysis method by geographic information system (GIS) and finally checking the reliability of GRP map using observed specific capacity carried out by the Department of Groundwater Resources (DGR). The geological and hydrogeological features that affect groundwater potential are the lithology, land use, lineaments, drainage, slope, and soil. The weighting and rating of these six influencing factors were determined by assessing the interrelationship of the main and minor influences of each factor based on several literature reviews, followed by a weighted overlay analysis with GIS, in association with groundwater recharge. The GRP can be classified in descending order: high, moderate, low, and very low, where about 33.9 km2 (2.26% of the total area of 1,500 km2) had high recharge potentiality, located at the center of the area. Only 12.8% of the total precipitation (271.75 million m3/y or approximately 181.2 mm) infiltrated the groundwater aquifer, while the rest was lost by either surface runoff or evapotranspiration. Based on GRP sensitivity analysis index, lithology was the most efficient influencing factor in GRP mapping. Most groundwater wells (>96% or 369 wells) were classified into the classes of low and moderated, which agree to the GRP zones. The results of calculating the area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were 86.0 percent, with relatively good predictive accuracy. The stable baseflow analysis would be used to confirm the amount of GRP by weighting overlay technique. Therefore, the GRP method can be applied in other areas, particular in similar hydrogeological characteristics. The first-hand recharge potential map and groundwater recharge information in this area can be used to establish an effective groundwater exploration program for agricultural activities; it is also used to appropriate sustainable yields from each groundwater basin to provide groundwater over the long-term, without negatively impacting the environment and without affecting the groundwater balance as it has recharge in the rainy seasons, which can use groundwater sustainably. It is in line with the sustainable development goals (SDGs) in goal number six of the UN.

Identification of Groundwater Potential Recharge Zones in Flinders Ranges, South Australia Using Remote Sensing, GIS, and MIF Techniques

In Australia, water resource management is a major environmental, biological, and socio-economic issue, and will be an essential component of future development. The Hawker Area of the central Flinders Ranges, South Australia suffers from a lack of reliable data to help with water resource management and decision making. The present study aimed to delineate and assess groundwater recharge potential (GWRP) zones using an integration between the remote sensing (RS), geographic information system (GIS), and multi-influencing factors (MIF) approaches in the Hawker Area of the Flinders Ranges, South Australia. Many thematic layers such as lithology, drainage density, slope, and lineament density were established in a GIS environment for the purpose of identifying groundwater recharge potential zones. A knowledge base ranking from 1 to 5 was assigned to each individual thematic layer and its categories, depending on each layer’s importance to groundwater recharge potential zones. All of the thematic layers were integrated to create a combined groundwater potential map of the study area using weighting analysis in ArcGIS software. The groundwater potential zones were categorized into three classes, good, moderate, and low. The resulting zones were verified using available water data and showed a relative consistency with the interpretations. The findings of this study indicated that the most effective groundwater potential recharge zones are located where the lineament density is high, the drainage density is low, and the slope is gentle. The least effective areas for groundwater recharge are underlain by shale and siltstone. The results indicated that there were interrelationships between the groundwater recharge potential factors and the general hydrology characteristics scores of the catchment. MIF analysis using GIS mapping techniques proved to be a very useful tool in the evaluation of hydrogeological systems and could enable decision makers to evaluate, better manage, and protect a hydrogeological system using a single platform.

Identification of Potential Recharge Zones in Drought Prone Area of Bundelkhand Region, India, Using SCS-CN and MIF Technique Under GIS-frame work

Identification of Potential Recharge Zones in Drought Prone Area of Bundelkhand Region, India, Using SCS-CN and MIF Technique Under GIS-frame work

Estimation of total groundwater reserves and delineation of weathered/fault zones for aquifer potential: A case study from the Federal District of Brazil

Abstract In the Federal District of Brazil, groundwater extraction is challenged by fractured aquifers with difficulty in identification of hydraulic traps and significant uncertainty in the estimation of recharge potential. This study aims to optimize the demarcation of new locations of tubular wells by the aid of geophysical investigation. In the first stage of this study, the total exploitable amount of groundwater were calculated from the information of the physical environment and the existing wells. Second, electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) method was carried out on the selected sites – based on their surficial characteristics. The possible hydraulic traps (where groundwater might exist) were identified from the inversion of the resistivity measured by the dipole–dipole array and from the delineation of the resultant conducting zones (including the weathered rocks and fractures). Using this approach, we predicted the position and number of tubular wells required and ranked them according to their potential productivity. The study provides a promising framework for investigating groundwater in fractured aquifers.

Identification of potential groundwater recharge zones at Makutupora basin, Dodoma Tanzania

ABSTRACT This paper presents results of identifying potential groundwater recharge zones at the Makutupora basin using GIS and remote sensing techniques. The study was based on integration of seven factors known to contribute towards groundwater existence, namely lineaments and drainage density, elevation, slope, lithology, rainfall, and land use/land cover. For each factor, a thematic layer was prepared, reclassified into five classes, and assigned weight based on its contribution to groundwater existence. All weighted thematic layers were overlaid by the weighted sum analysis method using spatial analyst tool in ArcGIS 10.4® to produce spatial distribution of potential groundwater recharge zones. The potential groundwater recharge zones were classified into five classes, ranging from not suitable to more suitable. This study reveals coverage of potential groundwater recharge as: 2% very good zone, 11% good, 40% average, 45.5% poor, and 1.6% very poor . The Southwest, Northeast, and some small sections of the North of the basin are predominantly between good and very good groundwater recharge potential; while the rest of the basin ranges from poor to very poor. These results have provided some useful information to enable exploration of groundwater wells and foster sustainable planning and use of groundwater resources in this area.

Quantify karstic aquifer potential recharge zones by integrated hydrogeology and GIS approaches, Northern Iran

One of the main challenges facing the sustainable development of the Kalaleh region is the need for better management of this limited karstic fresh water resources. Kalaleh mountainous region in the north of Iran is drained by several karstic springs such as Zaw, Aghsoo and Yal-cheshme, having discharge rate of 20 to 2500 lit/s. The springs are mainly discharged from Lar, Tirgan, Mozduran karstic formations. In this research, the potential recharge mapping and catchment area of the major karstic springs have been investigated based on the groundwater balance and a GIS approach considering geological factors. In another part of the study, the determined primary catchment area by hydrogeological budget method was reconfirmed with geological method and the results were acceptable. Eight potential recharge contributing factors were evaluated using the GIS including drainage and slope, karstic features, lithology, land cover, precipitation and lineaments. The weights and the score of the factors were assigned based on aerial photos, geological maps, land use database and field verification. The different prepared layers were overlaid in GIS environment, and finally, the mean annual recharge rate of the karstic springs was determined which are in the range of 39-44% of the precipitation. Understanding the groundwater potential recharge zone of the Kalaleh watershed is important for management, proper utilization and future planning of water resources for sustainable management. The Lar formation has higher potential for karst development and infiltration than others. The effective karstic formations in recharging process in order of significance are Lar, Mozduran and Tirgan.

Groundwater potential zone mapping of Hoshangabad and Budhni industrial area, Madhya Pradesh, India

Hoshangabad and Budhni industrial area is sub-humid part of the Narmada river basin, Madhya Pradesh, India. In the area, irrigation, domestic and industrial water supply relies on the available groundwater resources. The regular withdrawal of groundwater for irrigation, domestic and industrial use has results in lowering of groundwater table in the area. To overcome this problem potential recharge zones of groundwater were delineated in the area by applying remote sensing and GIS approach supported by field observations. GIS technology has been used to analyze and integrate various groundwater-controlling factors viz; Geology, Geomorphology, Lineaments, Topography, Soil, Drainage density and Land use/Land cover. Weightage to each parameter was assigned based on the hydrological characteristics of the observed parameter. Groundwater Potential Index (GPI) of the area has been calculated, by integration of the various thematic layers by Weighted Overlay Analysis (WOA) method in ArcGIS. The results demonstrated that about (3.58 km2) of the area is designated as excellent groundwater potential zone, whereas, good, moderate, low and poor groundwater potential zone covers (51.18 km2); (117.36 km2); (38.59 km2) and (6.66 km2) area respectively. The study reveals most effective groundwater potential zone lies in southernmost part of the area characterized by alluvium formations with gentle slope. Low and poor groundwater potential zone is present in the northernmost part characterized by steep slope, impervious rocks and high drainage density. Further, the results were validated by overlay the well inventory data of observation wells in the delineated potential recharge zones using GPS locations. The study has proved uneven distribution of these groundwater potential zones is controlled by the observed parameters. The study will be help in development and management of groundwater resources by enhancing the recharge practices, especially in poor and low groundwater potential zone.