Packet Reception Research Articles

LoRaWAN multi-hop uplink extension

The coverage of a LoRaWAN network in a city is greatly hampered by the harsh propagation environment. Sensors are sometimes placed under the ground or in places with strong electromagnetic attenuation. Also, for users who have a contract with a network operator, installing another gateway to improve coverage of blind spots is not an option. In other cases, there is no or very weak connectivity (e.g. basements). In the present work, we design and implement a multi-hop uplink solution compatible with the LoRaWAN specification, which can act as an extension to already deployed gateways. End nodes transmit data messages to intermediate nodes, which relay them to gateways by choosing routes based on a simplified version of Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) routing. The routing protocol was successfully implemented and was assessed using a linear and bottleneck topology, where the Packet Reception Rate (PRR) and throughput were measured. On the bottleneck topology it was observed that the PRR of each node did not significantly vary. On the linear topology we observed that the throughput and PRR did not decrease considerably with the increase of hops.

Jamming-Resilient Multipath Routing Protocol for Flying Ad Hoc Networks

As a result of the rapid technological advances on electronic, sensors and communication technologies, and increasingly popular multi-sized unmanned aerial vehicles, also referred to as drones, flying ad hoc networks (FANETs) are rapidly proliferating and leading the emergence of Internet of Drones and its applications. Because of the versatility, flexibility, easy installation, and relatively small operating expenses of drones, FANETs have enormous potential in the public and civil domains. However, due to unique characteristics of FANETs, routing demands of FANETs go beyond the needs of mobile ad hoc networks and vehicular ad hoc networks. In this paper, we propose a jamming-resilient multipath routing protocol, also called JarmRout , so that intentional jamming and disruption or isolated and localized failures do not interrupt the overall network performance of FANETs. To achieve this goal, the JarmRout relies on a combination of three major schemes that are link quality scheme, traffic load scheme, and spatial distance scheme. We present a simple analytical model and its numerical result in terms of RREP packet reception rate of source node. We also evaluate the proposed routing protocol through extensive simulation experiments using the OMNeT++ and compare its performance with three representative routing protocols that are dynamic source routing, optimized link state routing, and split multipath routing. Simulation results show that the JarmRout can not only improve packet delivery ratio and packet delivery latency but also can reduce end-to-end communication outage rate without introducing extra communication overhead, indicating a viable approach to improve network resiliency in the presence of malicious jammers in FANETs.

A method of improving PRR for WiFi interference avoidance in ZigBee networks in indoor environments

This paper focuses on how to avoid RF interferences when deploying WiFi/ZigBee radios simultaneously. The circumstances are particularly unfavourable for ZigBee networks that share the 2.4 GHz ISM band with WiFi senders capable of 10 to 100 times higher transmission power. Thus, we propose a method of minimising interference from WiFi, while limits ZigBee's occupancy rate. Another important point to be considered here is that packet reception ratio (PRR) varies with the shape of crossing corridors. Our proposed method to avoid interferences is the use of channel hopping. This channel hopping will be applied by evaluating the two values on receiver node: the received signal strength and the received acknowledged packets. The another method to increase PRR depending on the type of crossing corridors is to deploy intermediate nodes with the shortest distance to its neighbours. This method conducts an efficient topology of multi-hop ad hoc wireless network.

A method of improving PRR for WiFi Interference Avoidance in ZigBee Networks in Indoor Environments

This paper focuses on how to avoid RF interferences when deploying WiFi/ZigBee radios simultaneously. The circumstances are particularly unfavourable for ZigBee networks that share the 2.4 GHz ISM band with WiFi senders capable of 10 to 100 times higher transmission power. Thus, we propose a method of minimising interference from WiFi, while limits ZigBee's occupancy rate. Another important point to be considered here is that packet reception ratio (PRR) varies with the shape of crossing corridors. Our proposed method to avoid interferences is the use of channel hopping. This channel hopping will be applied by evaluating the two values on receiver node: the received signal strength and the received acknowledged packets. The another method to increase PRR depending on the type of crossing corridors is to deploy intermediate nodes with the shortest distance to its neighbours. This method conducts an efficient topology of multi-hop ad hoc wireless network.

Performance Analysis of IEEE 802.11p Safety Message Broadcast With and Without Relaying at Road Intersection

Dedicated short-range communication (DSRC), which is an essential part of vehicle-to-vehicle/infrastructure communication to enhance the road safety, is often characterized by the IEEE 802.11p standard. Numerous works have been done on the DSRC safety message broadcasting performance for highway scenario. However, up to date, no work has been done on the performance of the IEEE 802.11p safety message broadcasting for the road-intersection scenario in urban environment. An intersection scenario is different from a highway scenario. In a highway scenario, it is often been considered that all the vehicles have the same communication range as well as the same carrier sensing range. However, this is not the case for the intersection scenario, where there exist a lot of obstructions, such as buildings and urban canyons. In an intersection, the communication and carrier sensing ranges of a vehicle heavily depend on the location of that vehicle. This paper first analyzes and then provides solution on improving the broadcasting performance of the DSRC safety message at an intersection while considering the IEEE 802.11p enhanced distributed channel access mechanism. To facilitate different communication and carrier sensing ranges of different vehicles, we divide the intersection region into few parts/areas based on an empirically validated path loss model. We present an analytical study on the packet reception rates and channel access delay which is applicable for the different positions of transmitters and receivers in the intersection areas. The analytical results are verified by the NS-3 simulation. From the results, we find that the overall delivery ratio is very poor when the broadcasting vehicle is not close enough to the intersection-center. To improve the overall broadcast performance of such scenarios, we employ a road side unit (RSU) at the intersection-center to relay the safety messages once. We show the performance improvement via relaying while first using omni-directional and then using special sector antennas, the so-called bidirectional antenna, at the RSU. From the results, it is shown that relaying with the omni-directional antenna gives moderate improvement on the overall delivery ratio, while a significant improvement can be achieved by relaying with sector antenna.

Wireless Vehicular Check-in Protocol at Urban Road Intersection

Intelligent organization of the traffic flow at an urban intersection is fundamentally important in intelligent transportation systems. Because of their low-cost deployment and convenient maintenance, wireless devices attract more attention against traditional devices, e.g., ground loops and road cameras. This paper targets to provide a vehicle-efficient check-in at a roadside unit (RSU) installed at an urban intersection through wireless communication, which means that each vehicle exchanges information with the RSU while traveling past the intersection. While this seems simple, it is nontrivial because fast-moving vehicles limit the lifetime of their packets and the RSU suffers from mutual interference caused by other mobile devices. Especially, the communication background environment is complex and highly dynamic. To address the challenges, we design a wireless check-in protocol with flexible parameters on the basis of the IEEE 802.11 protocols. The protocol leverages a vector auto-regressive and moving average model and reinforcement learning to dynamic environment adaptation. Moreover, a fine-grained tuning method based on an exponential smoothing algorithm is applied on the RSU side to further improve the check-in efficiency. We evaluate the proposed check-in protocol by combining the real urban road intersection data, collected in Shenzhen and Shanghai, with a simulation of urban mobility (SUMO) and an NS-3 network simulator. Its usage brings about 10% improvement in both check-in ratio and packet reception ratio in comparison with the IEEE 802.11p. It also can act as a basic component for various real-time information services.

Pithy Review on Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks and Least Routing Time Opportunistic Technique in WSN

Nowadays due to most of the telecommunication standard development organizations focusing on using device-to-device communication so that they can provide proximity-based services and add-on services on top of the available cellular infrastructure. An Oppnets and wireless sensor network play a prominent role here. Routing in these networks plays a significant role in fields such as traffic management, packet delivery etc. Routing is a prodigious research area with diverse unresolved issues. This paper firstly focuses on the importance of Opportunistic routing and its concept then focus is shifted to prime aspect i.e. on packet reception ratio which is one of the highest QoS Awareness parameters. This paper discusses the two important functions of routing in wireless sensor networks (WSN) namely route selection using least routing time algorithm (LRTA) and data forwarding using clustering technique. Finally, the simulation result reveals that LRTA performs relatively better than the existing system in terms of average packet reception ratio and connectivity.

Dynamic Cross-Layer Beamforming in Hybrid Powered Communication Systems With Harvest-Use-Trade Strategy

The application of renewable energy is a promising solution to realize the Green Communications. However, if the cellular systems are solely powered by the renewable energy, the weather dependence of the renewable energy arrival makes the systems unstable. On the other hand, the proliferation of the smart grid facilitates the loads with two-way energy trading capability. Hence, a hybrid powered cellular system, which combines the smart grid with the base stations, can reduce the grid energy expenditure and improve the utilization efficiency of the renewable energy. In this paper, the long-term grid energy expenditure minimization problem is formulated as a stochastic optimization model. By leveraging the stochastic optimization theory, we reformulate the stochastic optimization problem as a \mbox{per-frame} grid energy plus weighted penalized packet rate minimization problem, which is NP-hard. As a result, two suboptimal algorithms, which jointly consider the effects of the channel quality and the packet reception failure, are proposed based on the successive approximation beamforming (SABF) technique and the \mbox{zero-forcing} beamforming (ZFBF) technique. The convergence properties of the proposed suboptimal algorithms are established, and the corresponding computational complexities are analyzed. Simulation results show that the proposed SABF algorithm outperforms the ZFBF algorithm in both grid energy expenditure and packet delay. By tuning a control parameter, the grid energy expenditure can be traded for the packet delay under the proposed stochastic optimization model.

Wireless sensing modules for rural monitoring and precision agriculture applications

ABSTRACTIn this work, a new design of wireless sensing modules for the wireless sensor network was proposed and the specifications were tested (Received Signal Strength Indicator – RSSI, Packet Reception Ratio – PRR, Link Quality Indicator – LQI) in comparison with some commercial products. Indeed, we focus on the design of wireless sensing nodes and programming of the data transfer protocol for wireless sensing nodes (from the PHYSICAL layer to MAC layer) Experimental results show that the designed wireless sensing modules have the potential for real-world application with read-range (over 150 m), RSSI (bigger than –80 dBm), LQI (bigger than 108) and PRR (over 99%) in the range between 0 and 150 m.

In-band full duplex wireless communications and networking for IoT devices: Progress, challenges and opportunities

The new era of IoT devices call for wireless communications with high spectral efficiency because of the congested spectral space in reality. Current wireless communication systems work at half duplex mode in an either time-division or frequency-division approach to transmit and receive wireless signals. Half duplex results in poor spectral efficiency because only unidirectional communications are allowed. Recent research has aimed at enabling In-band full duplex wireless communication that allows a wireless node for simultaneous transmission and reception of signals. The benefits of in-band full duplex includes the doubled spectra efficiency which is in great need in the rapidly growing IoT devices and the potentials to solve the hidden terminals, unfairness and the exposed problems presented in the current single channel half duplex wireless communications. This paper investigates the research background and progress of in-band full duplex wireless. It also presents the research problems as well as opportunities. In addition, this paper summarizes the performance of literature solutions with experiment results in achieving in-band full duplex wireless communications. It also compares the Throughput and Packet Reception Ratio performance of full duplex to that of half duplex from a Software Defined Radio platform.

Topology mapping algorithm for 2D and 3D Wireless Sensor Networks based on maximum likelihood estimation

Automation of many sensor network protocols requires maps indicating sensor locations. Physical coordinate based maps capture the physical layout including voids and shapes, but obtaining the required distance values is often not feasible or economical. Alternative is to use topological maps based only on connectivity Information. Due to lack of physical distances, they are not faithful representatives of the physical layout. Here we present Maximum Likelihood-Topology Maps (ML-TM) that provide a more accurate physical representation, by using the probability of signal reception, an easily measurable parameter that is sensitive to the distance. Approach is illustrated using a mobile robot that listens to signals transmitted by sensor nodes and maps the packet reception probability to a coordinate system using a signal receiving probability function. ML-TM is an intermediate map between exact physical maps and hop- based topology coordinates. Results show that ML-TM algorithm generates maps for various network shapes with voids/obstacles in different environmental conditions with an error less than 7%. Performance of the algorithm in 3D sensor networks is also illustrated.

Comments on “Interference-Based Capacity Analysis of Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks”

A new effective interference-based capacity model was proposed for vehicular ad hoc network safety message broadcast scenario in M. Ni et al. ( Commun. Lett. , vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 621–624, Apr. 2015). This letter is a reconsideration and extension of the model in Ni et al. . First, we point out that the analysis in Ni et al. is incomplete and show a new derivation of the node transmission probability and the SIR distribution accounting for the impact of asynchronous timing of hidden terminals and all possible interference occurrence cases. Second, the analysis is extended to the derivation of other important quality of service metrics, such as packet reception probability, packet reception ratio, and transmission capacity. The proposed analysis is cross validated by MATLAB, PYTHON, and NS2 simulations.

Raptor Code-Enabled Reliable Data Transmission for In-Vehicle Power Line Communication Systems With Impulsive Noise

With the rapid development of in-vehicle data transmission systems, the power line communication (PLC) technology is considered as a good alternative due to the reduction of cable harness. However, PLC suffers from severe impulse noise, which hinders the correct reception of data packets, and hence, leads to a poor transmission performance. In this letter, we propose a raptor code-enabled data transmission scheme for different traffic classes in in-vehicle PLC systems. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme is suitable for in-vehicle data transmission and can provide good protection against the impulsive noise, while a considerable reception overhead is needed.

Fountain-Coded File Spreading Over Mobile Networks

Spreading a large file consisting of many packets over a mobile network is challenging due to the short meeting duration for each transmission. Moreover, two typical causes of inefficient file spreading are duplicate packet reception at the destination nodes and excessive overhead exchanges. We propose to employ fountain codes at the source node to jointly addresses the three issues: 1) each coded packet can be small enough to fit into the meeting duration; 2) duplicate packet reception is significantly reduced since each coded packet is innovative; and 3) overhead is greatly saved by using file-level ACK instead of packet-level ACK. We conduct performance analysis in terms of the source-to-destination file delay and source-to-destination file spreading time in both non-relaying and relaying scenarios. While packet duplication can be eliminated in the former scenario, there is still a non-trivial duplication probability if relaying is allowed. Therefore, we propose a fountain-coded two-hop relaying (FTTR) protocol to further reduce the packet duplication ratio so that the spreading performance does not degrade with network size. The file spreading time and packet duplication ratio of FTTR are derived in closed form and verified through simulations.

TARS

Efficient medium access control (MAC) is desirable for underwater sensor networks (UWSNs). However, designing an efficient underwater MAC protocol is challenging due to the long propagation delay of the underwater acoustic channel and spatial-temporal uncertainty. In this article, we propose a novel Traffic-Adaptive Receiver-Synchronized underwater MAC protocol, TARS, for throughput maximization. We divide time into equal-sized slots, each the size of one packet transmission time plus a guard time to cope with network dynamics. We adjust the packet transmission phase in a slot, determined by the sender-receiver distance, to align packet receptions for collision reduction. Both the sound propagation speed variation and the node mobility are considered in setting the transmission phase and slot size. We employ a queue-aware utility-optimization framework to determine the optimal transmission strategies dynamically, taking into account both the interference and data queue status. Extensive simulation results show that compared to the existing representative protocols, TARS achieves better performance with higher network throughput and lower packet delay (e.g., about 13%−146% higher in throughput and 13%−21% lower in delay than others in a mobile ad hoc network), as well as robustness under network mobility. Thus, TARS is highly suitable for mobile and traffic-varying UWSNs.

A Position-based Resource Allocation Scheme for V2V Communication

Recently, the 3rd Generation Partnership Project has developed vehicle-to-everything communication to manage and advance future traffic safety and mobility. In this study, we propose a position-based resource allocation scheme for vehicle-to-vehicle communication. The proposed scheme allocates a different frequency and time resources based on vehicle speed, density, direction, and position. Our performance analysis is based on urban and freeway cases involving periodic message transmission. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme can improve the cumulative distribution function of packet reception ratio (PRR) and average PRR.

Wake-Up Receiver with Equal-Gain Antenna Diversity †.

Small scale fading signals resulting from multipath propagation can cause signal strength variations in the range of several dB. Resulting from the fluctuating signal strengths, the wake-up packet reception rate can decrease significantly. Using antenna diversity can greatly mitigate these effects. This article presents a novel wireless sensor node with wake-up receiver that uses an equal-gain diversity method with two antennas in the wake-up path. Summation of the two diversity branch signals is done after the passive demodulation of the incoming signals. As a result, the wireless sensor node requires almost no additional active parts that would increase power consumption. Furthermore, we demonstrate experimentally the improved wake-up robustness and reliability achieved by this diversity technique in a multipath environment.

Communication Challenges in on-Body and Body-to-Body Wearable Wireless Networks—A Connectivity Perspective

Wearable wireless networks (WWNs) offer innovative ways to connect humans and/or objects anywhere, anytime, within an infinite variety of applications. WWNs include three levels of communications: on-body, body-to-body and off-body communication. Successful communication in on-body and body-to-body networks is often challenging due to ultra-low power consumption, processing and storage capabilities, which have a significant impact on the achievable throughput and packet reception ratio as well as latency. Consequently, all these factors make it difficult to opt for an appropriate technology to optimize communication performance, which predominantly depends on the given application. In particular, this work emphasizes the impact of coarse-grain factors (such as dynamic and diverse mobility, radio-link and signal propagation, interference management, data dissemination schemes, and routing approaches) directly affecting the communication performance in WWNs. Experiments have been performed on a real testbed to investigate the connectivity behavior on two wireless communication levels: on-body and body-to-body. It is concluded that by considering the impact of above-mentioned factors, the general perception of using specific technologies may not be correct. Indeed, for on-body communication, by using the IEEE 802.15.6 standard (which is specifically designed for on-body communication), it is observed that while operating at low transmission power under realistic conditions, the connectivity can be significantly low, thus, the transmission power has to be tuned carefully. Similarly, for body-to-body communication in an indoor environment, WiFi IEEE 802.11n also has a high threshold of end-to-end disconnections beyond two hops (approximatively 25 m). Therefore, these facts promote the use of novel technologies such as 802.11ac, NarrowBand-IoT (NB-IoT) etc. as possible candidates for body-to-body communications as a part of the Internet of humans concept.

MPH-M, AODV-M and DSR-M Performance Evaluation under Jamming Attacks.

In this work, we present the design of a mitigation scheme for jamming attacks integrated to the routing protocols MPH, AODV, and DSR. The resulting protocols are named MPH-M (Multi-Parent Hierarchical - Modified), AODV-M (Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector - Modified), and DSR-M (Dynamic Source Routing - Modified). For the mitigation algorithm, if the detection algorithm running locally in each node produces a positive result then the node is isolated; second, the routing protocol adapts their paths avoiding the isolated nodes. We evaluated how jamming attacks affect different metrics for all these modified protocols. The metrics we employ to detect jamming attack are number of packet retransmissions, number of CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance) retries while waiting for an idle channel and the energy wasted by the node. The metrics to evaluate the performance of the modified routing protocols are the throughput and resilience of the system and the energy used by the nodes. We evaluated all the modified protocols when the attacker position was set near, middle and far of the collector node. The results of our evaluation show that performance for MPH-M is much better than AODV-M and DSR-M. For example, the node energy for MPH-M is 138.13% better than AODV-M and 126.07% better than DSR-M. Moreover, we also find that MPH-M benefits much more of the mitigation scheme than AODV-M and DSR-M. For example, the node energy consumption is 34.61% lower for MPH-M and only 3.92% and 3.42% for AODV-M and DSR-M, respectively. On throughput, the MPH protocol presents a packet reception efficiency at the collector node of 16.4% on to AODV and DSR when there is no mitigation mechanism. Moreover, MPH-M has an efficiency greater than 7.7% with respect to AODV-M and DSR-M when there is a mitigation scheme. In addition, we have that with the mitigation mechanism AODV-M and DSR-M do not present noticeable modification. However, MPH-M improves its efficiency by 8.4%. We also measure the resilience of these algorithms from the average packet re-transmissions perspective, and we find that MPH-M has around a 15% lower change rate than AODV-M and DSR-M. The MPH-M recovery time is 5 s faster than AODV-M and 2 s faster than DSR-M.

State Estimation with Secrecy against Eavesdroppers

We study the problem of remote state estimation, in the presence of an eavesdropper. An authorized user estimates the state of a linear plant, based on the data received from a sensor, while the data may also be intercepted by the eavesdropper. To maintain confidentiality with respect to state, we introduce a novel control-theoretic definition of perfect secrecy requiring that the user’s expected error remains bounded while the eavesdropper’s expected error grows unbounded. We propose a secrecy mechanism which guarantees perfect secrecy by randomly withholding sensor information, under the condition that the user’s packet reception rate is larger than the eavesdropper’s interception rate. Given this mechanism, we also explore the tradeoff between user’s utility and confidentiality with respect to the eavesdropper, via an optimization problem. Finally, some examples are studied to provide insights about this tradeoff.