Abstract
The rainfall-runoff modeling was carried out using Lacey's and rational formulas to identify the possible locations for surplus precipitation to the groundwater regime with Rain Water Harvesting (RWH) systems, evaluate total recharge potential, and impact on the groundwater regime. Our results found that the total recharge potential created by these artificial recharge systems with injection well is to the tune of 72.07 × 104 m3/annum. These recharge measures will help to improve the groundwater levels as well as control the declining water levels, helps in maintain/improve the existing quality of groundwater, and the quantity of groundwater also increase. While recharging rainfall-runoff water through these RWH systems to the groundwater regime, the overall impact on the groundwater regime will be a positive effect. Groundwater reserves will improve as per the water level fluctuation method; these effects will change the area's replenishable reserves. This phenomenon of continuous recharge of runoff water to groundwater regime, those blocks are in critical/semi-critical/overexploited maybe help to renovate them into the safe category. It may add an excellent source to the groundwater for excess water consumption for irrigation/domestic/industries/mining users. Moreover, considering the cost of installation and maintenance expenses, these systems are effective and economical. This research provides a scientific approach to arrest the extreme possibility of precipitation runoff during different rainfall events, water conservation with groundwater recharge the studied area and helps to ensure the availability of surface and subsurface water in sustainable in long-term uses even in drought period/deficit rainfall events and help mitigate the flood risk hazards.
Highlights
Precipitation runoff is one of the most dynamic hydrologic variables of Hydrologic Cycle
As per the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) (Sanders, 2007 and Prasad et al, 2016), the water flow direction in drainage/streams orders (Fig.6) are derived and the watersheds are derived. These watersheds are again classified into sub-watersheds. Out of these all catchments only large catchments are selected for high rainfall runoff, the balance catchments are neglected due to less area of rainfall runoff from those areas
Rainfall Runoff: In present study, surface runoff from all selected catchments are estimated by average of both Lacy’s (Garg, 1976) & Rational (Rahunath, 2006; Kuichling 1889)
Summary
Precipitation runoff is one of the most dynamic hydrologic variables of Hydrologic Cycle It is an ideal unit for the supervision of natural resources like water from precipitation & for reduction of the impact of natural disaster for achieving sustainable development. In India, maximum of agriculture, domestic and industrial sectors are mainly depending up on the surface water and ground water sources. As per available statics (GEC, 1997), the water reserves are of four types, namely safe, semi-critical, critical & over exploited. In 2004 (GWRA, 2004) the statics are as follows, safe-1, semi-critical-0, critical-3 & over exploited-8. In 2017 (GWRA 2017), safe-0, semi-critical-4, critical-5 & over exploited-3 In view of this above statics, it is evident that the pressure on ground water source in India tremendously increasing
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